Cordyceps sensu lato: the current state of knowledge in Mexico

The effectiveness of various newer insecticides against fall armyworm was assessed. The different treatments were spray viz., flubendiamide 39.35 % SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, neem seed kernel extract, Bacillus thuringiensis and control. The overall mean of the two sprays revealed that the most effective treatment was chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC recorded the lowest larval population followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, neem seed kernel extract. During the yield observation, it was observed that a significantly higher yield was obtained in chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC treated plots which is followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG, flubendiamide 39.35 % SC, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and NSKE 5 %. Maximum percentage increase in yield over control was obtained from chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC treated plots which are followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG, flubendiamide 39.35 % SC, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and NSKE 5 %. The economics of various treatments based on net profit and cost of plant protection revealed that the highest cost: benefit ratio was observed in plot treated with emamectin benzoate 5% SG followed by Beauveria bassiana, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Bacillus thuringiensis, NSKE, Metarhizium anisopliae, flubendiamide 39.35 % SC.

The present experiment was conducted to highlight the Efficacy of biopesticides for the management of rice yellow stem borer [scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)] at prayagraj, U.P, India. The eight treatments comprised of different insecticides and biopesticides. Metarhizium anisopliae (T1), Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15% (T2), Beauveria bassiana 1.15% (T3), Verticillium lecanii1.15% (T4), Neem oil 5% (T5), Eucalyptus oil5% (T6), Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (T7), one untreated Control (T8) were evaluated against rice stem borer. The different insecticides and biopesticides treatments revealed that the minimum dead hearts, were recorded in synthetic insecticides, Imidacloprid 17.8%SL followed by Beauveria bassiana 1.15%, Metarhizium anisopliae. The minimum dead heart percentages Imidacloprid 17.8%SL were observed in as compared to the natural dead heart of per cent being noticed in untreated control. The percent of the dead heart infestation among the treatments are notices as Metarhizium anisopliae (T1) Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15%WP (T2), Beauveria bassiana 1.15%WP (T3), Verticillium lecanii1.15%WP (T4), Neem oil 5% (T5), Eucalyptus oil5% (T6), Imidacloprid 17.8%SL(T7), The yield and cost benefit ratio of the data revealed that the highest yield was recorded in the Imidacloprid 17.8%SL @46.66q/ha with highest Benefit-cost ratio of 1:3.47 followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 1.15% @ 38.33 q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:77 Beauveria bassiana 1.15% @ 43.33q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:3:27, Verticillium lecanii 1.15%@ 36.66q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:73, Neem oil 5% @ 33.33q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:46, Eucalyptus oil5%@ 31.66 q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:2:35, Metarhizium anisopliae @41.66q/ha with benefit cost ratio of 1:3:13. The chemicals shows better results in combating to the pest infestation compare to biopesticides and botanicals.

The larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest affecting different crops in India, were treated with variable concentrations of conidia of two soil isolates and two commercially available entomopathogenic fungi belonging to two species, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) in a laboratory. The suspension of conidia (109 conidia/ml) collected from Sabouraud dextrose agar media with yeast extract (SDAY) plates resulted in the highest mortality (98.3%) with Beauveria bassiana (PSC-13) and the lower mortality (75%) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Ag-CM). Using the larval immersion method, the values of LC50 and LC90 reveal that Beauveria bassiana was the most virulent species while Metarhizium anisopliae was the less virulent species in between the entomopathogenic fungi used in bioassay. The local strain of Beauveria bassiana (PSC-13) and Metarhizium anisopliae (PSC-11) was more virulent than the tested commercial strain.

Different entophathogenic fungi were evaluated in field trials at the instructional farm of Agril. Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule for the management of Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) in onion during late Kharif season of 2014-15. All the treatments were observed to be effective in reducing thrips infestation on onion crop. Among the evaluated insecticide and biopesticides the treatment with profenophos 50 EC was recorded significantly lowest thrips population and was at par with Metarhizium anisopliae 7.5 g. The next best treatments in order of their efficacy was Verticillium lecanii 7.5 g, Metarhizium anisopliae 5 g, Metarhizium anisopliae 2.5 g and Verticillium lecanii 5 g, respectively. This was followed by Verticillium lecanii 2.5 g, Beauveria Bassiana 7.5 g, Beauveria bassiana 5 g and Beauveria Bassiana 2.5 g and were found effective to control onion thrips. How to view point the article : Patil, V.V., Kabre, G.B., Dixit, S.S. and Desale, S.B. (2016). Evaluation of entomophathogenic fungi against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman). Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(1) : 168-171.

The field investigation was carried out in the Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was conducted in rabi 2022 at Central Research Farm (CRF), SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj district. The field was laid in RBD with three replication and eight treatments viz., Beauveria bassiana (2×108 CFU/gram) (2 ml/liter), Metarhizium anisopliae (2×108 CFU/gram) (2 g/liter), Bacillus thuringiensis (1×109CFU/ml) (2 ml/liter), Ha NPV (1×109 POB’s/ml) (1 ml/liter), Azadirachtin 0.3EC (5 ml/liter), Spinosad 45% SC (0.5 ml/liter), Neem seed kernel extract 5% (5 ml/liter), and untreated controlled plot to check the efficacy of biopesticides against pod borer, on chickpea. The result on the efficacy of treatments the least larval population was recorded in Spinosad 45% SC (0.96) followed by Ha NPV (1.20), Bacillus thuringiensis (1×109 CFU/ml) (1.84), Beauveria bassiana (2×108 CFU/gram) (1.91), Metarhizium anisopliae (2×108 CFU/gram) (2.02), Azadirachtin 0.3EC (2.22), Neem seed kernel extract 5% (2.48) and the highest larval population of pod borer was found in control treatment (4.02). In another parameter higher yield and cost benefit ratio was recorded in Spinosad 45% SC (20.33 q/ha) (1:2.84), followed by Ha NPV (1×109 POB’s/ml) (18.60 q/ha) (1:2.59), Bacillus thuringiensis (1×109 CFU/ml) (17.65 q/ha) (1:2.46), Beauveria bassiana (2×108 CFU/gram) (15.68 q/ha) (1:2.19), Metarhizium anisopliae (2×108 CFU/gram) (14.58 q/ha) (1:2.03), Azadirachtin 0.3% EC (13.81 q/ha) (1:1.92) and Neem seed kernel extract 5% (13.58 q/ha) (1:1.89) as compared to control (10.83 q/ha) (1:1.54).

Sweet potato production is plagued by pests Cylas formicarius Fabricus. These pests can be controlled by using entomopathogenic fungus as a biological control agent. Local biological agents will have a better adaptation and higher performance to control pests compared with biological agents which are introduced from other areas. This study aims to explore the local isolate entomopathogenic fungal species, identify and testing the pathogenicity on C. formicarius. Implementation of the study consists of several stages: collection and maintenance of insects, exploration entomopathogenic fungus, and the effectiveness test of entomopathogenic fungal isolates in the laboratory. The entomopathogenic fungus types which can be found in South Central Timor is Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Both of these fungi cause mortality in larvae of C. formicarius respectively by 80.75% (Metarhizium anisopliae) and 80.25% (Beauveria bassiana). Therefore, both types of the fungus should be developed as a biopesticide for controlling pests C. formicarius. Keyword : Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Cylas formicarius Directory for female scat lovers. Free scat porn videos at ScatNude scat sex tube. Share your favorite scat video clips for free and get tons more in return! Scat Porn Tube Be careful, as it's going to be fun and messy here. At Scat Porn Nude we love going all filthy and dirty watching horny babe playing with poo and shitting all over the place. In case you share our enthusiasm for scat porn, this place full of best scat sex videos will be your favorite place to be!

The current study aimed to isolate some insect pathogenic fungi from the soil of wheat crops in different areas and test their effects on the adult stages of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Five species of fungi naturally infecting the flour beetle were recorded, and these genera were Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, identified morphologically. Five local strains of insect pathogenic fungi were isolated, based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The concentrations of fungal spore suspensions affected the adults of the studied insect, with Beauveria bassiana being the most effective. The mortality rate of adults reached 93.33% when the highest concentration of the fungal suspension (17x108) was used after 10 days of treatment, while the mortality rate was 86.67% when using the suspension of Metarhizium anisopliae at the same concentration. One strain matched the species B. bassiana and four strains matched M. anisopliae. The identity of the strains was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the ITS5-ITS4 region, and comparing the sequences to molecular databases and phylogenetic analyses. 99% identity values ​​were recorded with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae strains in molecular databases. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the sequences extracted from these strains fall within the group containing the reference sequences of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively, in the database. These results contribute significantly to the understanding of entomopathogenic fungi, which will aid in the development of biotechnological products in the field of biological control. Highlights: Soil fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae infect red flour beetles. Fungal spore suspensions showed high mortality rates in beetle adults. Molecular analyses confirmed strains' identity, supporting biological control development. Keywords: Tribolium castaneum, entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana. Metarhizium anisopliae. identification, contact toxicity

Different entophathogenic fungi were evaluated in field trials at the instructional farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Dhule provided by Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dhule for the management of mealy bug on custard apple in Kharif season of 2014-15.All the treatments were observed to be effective in reducing mealy bug infestation on custard apple. Among the evaluated insecticide and biopesticides the treatment with Verticillium lecanii 7.5 g/lit. was recorded significantly lowest mealy bug population and was was at par with Verticillium lecanii 5 g/lit. (12.74). The next best treatments protection included Trizophos 40 EC 3 ml/lit. (14.26) and it was at par with Verticillium lecanii 2.5 g/lit. (14.40). The next treatments in this respect were Metarhizium anisopliae 7.5 g/lit. (15.68), Metarhizium anisopliae 5 g/lit. (16.33), Beauveria bassiana 7.5 g/lit. (17.37), Metarhizium anisopliae 2.5 g/lit. (18.13), Beauveria bassiana 5 g/lit. (20.54) and Beauveria bassiana 2.5 g/lit. (22.25). There was an increase in mealy bug population in untreated check to the extent of 35.52 numbers of colonies as compared to treated plots. How to view point the article : Dixit, S.S., Kabre, G.B. and Patil, V.V. (2016). Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against the mealy bug on custard apple. Internat. J. Plant Protec., 9(2) : 510-513, DOI : 10.15740/HAS/IJPP/9.2/510-513.

The entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are ubiquitous and widespread with well documented broad-spectrum myco-pesticidal effects. It has been reported that nutrient source is an integral determinant of growth and virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. Nutrient based studies also impart light towards the identification of most commendable media for laboratory assays as well as selection of the tolerant isolates. With such a perspective, an in-vitro study was undertaken to evaluate conidial germination, mycelial growth and spore yield of fourteen M. anisopliae and seventeen B. bassiana isolates and the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on these characteristics were studied. The different isolates showed significant variation with respect to the differing preference for the nutrient sources. From this study it was inferred that isolate UM2 (M. anisoplaie) and AB1 (B. bassiana) exhibited commendable growth potentials on almost all the nutrient sources studied, and were basically more robust isolates and holds high affirmations for commercial usage as biopesticides. Key words: Metarhizium anisopliae, nutrition, germination, growth, sporulation,Beauveria bassiana.

Current status and perspectives of fungal entomopathogens used for microbial control of arthropod pests in Brazil.

A field study was conducted at farmers field of Jorhat, Assam during 2010-11 to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial biopesticides, two based on insect pathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and one botanical-Neem oil in comparison with chemical-cypermethrin against the tomato fruit borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ). The study revealed the reduction in fruit damage was upto 92.20 per cent in cypermethrin treated plot followed by 91.12 per cent, 88.74 per cent and 87.01 per cent in the plots treated with Neem oil, B. Bassiana and M. Anisopliae , respectively due to H. armigera larvae over control. The study showed that neem oil was nearly as effective as cypermethrin in reducing fruit damage leading to increased yield. The highest increase in yield over control was noticed in cypermethrin treated plots (62.85%) followed by neem oil treated plots (41.83%). The entomopathogenic fungi- Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae could be effectively used as pest management option in production of organic tomato to reduce the pest population below economic threshold level and increased yield.

The occurrence of deuteromycetous entomopathogenic fungi was examined in 266 soil samples representing 86 locations across temperate and near northern habitats in Ontario, Canada. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated by baiting the soil with waxworm larvae, Galleria mellonella L., and incubating at 8, 15, or 25°C. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from 91% of the locations sampled across Ontario. The most abundant species were Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok. (357 isolates) and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (187 isolates). Thirteen isolates of Paecilomyces spp. were also found. Beauveria bassiana was isolated more frequently in soils from near northern locations, relative to M. anisopliae. Beauveria bassiana was isolated more frequently from larvae baited in soils incubated at 8 and 15°C, while M. anisopliae was isolated most frequently at 25°C. Thus, B. bassiana is more psychrophilic than M. anisopliae. From 47 of the locations in a temperate area (southern Ontario and the Kawartha Lakes region), two sites, one from an agricultural habitat and one from a natural habitat, were sampled within 1 km of each other. In these locations, B. bassiana was predominantly recovered more often from soils of natural habitats, while M. anisopliae was recovered more often in agricultural habitats. The occurrence of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana was not related to soil type or pH.Key words: Metarhizium, Beauveria, entomopathogenic fungi, fungal population biology, soil ecology.

У статті представлено результати впливу хімічних і біологічних протруйників на кількісний склад мікробіому ризосфери цукрової кукурудзи протягом її вегетації. Показано, що за використання хімічних препаратів у ризосфері рослин на порядок знижується кількість амоніфікаторів та мікроскопічних грибів у першій половині вегетаційного періоду культури. Вплив ксенобіотиків на вміст актиноміцетів, олігонітрофілів та педоторофів є менш токсичним. У порівнянні з контрольним варіантом вміст даних мікроорганізмів знижувався на 50-75 %, при цьому змін зазнає не лише кількісний, а й якісний склад ризосферної мікрофлори. У той же час досліджувані пестициди не впливали на вміст актиноміцетів і оліготрофів. По мірі розвитку рослин негативний вплив хімічних протруйників на мікрофлору ґрунту поступово нівелювався. Відбувалося відновлення складу ризосферної мікробіоти у кожній умовній функціональній групі мікроорганізмів і до завершення вегетації кукурудзи мікробний ценоз повертався до свого первинного кількісного і якісного складу. Застосування мікробіологічних засобів захисту не призводило до змін чисельності чи дисбалансу у складі ґрунтової мікробіоти. Її кількісний та якісний склад відповідав контрольному варіанту.

Efficacy of bio-agents and botanical extracts against H. armigera was assessed in the field during the 2020-2021 Rabi Season, with three replications of the Randomize Block Design. When compared to the control, all of the bio-agents and botanical extracts tested were found to be effective in suppressing the gram pod borer infestation. Beauveria bassiana was shown to be the most effective in reducing H. armigera 14.18 percent pod damage, followed by Metarhizium anisopliae -15.37 percent pod damage, among all the spray materials studied. Pod infestation was lowest in the Beauveria bassiana test plots and highest in the control plots. Similarly, the Beauveria bassiana treated plot yielded the most (14.48 q/ha), while the control plot produced the least (8. q/ha). Beauveria bassiana was found to be the most effective in controlling Gram pod borer infestation, resulting in the least amount of pod damage and thus increased Chickpea yield. However, the Chemical and synthetic insecticide was extremely toxic. Furthermore, Metarhizium anisopliae, EPN, Custard apple leaf extract, Sweet flag rhizome oil and clove oil extract also showed better results than control in term of pest reduction and were comparatively safe to the environment. Hence these botanicals and bio-agents should be included in IPM program for the suitable management of H. armigera associated with Chickpea crop.

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two most virulent native isolates of insect pathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana) and compared with four commercial biopesticides against Chickpea pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) at Chitwan, Nepal. The number of H. armigera lavae observed in plots treated with M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were significantly lesser than the control plots during vegetative, flowering and pod setting stage of chickpea. Similarly, the chickpea yield was significantly higher in the plots treated with M. anisopliae and B. bassiana than control, however lesser than NPV and Bt treated plots. Based on this study, the native isolates have potential to be a biocontrol agent against the H. armigera in Nepal.