Geographical Distribution Map Research Articles

Geographical distribution of nitrate pollution and its risk assessment using GIS and Monte Carlo simulation in drinking water in urban areas of Fars province-Iran during 2017-2021.

Pollution of water resources with nitrate is currently one of the major challenges at the global level. In order to make macro-policy decisions in water safety plans, it is necessary to carry out nitrate risk assessment in underground water, which has not been done in Fars province for all urban areas. In the current study, 9494 drinking water samples were collected in four seasons in 32 urban areas of Fars province in Iran, between 2017 and 2021 to investigate the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment. Geographical distribution maps of hazard quotient were drawn using geographical information system software. The results showed that the maximum amount of nitrate in water samples in 4% of the samples in 2021, 2.5% of the samples in 2020 and 3% of the samples in 2019 were more than the standard declared by World Health Organization guidelines (50mg/L). In these cases, the maximum amount of nitrate was reported between 82 and 123mg/L. The HQ values for infants did not exceed 1 in any year, but for children (44% ± 10.8), teenagers (10.8% ± 8.4), and adults (3.2% ± 1.7) exceeded 1 in cities, years, and seasons, indicating that three age groups in the studied area are at noticeably significant non-carcinogenic risk. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the average value of non-carcinogenic risk was less than 1 for all age groups. Moreover, the maximum HQ values (95%) were higher than 1 for both children and teenager, indicating a significant non-carcinogenic risk for the two age groups.

Cordyceps sensu lato: the current state of knowledge in Mexico

Background: Cordyceps s.l. is a paraphyletic group of Ascomycete fungi that parasitize mainly arthropods. In Mexico, these fungi have been little studied and the current state of their diversity is unknown.Objective: To describe the history of the records of Cordyceps s.l. from Mexico, and to generate a checklist of the species, detailing their hosts and geographical distribution.Methods: A literature review was conducted addressing on Cordyceps s.l. cited from Mexico from 1864 to 2022. Geographical distribution maps of Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae were created in the QGIS 3.18.1 Software.Results and conclusions: The first record of Cordyceps in Mexico dates back to 1864. To date, 35 species of Cordyceps s.l. have been recorded, equivalent to 3.5% of the diversity of the genus recorded worldwide. The geographical distribution of these species is determined by their hosts and consequently by the vegetation. The species with the greatest geographical distribution were: Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps militaris of Cordycipitaceae; Metarhizium anisopliae of Clavicipitaceae; and Tolypocladium capitatum and T. ophioglossoides of Ophiocordycipitaceae. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most studied species due to their pathogenicity to different crop pests.

A botanical expedition in Eastern Alborz (Iran): rare plant species and assessing their conservation status

This study is a part of an ongoing floristic study in Eastern Alborz mountain range (Iran). The flora and vegetation of this area are less known compared to those of Central Alborz. The study area indicates the regionally significant connection between the Kopet Dagh-Khorassan and Central Alborz. A total of 41 rare-threatened taxa belonging to 26 genera and 15 families are presented. According to the IUCN criteria, our checklist identifies 3 taxa classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 19 taxa as Endangered (EN), 4 taxa as Vulnerable (VU), 4 taxa as Near Threatened (NT), 3 taxa as Least Concern (LC), and 8 taxa as Data Deficient (DD). Among them, 28 are hemicryptophytes, followed by chamaephytes (7 species), geophytes (4 species), and therophytes (2 species). During 10 years of field investigations on the semi-arid areas of Eastern Alborz, some rare-threatened endemic species have been rediscovered in the region. Geographic distribution maps of all rare species together with the accompanying species and their conservation status were drawn up. It is noteworthy that some rare species are known only from their locus classicus and no new specimens have been collected during the last 30 to 80 years. A total of 10 taxa were reported for the first time from Eastern Alborz, primarily exhibiting a disjunct distribution pattern occurring in the high elevations of Zagros, Alborz and/or other mountain ranges in SW Asia.

The subfamily Cercidoideae (Fabaceae Lindl.) in the Chapada do Araripe, Northeast Brazil

The Fabaceae family holds the greatest floral diversity and number of species in Brazil, having high economic, ecological, and medicinal importance, and is currently divided into six subfamilies. This study consisted of a survey and description of species of the Cercidoideae subfamily occurring in the Chapada do Araripe, Northeast Brazil. Nine species belonging to the genera Bauhinia and Schnella were cataloged, and one species (B. forficata) is presented here as a new record in Ceará state. This article provides botanical identification keys, data on phenology, and distribution, and a geographic distribution map aiming to expand knowledge of the regional flora and to support preservation actions in the Chapada do Araripe.

Taxonomic review of the monotypic genus Dinahia Bechyn, 1946 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae).

The monotypic genus Dinahia Bechyn, 1946, endemic to the Atlantic Forest (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and So Paulo), is reviewed. Dinahia privigna Bechyn, 1946 is redescribed, and, for the first time, the aedeagus and spermatheca of this species are described and illustrated herein. Additionally, a diagnosis for the genus, a nomenclatural history, photographs of both nontype specimens and the syntype, a geographic distribution map, and a discussion of Dinahia and similar genera according to the bibliography (Calligrapha Chevrolat, 1836; Cosmogramma Erichson, 1847; Desmogramma Erichson, 1847; Grammomades Achard, 1923; and Zygogramma Chevrolat, 1836) are provided. This discussion incorporates a comparative table encompassing characters extracted from the antennae, maxillary palps, prosternal, mesoventral, and metaventral processes, V tarsomeres, and claws. Additionally, it includes an illustrated replacement couplet for step 22 in Sampaio & Fonseca's (2023) identification key, both to elucidate Dinahia's differentiations and similarities from these five genera.

A new species of Guadua (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Guaduinae) from the Colombian Amazon

A new species of Guadua, Guadua bambuzoniae Londoño, is described from the Amazon region of Colombia, specifically in the tropical rainforest ecosystem. This species is unusual in that it grows in swampy areas and has several distinct characteristics that differentiate it from all other South American species of Guadua. These include erect and hollow culms at the base, as well as solid and arched culms at the middle and upper portions; primary branches that develop thorns at each culm node; usually a falcated, prominent and fimbriate auricle on the upper part of the culm sheath on one side; elongated and glabrous leaf sheaths; a usually straight, linear-lanceolate pseudospikelet; lemmas pubescent toward the margins with the margins densely ciliated, but otherwise glabrous, and a conspicuous and strong mucron; and paleas only slightly shorter than the lemmas, with broadly winged keels. Here, we provide a geographical distribution map, illustrations, photographs, and a morphological comparison with G. macrospiculata and G. uncinata.

[Species and population density of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021].

To investigate the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles and preventing re-establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province. The density and species of Anopheles mosquitoes were investigated using human-bait trapping and light trapping techniques in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. The number, population and density of captured Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and descriptively analyzed, and the geographical distribution map of malaria vectors was plotted using the software ArcGIS 10.7 in Sichuan Province. A total of 152 243 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, including 150 987 An. sinensis (99.18%) and 1 256 An. anthropophagus (0.82%), and no other Anopheles species were captured. The annual densities of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were 0.64 to 1.27 mosquitoes/(person-hour) and 0 to 0.07 mosquitoes/(person-hour) by the human-bait trapping technique, and 6.46 to 26.50 mosquitoes/(light-night) and 0 to 0.82 mosquitoes/(light-night) by the light trapping technique in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. A relatively higher density of An. anthropophagus was seen in Renshou County, Jianyang City, Weiyuan County and Mabian Yi Autonomous County [> 0.40 mosquitoes/(person-hour)] by the human-bait trapping technique, and in Cuiping District and Gaoxian County in Yibin City [> 1.00 mosquito/(light-night)] by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2018, with no An. anthropophagus captured from 2019 to 2021, and a relatively higher density of An. sinensis was detected in Emeishan City, Lushan County, Luojiang District, Tongchuan District and Zhaohua District [> 4.00 mosquitoes/(person-hour)] by the human-bait trapping technique, and in Huili County, Yuexi County, Dechang County, Langzhong City, Pingchang County and Xuanhan County [> 40.00 mosquitoes/(light-night)] by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. Malaria vectors were still widespread in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, and An. sinensis was the dominant species of malaria vectors. There is still a risk of local re-establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province, and it is needed to continue to improve the surveillance of imported malaria cases and malaria vectors.

Stachytarpheta liviae (Verbenaceae): a noteworthy new species from the Espinhaço Range, Brazil

A comprehensive analysis of Stachytarpheta herbarium specimens has led to the discovery of a new species from the Espinhaço Range within the Caatinga domain. Stachytarpheta liviae is a shrub with coriaceous leaves, short inflorescences, and blue corollas. Its single collection comes from the campos rupestres of the Morro do Chapéu in the Jacaraci municipality, state of Bahia. For its recognition, a detailed description, photographs, comparison with morphologically related species, and a geographical distribution map are provided. Following the IUCN criteria this species may be considered as Data Deficient (DD).  

Evaluation of the taxonomy and conservation status of Podonosma sintenisii (Boraginaceae)

The current taxonomic status of an endemic species, Podonosma sintenisii, is discussed, and its morphology is compared with that of the closely related species Podonosma orientalis. Nutlet, leaf, and pollen micrographs of the species are presented using scanning electron microscopy. The identification key and geographical distribution map of Podonosma sintenisii and related species are presented, and the threat category is defined according to IUCN.

Astragalus nordizensis (Fabacaea), a new species from Van province (Türkiye) belonging to section Hymenostegis

Astragalus nordizensis Fırat (sect. Hymenostegis Bunge), is described as a new species from Gürpınar district of Van province, Türkiye. From the morphological point of view, the new species appears to be most similar to Astragalus zohrabi Bunge and A. rubrostriatus Bunge, but it differs in several morphological characters including peduncle indumentum, inflorescence shape, leaf and flower, fruit and seed morphology, etc. A comprehensive description of this new species is provided, including detailed photographs, geographical distribution map, habitat and ecology, vernacular name and IUCN conservation status.

Allium beypazariense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from middle Anatolia (Türkiye)

Allium beypazariense, a newly discovered species from the A. section Codonoprasum, is described and illustrated in this study. The species is endemic to middle Anatolia, Beypazarı and Çayırhan districts in Ankara in Türkiye. This research provides a comprehensive examination of the species, including its morphology, phenology, leaf anatomy, seed testa micromorphology, and conservation status. A comprehensive description of this species is provided, including detailed photographs and illustration, geographical distribution map, habitat and ecology. Furthermore, the taxonomic relationships between Allium beypazariense and its closest relatives, A. opacum is thoroughly explored and discussed. The new species can be easily distinguished from the close species by its mucronate tepal apex, sessile ovary, different anther colour, and thick scape.  

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Development of Research on Social and Economic Inequality in Developing Countries

This bibliometric analysis explores the landscape of research on social and economic inequality in developing countries, employing a comprehensive approach that integrates co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence patterns, journal mapping, and geographical distribution maps. The study draws on a vast repository of scholarly publications, shedding light on key themes, influential authors, and global research trends. Co-authorship networks reveal collaborative patterns, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in understanding inequality. Keyword co-occurrence patterns identify central themes, highlighting the multifaceted dimensions of social and economic disparities. Journal mapping showcases pivotal platforms shaping the discourse, aiding researchers in navigating the academic landscape. Geographical distribution maps unveil regional concentrations and gaps, prompting nuanced explorations of inequality within specific contexts. The synthesis of these results provides a comprehensive understanding of the field, guiding future research endeavors and informing evidence-based policy interventions for inclusive development.

Coccoloba burkeae and C. najarroi, two new species of Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) from Mexico

Background: Coccoloba is a Neotropical genus of trees, shrubs, and lianas with approximately 150 species. Reviwed Mexican specimens of Coccoloba do not correspond to any recognized species within the genus, so they are proposed as new species.
 Question: What are the morphological characteristics that differentiate the two new species from other Coccolobaspecies? What is its distribution and conservation status?
 Studied species: Species of Coccoloba sect. Coccoloba endemic to Mexico.
 Study site and dates: Chiapas and Veracruz, Mexico, 2022-2023.
 Methods: All available information for Coccoloba, including herbarium specimens and online databases, was reviewed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out including the two new species proposed and the recognized species in the genus. Geographic distribution maps were prepared and the conservation status of the new species was determined, following the IUCN guidelines.
 Results: Coccoloba burkeae and C. najarroi are described and illustrated as new species. Both are endemic to Mexico. C. burkeae is distributed in the humid forests of the Tuxtlas region in Veracruz and is morphologically similar to C. barbadensis, C. hondurensis and C. spicata; this species is considered in the Endangered (EN) category. C. najarroi is restricted to the humid forests of Chiapas and is similar to C. ascendens and C. ibarrae. This species is considered Critically Endangered (CR).
 Conclusions: The morphological characteristics of the fruit, the inflorescence and the leaves are important to diagnose the two new species of Coccoloba; both being endemic to Mexico.

A dynamic study of the postoperative management of thyroid cancer from 2003 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

Over the past 20 years, the global incidence of thyroid cancer has continued to increase. The volume of literature on the postoperative management of thyroid cancer comprises 1,040 articles, from 64 countries, with 1,400 journals publishing the relevant literature, and several guidelines on the treatment of thyroid cancer. This study used bibliometric methods to identify research hotspots and explore future directions in this field. We comprehensively searched the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) database of the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) for articles published from 2003 to 2022 on the postoperative management of thyroid cancer. Using CiteSpace 6.1.R6 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010, we evaluated and visualized the search results. Using R Studio, we generated a network of spatial geographic distribution maps and cooperative network. A total of 1,040 publications were included in the study. The results revealed an overall upward trend in the number of publications and citations over the past 20 years. The United States of America (USA) had the largest number of publications and the highest centrality (n=282, centrality =0.28). Johns Hopkins University had highest centrality (centrality =0.15) and was the academic center of the field. Thyroid was the journal with the highest number of citations (n=826), and the American Journal of Surgical Pathology was the journal with the highest centrality (centrality =0.08). The top 10 citations in the literature were mainly guidelines and consensus statements on the management of thyroid cancer. A keyword-based clustering analysis revealed the prominence of clusters of keywords, such as follow-up, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). A keyword burst detection analysis showed that the term papillary had the highest burst intensity (strength =8.02), while management guidelines, association guidelines, active surveillance (AS), microcarcinoma, and differentiated thyroid cancer were the current burst words. Over the past two decades, the number of relevant publications in the postoperative management of thyroid cancer field has continued to grow. Among the many research directions, follow-up, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and MTC are research hotspots. Future research is likely to revolve around guidelines and consensus statements on the management of thyroid cancer, AS, and microcarcinoma in differentiated thyroid cancer.

A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae) from Veracruz, Mexico

Gonolobus sanmartinus is herein described and illustrated from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. It is an endemic species to the Los Tuxtlas region and similar in foliar features to those of G. pallidus. However, the faucial ring and gynostegial corona are remarkably different. This new species shares its distribution with G. ancorifer, G. fraternus, G. niger and G. versicolor, and a dichotomous identification key for these species in the Los Tuxtlas region is included. The new species’ relationship with other species is discussed and a geographic distribution map is presented, as well as its conservation status.  

Spatial distribution and ecological niche modeling of geographical spread of Anopheles gambiae complex in Nigeria using real time data

The need for evidence-based data, to inform policy decisions on malaria vector control interventions in Nigeria, necessitated the establishment of mosquito surveillance sites in a few States in Nigeria. In order to make evidence-based-decisions, predictive studies using available data becomes imperative. We therefore predict the distribution of the major members of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Nigeria. Immature stages of Anopheles were collected from 72 study locations which span throughout the year 2020 resulted in the identification of over 60,000 Anopheline mosquitoes. Of these, 716 breeding sites were identified with the presence of one or more vector species from the An. gambiae complex and were subsequently used for modelling the potential geographical distribution of these important malaria vectors. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) distribution modeling was used to predict their potentially suitable vector habitats across Nigeria. A total of 23 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and four topographic) were used in the model resulting in maps of the potential geographical distribution of three dominant vector species under current climatic conditions. Members of the An. gambiae complex dominated the collections (98%) with Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles coustani, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nilli also present. An almost equal distribution of the two efficient vectors of malaria, An. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, were observed across the 12 states included in the survey. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii had almost equal, well distributed habitat suitability patterns with the latter having a slight range expansion. However, the central part of Nigeria (Abuja) and some highly elevated areas (Jos) in the savannah appear not suitable for the proliferation of these species. The most suitable habitat for Anopheles arabiensis was mainly in the South-west and North-east. The results of this study provide a baseline allowing decision makers to monitor the distribution of these species and establish a management plan for future national mosquito surveillance and control programs in Nigeria.

The genus Malanea Aubl. (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Background and aims – Malanea (Rubiaceae) is a Neotropical genus of ca 40 species, 15 of which occur in Brazil, with nine found in the Atlantic Forest domain. This study aims to present a taxonomic treatment of the species occurring in the Atlantic Forest domain. Material and methods – We studied collections deposited in 15 Brazilian herbaria, ALCB, BHCB, BHZB, CEPEC, HUEFS, HUFU, IPA, JPB, MAC, OUPR, PEUFR, RFA, RB, UFP, and UFRN, and collections in NY were studied online. Specimens were identified using protologues and digital images of types available online. Key results – Of the nine species of Malanea previously recognized in the Atlantic Forest domain, we accepted seven, six of which are endemic. Malanea macrophylla has a wide distribution also occurring in other Brazilian phytogeographic domains, and adjacent countries. We expanded the distribution of four species and identified Bahia as the possible centre of diversity for the group in the domain. In addition, an identification key to the species, detailed descriptions, taxonomic notes, typifications, illustrations, maps of geographic distribution, and assessments of conservation status are provided. The names Malanea evenosa, M. forsteronioides, M. macrophylla, M. martiana, and M. spicata are here typified. The calculated conservation status revealed three Endangered species, two Vulnerable ones, M. forsteronioides as Near Threatened, and M. macrophylla with a status of Least Concern.

A new species of Oxalis sect. Thamnoxys (Oxalidaceae) from the state of Bahia, Brazil

Oxalis jacobinensis, a new species of Oxalis sect. Thamnoxys, is described from the State of Bahia, in the northern sector of the Chapada Diamantina mountains. It can be distinguished from other species of the section by the leaves usually grouped at the stem apex, terminal leaflet blades rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, usually appearing grayish when fresh on the abaxial side, pedicels articulated at ca. 1/3 of their length, usually leaving a conspicuous foot, and capsules with two-seeded carpels narrowing distally, and abaxially covered with short stalked glandular hairs. We provide a description, illustrations, a geographic distribution map, a preliminary evaluation of its conservation status, and taxonomic notes.

Spatial variations and influencing factors of Cumulative Health Deficit Index of elderly in China

BackgroundWith the acceleration of aging and urbanization, how to make cities more age-friendly has become a hot topic. During the long-term demographic transition, the health of the elderly has become an important consideration in urban planning and management. The health of the elderly is a complex issue. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the health defects related to disease incidence, loss of function, mortality, etc., yet a comprehensive evaluation of health status is lacking. The Cumulative Health Deficit Index (CHDI) is a composite index that combines psychological and physiological indicators. Health deficits can reduce the quality of life of the elderly and increase the burden on families, cities and even society, so it is indispensable to understand the individual factors and regional factors that affect CHDI. The research on the spatial differentiation of CHDI and its driving factors can provide scientific geographic information basis for the construction of age-friendly cities and healthy city planning. It also has great significance in narrowing the differences in the health status among regions and reducing the overall burden of the country.MethodsThis research analyzed a nationwide dataset, the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2018 conducted by the Renmin University of China, which contained 11,418 elderly aged 60 years and older from 28 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions that represent 95% of the population in mainland China. The Cumulative Health Deficit Index (CHDI) was the first time constructed using the entropy-TOPSIS method to evaluate the health status of the elderly. Entropy-TOPSIS is to quantify the importance of each indicator by calculating the entropy value to improve the reliability and accuracy of the results and avoid the influence of previous researchers’ subjective assignments and model assumptions on the results. The selected variables include physical health 27 indicators (self-rated health, basic mobility assessment, daily activity ability, disease and treatment) and mental health 36 indicators (cognitive ability, depression and loneliness, social adjustment, and filial piety concept). The research used the Geodetector methods (factor detection and interaction detection) that combined individual and regional indicators to analyze the spatial variation characters and reveal the driving factors of CHDI.ResultsThe weight of mental health indicators (75.73) is three times that of physical health indicators (24.27), and its composition formula is: CHDI value = (14.77% disease and treatment + 5.54% daily activity ability + 2.14% health self-assessment + 1.81% basic mobility assessment) + (33.37% depression and loneliness + 25.21% cognitive ability + 12.46% social adjustment + 4.7% filial piety). Individual CHDI was more associated with age and was more evident in females than males. CHDI average values show the distribution trend of Hu Line (HL) in the geographic information graph that the CHDI in West HL regions are lower than in the East HL regions. The highest CHDI cities are in Shanxi, Jiangsu, and Hubei, whereas the lowest CHDI cities are Inner Mongolia, Hunan and Anhui. The geographical distribution maps of the 5-levels of CHDI levels show very different CHDI classification levels among the elderly in the same region. Further, the top three influential factors are personal income, empty nest, aged 80+, and regional factors also obviously affect CHDI values, such as the proportion participating in insurance, population density, and GDP. The two different factors in individual and regional factors all show a two-factor interaction effect, and enhancement or nonlinear enhancement. The top three ranks are personal income ∩ quality of air (0.94), personal income ∩ GDP (0.94), and personal income ∩ urbanization rate (0.87).ConclusionsCHDI is a subjective and objective comprehensive index, and mental indicators are primary factors. Thus attaching importance to the psychological care of the elderly is the key to building a healthy aging society. The large individual heterogeneity and spatial differentiation of CHDI in the elderly were demonstrated by map visualization. The analysis of the influencing factors of CHDI by the Geodetector method proves that spatial differentiation is mainly affected by individual economic and social security factors, but also by the interaction with regional factors such as quality of air, GDP, and urbanization rate. This research fills a gap in the elderly health status in the field of spatial geography. The results can provide empirical evidence for policymakers to take measures according to local conditions to improve the health status of the elderly according to regional differences in physical and mental conditions. It also plays a guiding role for the country in balancing regional economic development, promoting healthy and sustainable urban development, and creating age-friendly cities.

Circumscription of Abarema (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade)

The genus Abarema (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid clade), as traditionally circumscribed, emerged as polyphyletic in recent phylogenetic studies. The type species of the genus, Abarema cochliacarpos, is positioned within the Inga clade, separate from the remaining species previously included in the genus (now combined to Punjuba and Jupunba genera). Here we present the new circumscription of Abarema. The two species included in the genus occur in the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes in Brazil. We provide a morphological description of Abarema and its two species, an identification key, conservation status and a geographic distribution map.