Geoelectrical Methods Research Articles

Assessment of the Nubian aquifer characteristics by combining geoelectrical and pumping test methods in the Omdurman area, Sudan

The recent research is carried out to model the characteristics and productivity of the groundwater aquifer in the Omdurman area, Sudan, by combining electrical resistivity and pumping test methods. Omdurman is the most populous city known as the traditional capital of Sudan. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey using Schlumberger array is carried out along four profiles to delineate the potential groundwater zones. Application of 1D geophysical inversion revealed five geoelectric layers, including recent deposits, clay, silicified and ferruginous sandstone, and sandstone. Additionally, based on the outcome of VES inversion, Dar Zarrouk parameters, including transverse resistance and longitudinal conductance, were calculated to model the aquifer characteristics. The transverse resistance ranged from 5587 to 309,853 Ωm2, while the longitudinal conductance varied between 0.14 and 2.5 Ω−1. The hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity are further measured using the VES data, ranging from 1.4 to 5.2 m/d and 435 to 1564 m2/day, respectively. The step-drawdown pumping tests were performed to evaluate the aquifer characteristics and thus validate the result of the geoelectrical method. The transmissivity obtained from the step test varied between 583 and 1226 m2/day, showing an acceptable agreement with those of geoelectrical data. Based on the measured parameters, the aquifer is classified as highly productive and ideal for groundwater development. The step drawdown test was further used to assess the performance of groundwater wells. The results indicated that faulty well design and inappropriate pumping rates influence some wells in the study area, resulting in high drawdown and low well efficiency. Overall, the objectives of the study were successfully achieved; nonetheless, detailed hydrogeological and geophysical investigations are recommended for comprehensive evaluation of the groundwater aquifer.

The simple way to build a geoelectrical instrument

Many researchers have actively applied geoelectrical equipment for some studies. Similar instruments had been developed to achieve their purposes; to reduce the high cost of commercial equipment. In this study, a geoelectrical system was introduced with the advantages of a low-cost, simple design, and easy to assemble. The DC power module of the instrument employed the isolated DC to DC converter module. It implemented nine converter modules to produce an output voltage of about 500 V with an output power of about 200 W. The measurement result presented a confidence level greater than 95%, both in a laboratory using an equivalent circuit; and in a field applying a 1-D geoelectrical method to identify the aquifer. The result of actual field data interpreted that the aquifer's estimated depth matches the depth of nearby groundwater wells. Then from the field testing, the built instrument had a close outcome to the commercial one.

Identification of Aquifer Potential with the Schlumberger Configuration Resistivity Geoelectrical Method and Planning of Deep Water Wells for Clean Water Needs in the Sampang Region, Madura Island, East Java

Water is an inexhaustible resource on earth and a renewable source of energy. The raw water consumed by the people of Sampang is very limited. Based on the contour of the land, raw water can be processed into drinking water or clean water through piping and a gravity system. However, people's homes are far away, so the construction of these facilities is expensive. This research is beneficial for the government or the local community. This study uses geophysical methods that can see the earth's surface, one of which is the Schlumberger configuration resistivity geoelectric method with 7 measurement points. The lithology of the rocks in the study area includes: topsoil, claystone, claystone, sandy claystone, conglomerate rock, limestone, sandy limestone, marl, sandstone, clay sandstone. After doing detailed calculations, the results of the recapitulation of the total costs at the research location are around Rp. 250,600,00.00. Up to Rp. 287,147,000.00

Raking over the Ashes—The Analysis of the LBA Ashmounds from NE Romania

During the end of the Bronze Age, the territory of present-day eastern Romania was occupied by Noua communities, belonging to the Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni (NSC) cultural complex. Although these communities have left us a large number of archaeological sites, this period is rather poorly known and understood, mostly because the investigation of Late Bronze Age (LBA) sites is very rare, usually consisting of small test trenches or fieldwalks. The main characteristic of these communities and the subject of our study is represented by the so-called ashmounds (grey, quasi-circular spots, visible on the soil surface, with small elevations and diameters of 25–30 m), present inside most settlements. Our paper aims at highlighting the spatial characteristics of these sites, using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, as well as aerial photographs, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements, magnetometry and geo-electrical methods, in order to identify the relationship existing between Noua communities and the inhabited environment, in the area known as the Jijia River catchment. Thus, our approach was able to outline the way in which the geographical peculiarities determined the establishment of new settlements, revealing that the human groups from the end of the Bronze Age preferred low terrains with smooth slopes, located in the immediate vicinity of the most important watercourse of the inhabited micro-area. Additionally, our geophysical studies allowed us to confirm the lack of ash located within the ashmound, as well as to signal the possibility that these features have become visible on the soil surface only due to the irreversible damage caused by intensive agricultural processes. Despite the small number of excavations, to this day an important number of studies have been dedicated to the communities and features in question; however, no analysis has yet been performed that unites the tools specific to GIS software with the usage of non-invasive methods (such as aerial photographs, LiDAR measurements and geophysical techniques).

Mapping the Spread of Mercury from Artisanal Mining Activities in Aceh Jaya through Geochemical Surveys

Illegal gold mining carried out using amalgamation techniques produce mercury waste which can then damage the environment and damage the health of residents. The negative impact due to the use of mercury is dead fish, contaminated river water, water quality below environmental standard quality and spreading in the food chain. This has caused environmental damage, one of which is in terms of land and water. This condition is the basis for conducting deeper research on environmental damage by mercury waste, especially in terms of soil and water. The sampling method used is the Geochemical Method and Geoelectric Method. Geoelectric samples were taken using the superstring R8 tool. Geochemical samples used were soil and water samples which were subsequently tested by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods to see the mercury levels that had been scattered in the research location. The study aims to determine the distribution of mercury waste and its levels. This research includes sampling, sample testing, data processing and analysis, and making maps of the distribution of mercury waste through QGis software. From the study, it was found that the distance from the traditional gold mining processing location determines the concentration level (Hg). Analysis using AAS shows that there were 13 samples had mercury concentrations above the critical threshold. From the analysis, it is also known that AAS could not detect mercury levels in soil samples which is different from the results obtained using XRF.

Identification of Landslide-Prone Areas in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan using GIS and Resistivity Method

Currently, the weather in Indonesia has been greatly affected by climate change. This is evidenced by extreme weather events in early 2020 which are predicted to occur more frequently in Indonesia. Bad weather in the form of high rainfall will potentially cause hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides. To anticipate the occurrence of landslides that have the potential to disrupt regional development, it is important to conduct research to map landslide-prone areas in the province of West Kalimantan. This research is in line with UNTAN's strategic research plan to contribute to disaster management and climate change. This research combines overlay and measurement methods with geoelectric methods. The overlay method is used as a method to map landslide susceptibility based on scoring calculations from land parameters. The mapping is expected to produce a map of the landslide-prone zone which can then be studied further. Assessment of landslide potential through slip plane analysis using resistivity geoelectric method. From the mapping and direct observation, it is proved that the high landslide susceptibility values correlate with the landslide occurrence in Sabang Merah, Sanggau. Based on the resistivity measurement there found the potential landslide slip surface that is connected with the dip of rock layers in the area.

The Identifikasi Delineasi Oli Berdasarkan Nilai Resistivitas Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Di Area “X” Tana Tidung, Kalimantan Utara

Waste pollution is a problem that must be addressed immediately. Apart from affecting the air and waters, sewage pollution can also seep below the ground surface. One of the causes of waste pollution in area "X" is the leakage of the oil storage tank by the PLTD (Diesel Power Plant) operational system in that area. This leak causes oil droplets to be absorbed into the pores of the soil and into the subsurface where it settles. To find out whether remnants of oil seepage remained in area "X" a study was conducted using the resistivity geoelectric method. The research was carried out in 2 ways, namely processing in 2 and 3 dimensions and using coring samples as a comparison of resistivity values. There were 6 coring sampling points (interval variation of 7 parts of depth) used in the study, namely coring A, B, C, D, E and F. From the six samples, an average resistivity value of 2.637 Ωm is obtained at a depth of 0-30 cm . Furthermore, at a depth of 100-130 cm it has an average resistivity value of 2.702 Ωm, at a depth of 200-230 cm it has an average resistivity value of 3.510 Ωm, at a depth of 300-330 cm it has an average resistivity value of 1.862, at a depth of 400- 430 cm has an average resistivity value of 1.928 Ωm, at a depth of 500-530 cm has an average resistivity value of 1.610 Ωm and at a depth of 600-630 cm has an average resistivity value of 1.637 Ωm. The results of this study indicate that soil contaminated with waste oil has a lower resistivity, which is in the range of 2.30 Ωm to 3.76 Ωm.

Application of Resistivity Geoelectric to Determine the Seawater Intrusion Zone in the Sungai Kakap District

The application of the resistivity geoelectric method has been carried out in a study to determine the seawater intrusion zone in Sungai Kakap District, Kuburaya Regency using the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration. This research used Automatic Resistivity System Multielectrode (ARES). The research was carried out by arranging the 5 tracks. The first, second, fourth and fifth tracks have a track length of 117 m. While the third track has a track length of 93 m. The distance between the electrodes is 3 m. The results showed that seawater intrusion that occurred in each track had resistivity value range between 0.2 Ωm to 2.77 Ωm. Seawater intrusion found in layers with sand material. Keyword : sea water intrusion, geoelectrical, resistivity, Wenner-Schlumberger

VES Geoelectrical Method for Identification of Aquifer Depth in Coastal Area of North Lombok Regency, Indonesia: Implications for the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources

Measurement of the resistivity value distribution of subsurface rocks has been carried out in Mumbul Sari Village, Bayan District, North Lombok, which is one of the drought-prone areas in NTB Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted to identify the presence of groundwater aquifer layers in the study area based on the distribution of resistivity values. Data collection was carried out at two measurement points, namely the MBLS-1 Point with a track length of 700 m and the MBLS-2 Point with a length of 750 m. Data processing was carried out using IP2WIN Software to obtain a one-dimensional subsurface cross-sectional model, then interpreted using a resistivity log to make it easier to draw information on the subsurface point of measurement. Based on the distribution of resistivity values, it is known that the geological layers in the study area consist of pumice tuff, silty silt, sandy silt, and lava. The inversion results from the IP2WIN software show that the depth of the aquifer zone at Point MBLS-1 is 15.6 – 70.2 m with a resistivity value of 90.3 Ωm and a thickness of 54.5 m, while at Point MBLS-2 it is located at a depth of 21.9 – 86.1 m with a resistivity value of 112 Ωm and a thickness 64.3m. The aquifer zone at both measurement points is interpreted as a sandy silt layer. Groundwater drilling is recommended at the MBLS-1 point to a depth of 70 m and at the MBLS-2 point to a depth of 86 m. The geological structure that forms the boundary of the aquifer zone is a layer of compact and hard lava, so for groundwater utilization in the study area, it is recommended to use drilled wells to a depth of 70 – 86 m which is the lower limit of the aquifer layer.

A combined GIS, remote sensing, and geoelectrical method for groundwater prospect assessment and aquifer mapping in El-Hamiz Sub-watershed, Algiers, Algeria

A combined GIS, remote sensing, and geoelectrical method for groundwater prospect assessment and aquifer mapping in El-Hamiz Sub-watershed, Algiers, Algeria

Contribution of Resistivity Properties in Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity in Ciremai Volcanic Deposits

The hydraulic parameters of porous media, such as porosity (φ) and hydraulic conductivity (K), are the most important factors for planning and managing water exploitation from aquifers. This study aims to estimate the hydraulic conductivity parameters using the geoelectric method on volcanic deposits on the northern slope of Mount Ciremai. For this purpose, four data types were used to estimate K and φ, including lithological profiles, water table, groundwater quality, pumping test data, and vertical electrical sounding (VES). Based on Archie's law and Kozeny's equation, we get the alpha (α) values and cementation factor (m) from which the median values of α = 1.01 and m = 1.36 represent the studied aquifer. The porosity (φ) of the aquifer varies from 0.097 to 0.187 with an average of 0.141 and is spatially related to the hydraulic conductivity (kgm), which varies from 4.97 × 10-6 to 6.75 × 10-5 m/s after the application of Kozeny's equation. The hydraulic conductivity (Kp) calculated from the pumping tests varies from 9.07 × 10-6 to 1.06 × 10-4 m/s and is strongly correlated (r = 0.87). Furthermore, a relation between resistivity and hydraulic conductivity was established for the studied aquifer to estimate these parameters in sites lacking data.

Shallow Landslide Site Characterization using Electrical Resistivity Technique (ERT) at Balukhali Rohingya Refugee Camps of Ukhiya, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

As the geotechnical investigation is a challenging task due to natural heterogeneity and the limited data so the cheap surface geoelectric resistivity method is widely applied to know the complex subsurface information. To produce the electrical images for a site located at Balukhali Rohingya Refugee Camps area in Ukhiya-Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, a field data acquisition technique along with RES2DINV software has been performed. Two Wenner soundings on the 25 m and 50 m image lines at every 1 m and 2 m electrode spacing respectively reveal the shallow subsurface lithological variations. On the other hand, 34 samples were collected from two boreholes at different depths and tested under field and laboratory conditions to measure some basic geotechnical properties such as moisture content, grain size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and specific gravity. These geotechnical parameters were compared with the constructed electrical images and confirmed the significance of the electrical resistivity values. Therefore, the geoelectrical resistivity method can be applied as an additional tool to support and enhance conventional geotechnical interpretation purposes as well as shallow landslide site characterization in Bangladesh.

Improving tailings dam risk management by 3D characterization from resistivity tomography technique: Case study in São Paulo – Brazil

Tailings dams are traditionally monitored by routine visual inspections combined with the use of instruments such as piezometers, topographical landmarks, and water level indicators. As they are structures that have high potential damage associated, the use of robust investigation methods is essential to ensure the operational safety of these dams. Geoelectrical methods have been successful in mapping humid zones inside the tailings dam structures, using the proper acquisition parameters and data sampling that these methods allow. This is a promising approach to investigating a tailings dam with a heterogeneous embankment made of limestone tailings, that has been in operation for 50 years in São Paulo state, Brazil. Considering its structural complexity, electrical resistivity sections were acquired with a tight profile spacing – of 10 to 15 m, processed, and modeled by applying a specific workflow. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) operational workflow applied to the dataset obtained from two field campaigns, conducted in the embankment and the right abutment of the dam, performed well in mapping possible high water content zones inside the structure, defining a relevant element for the risk assessment. For this purpose, compartmentalization of the resistivity ranges, and three-dimensional modeling techniques were used, both constrained by the geotechnical instruments of the structure. The embankment campaign mapped zones of attention in the right abutment driving the decision to perform a follow-up survey dedicated to this region. The right abutment campaign mapped zones of high resistivity, associated with the natural terrain, composed of sandy soils, saprolite, and rock, as well as zones of low resistivity related to high moisture content regions. The geometry of these conductive zones made it possible to infer the depth of the water table in the region between the direct measurements from the instrumentation and to model zones with low resistivity values. The 3D modeling revealed that part of the conductive zones, present in the right abutment and extending to the embankment indicate a possible contribution of moisture from the natural terrain towards the embankment of the dam. Thus, the achieved results demonstrated that 3D modeling applied to the combination of the geotechnical and geophysical datasets contributes to expanding the knowledge of the internal structure of the dam and consequently the safety of the operations, especially where there is no instrumentation, improving the tailings dam risk management.

Monitoring the efficiency of electro-kinetic soil remediation process with geophysical surveying method

Geoelectric surveying is a useful method of non-invasive investigation (e.g.: for the purpose of space delineation or time dependant monitoring) of subsurface contaminants. The measured onsite electrical resistivity values are a function of certain soil parameters and the electric properties of the contaminant. With executing time domain field surveys before and after the remediation process its efficiency on contamination removal can be valorized.In this study we present a field case to illustrate the applicability of the geoelectric method for monitoring the efficiency of hydrocarbon removal and highlighting the problems of interpretation due to change of soil parameters and various hydrocarbon composition. Due to the side effects of electro-kinetic soil remediation process some soil parameters affecting the electrical resistivity are also changed. Therefore, when interpreting the data the of field survey one must be able to separate the geoelectric response of the remnant contamination from the changed soil parameters. The paper presents a multilevel interpretation method when the measured electrical resistivity data were correlated with the time-domain results of detailed soil sample analytics including particle size distribution, physical properties, and chemical composition. As a result we were able to separate the time domain geoelectric effects of the soil from the geoelectric response of the hydrocarbon contamination and we could correlate the electrical resistivity anomalies with the integrated effects of hydrocarbon content and changes in the soil due to the remediation treatment.

Subsurface Integrity Assessments of a Proposed Plaza Building at Oniru Lekki, Lagos, South-western Nigeria, Using Geoelectrical and Geotechnical Methods of Investigations

Subsurface integrity assessment for building foundation using geophysical and geotechnical methods was carried out at Oniru, Eti- Osa, Lagos State. A total of twenty-five Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), five 2-D Resistivity Imaging Survey traverses and two borings with Standard Penetration Test (SPT) were carried out at the study site. The acquired data were processed quantitatively using partial curve matching and computer iteration technique to generate the geoelectric sections, the 2-D model and the SPT logs. The VES results revealed five to six geologic units corresponding to topsoil, clayey sand, sandy clay, clay/peat, and sand while the 2-D resistivity structure corresponds with the VES result. The borehole log reveals sand layers having an N-value of 22-30 which is indicative of medium-dense, brown (medium to fine) sand with occasional gravels from depth 1.50 - 7.50m. The borehole log information correlates well with the VES/2-D result. For the sand layer which connotes dense, grey (medium to fine) sand with occasional gravels from a depth 7.50 – 15.75m with N-value ranging from 26–30m. The study analysis shows that the proposed building could be placed on the dense sand at depth 7.50 – 15.75m, this, however, should depend on the proposed load, length, and breadth of the proposed building. This study has provided useful information about the subsurface condition for engineering structure and zone suitable for the proposed foundation.

The geoelectric approach to analyzing the profile of post-mining nickel laterite deposits in the Motui District, North Konawe Regency, Indonesia

The profile of laterite nickel deposits following mining operations can be determined using a geoelectric method, which is crucial information for exploration as well as sustainability. The purpose of this research is to ascertain the physical properties and thickness profile of laterite nickel deposits in the subsurface following mining. The geoelectric method used is resistivity to map variations in the apparent resistivity values of rocks. This value reflects the different types of rock layers in the subsurface. Through the use of two electrodes, an electric current was introduced into the earth, and the potential difference that resulted from this injection was then measured. Based on the configuration of the electrodes utilized, the apparent resistivity value can be determined. The profile of laterite nickel deposits in the Motui post-mining area includes three layers, red limonite, yellow limonite, and bedrock, with resistivity values ranging from 17.0 to 1572 Ωm. The resistivity of the red limonite layer ranges from 17.0 to 1572 Ωm, and its depth is 0 to 10 meters. The yellow limonite layer is between 10 and 20 meters thick and has a resistivity range of 17.0 to 31.8 m. The resistivity of bedrock, on the other hand, ranges from 84.2 to 1572 Ωm at depths between 20 and 70 meters.

Geoelectrical resistivity and geochemical method for groundwater investigation in the coastal sediment

This research presents new investigations on the identification and mapping of heavy metals in aquifer systems using geoelectrical methods, water samples, and geochemical analyses. The subsurface was investigated using a total of three geoelectrical survey lines in the Wenner Schlumberger configuration. Six samples—three from bore wells, two from rivers, and one from the sea—were collected for additional laboratory examination in order to observe the quality of the water samples and variations in hadrochemical water samples in the research area. Soil samples collected from three different places were geochemically analysed. Cd concentration (0.94-2.42 mg/kg) was found to be higher in the northern portion of the study site, and Cr concentration (4.39-72.98 mg/kg), Ni concentration (12.11-47.69 mg/kg), and Co concentration (7,19-12,86) were found to be higher in the southern section. While Cd, Cr, Ni, and Co distribution of heavy metals are quite high in the northern and southern areas of Galesong beach, they are relatively low in the middle. A geochemical study of soil samples reveals that Cd and Cr concentrations are significantly high in the resistivity zone (<20 Ωm). The environmental resistivity value is low from the center zone to the northwest. The heavy metal zone in the aquifer system can be simply represented by the geoelectrical resistivity distribution presented in the form of a depth section, even though the resistivity value of more than 40 Ωm can be regarded as an aquifer zone.

A geophysical insight of the lithostratigraphic subsurface of Rodafnidia area (Lesbos Isl., Greece)

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;The study area of Rodafnidia on the island of Lesbos (Greece) is considered of archaeological interest, as Paleolithic stone tools have been recovered through excavation and collected from the ground surface in recent years. Geologically, the area is mostly covered by Quaternary post-alpine deposits and volcanic rocks. This paper presents the application of a local geophysical survey to determine the volume of the upper Quaternary deposits in which the Paleolithic artefacts can be found and the identification of their ignimbrite substrates. For this reason, the geoelectrical method was selected as the most appropriate for determining the lithostratigraphic subsurface layers. More specifically, a grid of twenty-one (21) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) along with an Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was carried out. The interpretation of the results of these surveys, in conjunction with the results of older excavation trenches, revealed that the Quaternary deposits have been investigated at depths ranging from 0.5 up to 28.5 meters. Furthermore, the lithological boundary of these post-alpine deposits and their underlying pyroclastic ignimbrite flow (with resistivity 24.0–58.0 Ohm.m) seem to dip to the north. The volume of the Quaternary layer is proposed as the maximum depth for archaeological investigation with high chances to recover more Paleolithic material.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Identifikasi Zona Rawan Longsor Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Resistivitas Di Desa Pao Kecamatan Tombolo Pao Kabupaten Gowa

This research aims to identify landslide-prone zones using the geoelectric resistivity method in Pao Village, Tombolo Pao District, Gowa Regency. The configuration used for data collection in the field is the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration using four the number of lines. The result of research indicates that the first line average is founded in each layer which is suspected to occur in a layer of soil and igneous rock in the form of lava with 2.10 Ωm- 12.7 Ωm in resistivity value. In the second line, the average is founded wet soil, dry soil and igneous rock with 1.26 Ωm – 11.1 Ωm in resistivity value. The third line average is an established layer of soil and lava with 2.18 Ωm – 6.51 Ωm in resistivity value. The fourth line is suspected to occur layer of soil and lava with 1.59 Ωm – 8.50 Ωm in resistivity value and 1.25 m – 15.9 m in depth. It can be concluded that the first and fourth lines, based on the resistivity value, are generated to occur in a layer of soil. Igneous rocks are supported by topography, slup reaching 30o – 35o. Meanwhile, the second and third lines do not happen landslide potential because the resistivity results contain igneous rock. Still, the topography, vegetation, and slup are not the landslide-prone category.

From Rockfall Observation to Operational Solutions: Nearly 20 years of Cryo-gravitational Hazard Studies in Mont-Blanc Massif

The enhanced rockfall frequency (V &gt; 100 m3) first noticed in the European Alps, has motivated investigations on high mountain rock walls and rock wall permafrost since the 2000s. Mont-Blanc massif (MBM) has become a pilot study area thanks to the wealth of data and knowledge on rockfall and permafrost dynamics acquired through successive research projects. Statistical analysis of rockfall distribution (&gt; 1300 events inventoried between 2007 and 2021) shows that they are related to permafrost distribution and increasing atmospheric temperature, opening promising perspective for developing forecasting tools to support mountain practitioners in their risk mitigation strategy. However, understanding how rock wall destabilizations develop is challenged by the variety of potentially involved thermo-hydro-mechanical processes. To face these challenges, research currently carried out in the MBM focuses on water infiltration and circulation processes in frozen rock walls by combining advanced numerical modelling approaches and ad hoc field surveys. The coupling of models simulating heat and water transport with geoelectrical imaging methods could allow assessment of ground water/ice distributions and contents that is highly relevant for geotechnical purposes. Concurrently, the combination of acquired data and knowledge in integrative approaches of landscape changes and hazards involving permafrost degradation, glacier retreat, possible lake formation and rock wall destabilization appears as an essential basis for land-planning concerns. Finally, thermal and hydrological interactions between rock wall permafrost and ice bodies nestled on rock faces (ice aprons and hanging glaciers) is another direction of research to be pursued with cross-disciplinary implications.