Geodetic Work Research Articles

LOGICAL-PROBABLIC MODELING OF FAILURES OF GEODESIC NETWORKS

The credibility and reliability of the results of geodetic and cadastral works depends mainly on the accuracy of the instruments, the qualification of the observer, his professionalism and the reliability of the points of the geodetic network (GN). As a rule, in most cases, there is a well-founded choice of geodetic tools suitable for accuracy and the involvement of a highly qualified geodetic engineer to perform certain types of geodetic work. However, certain questions may arise regarding the determination of starting points for the creation of a reliable geodetic survey justification. The issue of selecting reliable geodetic points for performing engineering and geodetic works based on the application of reliability assessment methods is an urgent scientific problem today. The purpose of the work is to establish the optimal reliability assessment method based on the analysis of existing ones. Adapt this method to solve the problem of assessing the reliability of geodetic networks as one of the most important parameters characterizing its condition. Assess the reliability of the Dnipro geodetic network by constructing a fault tree. Calculate the dynamics of the intensity of GN failures during the 100-year period of its existence. Calculate the appropriate periodicity of surveys (monitoring) of GN depending on the intensity of failures of elements (geodetic points). Methodology. Analysis of international and national standards for reliability assessment, Standards of Ukraine, where the methods of system reliability assessment are given. Review of methods for assessing GN reliability. The deductive method with the construction of a geodetic network failure tree has been applied. This method is based on a logic-probabilistic model of cause-and-effect relationships of system failures with failures of its elements and other events. Scientific novelty. The optimal method of assessing the reliability of GN has been established. A GN failure tree has been built in the TopEvent FTA software tool. The reliability of the geodetic network has been evaluated, the intensity of failures at various stages of its operation has been calculated. Mathematical expressions of the failure functions of the geodetic network have been described by applying Boolean functions. Practical value. International and national regulatory documents and Standards of Ukraine of reliability assessment have been analyzed. In Standarts the methods of system reliability assessment have been given. The performed assessment of the reliability of the state of the geodetic network of the city of Dnipro helps to choose stable geodetic points for the creation of local geodetic networks and survey justification. Reasonable periodicity of monitoring for the survey of geodetic points has been substantiated. The use of reliable points of geodetic networks will allow obtaining reliable observation data, which will significantly increase the quality of engineering and geodetic works. Results. The functioning of the geodetic network of the city of Dnipro on the constructed sequential tree of failures has been considered. Boolean functions to describe the mathematical expressions of the failure functions of the geodetic network, which includes 5 and 10 elements have been used.

CENTRAL PART OF NATURAL COASTAL SYSTEM TENDRA–JARYLGACH, THE BLACK SEA COAST

Problems of Research and Purpose. In the theory of general geomorphology, the section on coastal-marine processes at the genetic contact-zone between Land and Ocean assigns importance to the study of relief associations. One such complex of geomorphologic association on maritime coastlines is the winged-forelands. They consist of interconnected complex capes, active cliffs, typical benches, sandy beaches, and aeolian forms. Wind, sea wave, geobotanical, zoogeographical, geochemical, and other factors contribute to their development. Their morphology and dynamics are determined by lithodynamic interaction under the influence of a unified alongshore sediment flow transport. We conducted a study of one such winged-foreland on the non-tidal Black Sea coast, a classic foreland in "the Tendra–Jarylgach shore system". Practical issues were discussed, and identified development patterns allow for rational natural resource usage, emphasizing the relevance of the topic. Purpose of our scientific work is: Based on the obtained materials, identified patterns, and analyses of the development of the classic winged-foreland "the Tendra–Jarylgach" to determine optimal natural resource usage and ways to preserve the natural resources of the coastal environment. Data and Methods: During our research, we applied route and stationary methods, above-water and underwater methods, field descriptive and instrumental methods, cartographic techniques, geographical comparisons, aerial and space remote sensing, and analytical methods. Instruments for topographic and geodetic work, underwater profiling of the nearshore slope, lithological sampling, and laboratory data processing were used. Profiling of accumulative and abrasional forms of coastal relief, coastal intersections in different parts of the winged foreland, and specific descriptions of photo-reflectance were obtained. Special attention was paid to the efficiency of coastal protective structures on the abrasional front. Basical Results and Comments: The presented materials and their brief discussion revealed that the natural system of the winged-foreland "Tendra–Jarylgach" is a complex coastal-marine system of the physical-geographical subregion level with significant dynamics. All secondary elementary systems within it are closely connected by wave energy and sediment material flows in a unified sediment balance. Therefore, its conservation and the usage of its natural resources require a comprehensive systemic approach based on general-geographical principles. Within "the Tendra–Jarylgach" winged foreland, optimal natural resource utilization is achievable based on the general principles of geography and the fundamentals of coastal studies as an interdisciplinary geographical science. Key components of optimization include: a) adherence to rules and norms regarding anthropogenic pressure on the studied natural system; b) organization of the natural system to maintain high air and sea water quality; c) resistance to abrasive activities of the sea through the implementation of effective, operational engineering-geographical measures; d) preservation of sediment balance, as the creation of sediment mass is an exclusively long-term process, while disturbance is an instantaneous process. The leading source of sediment within the studied coastal-marine system is the abrasional input from coastal cliffs and benches. A minor contribution comes as a carbonate material. The coastal zone here experiences a significant deficit of coastal sediments, actively supporting further shoreline erosion. The development of the natural system of the researched winged-foreland is driven by the active action of the unified Tendra–Jarylgach alongshore sediment transport, involving the contribution of shell-detritus. This significantly distinguishes this type of foreland from others where two branches of sediment transport flows in opposite directions from the middle of the frontal part. During particularly strong storms, up to 5% of repetitions on accumulative forms typically result in new inlets and the expansion of existing old breaches. This undermines the stability of both spits, and the entire winged foreland in total. Such negative phenomena are exacerbated by disturbances to the sediment balance, especially artificial removals of beach sands for construction purposes.

Insights into engineering work for future surveyors

The article describes the conduct of geodetic work on engineering work by young specialists entering this field, and provides final conclusions and proposals for the work performed.

ГЕОДЕЗИЧНИЙ МОНІТОРИНГ ПРИ РОЗРОБЦІ КОМПЛЕКСНИХ ПЛАНІВ ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The purpose of the article is the development and research of a system for determining complex plans of spatial location and geometric characteristics using geodetic methods. The tasks set in the work are solved by analyzing the database of satellite geodetic and inertial measurement systems. Method. The application of satellite technologies, which allow determining the spatial position in automatic mode (shooting in motion), is a priority direction for solving the tasks of increasing the safety and efficiency of geodetic work in full in accordance with the strategic direction of scientific and technical development. The results. Since the 1950s, an intensive process of electronicization and automation has been observed in geodesy. Electronicization in geodesy made it possible to improve the technologies of performing geodetic works, to achieve higher productivity while increasing the accuracy of measurements. In principle, these processes and problems were internal to topographic and geodetic production and did not affect users directly. The first product that differed from traditional topographic maps and plans was digital terrain models. The first such model of the Earth's surface was created in 1957 in the USA at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was a model of the relief of the earth's surface and was intended for the design of highways, constructed objects by optimizing project solutions. With the development of electronic computers and data processing methods, new forms of presenting information about the earth's surface began to appear. Currently, the study and research of the natural environment is closely related to the use of geographic information systems and various types of geo-information resources: electronic digital maps and spatial databases, GIS services and many others. Geo-informational software complexes allow you to process a large volume of data obtained during various studies, as well as organize and regulate information that has a spatial reference. Various geographic information systems, such as 3D cartography and virtual reality, are described, which allows creating more visual and understandable representations of geographic information. Geovisualization and 3D modeling provide quick access to geodata. Scientific novelty. The joint use of satellite and inertial measurements for surveying is substantiated, a theoretical solution for data processing is performed, and a methodology for drawing up large-scale plans is proposed. The geodetic component of the development of complex plans has been updated. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used to develop complex spatial development plans with a geodetic component. In addition, the materials of the article can be used in geodetic and cartographic activities.

Research on the methodology of digital mapping of national natural parks

This scientific article envisages updating of basic electronic digital maps and their inclusion in the National Geoinformation Base, as well as their effective use for the preservation of national natural parks and maintenance of their cadaster. On the map base created, initial site geodetic work was carried out at the geographical location of the national nature parks. And also, an in-depth analysis of remote sensing materials was carried out. These remote sensing materials were processed in special programs, decoded, and new objects were mapped on the digital map base in ArcGIS program.

GEODETIC RESEARCH OF THE SMOKESTACK TILT OF THE BOILER HOUSE ON KARNAUKHOVA STREET IN RIVNE

Smokestackеs are extraordinary and technologically important construction structures. Their safe operation is a prerequisite for long-term and trouble-free operation of a boiler house and the provision of heat to entire city districts. The purpose of this paper is to study the smokestack tilt of a boiler house using geodetic methods. The relevance of this research is in the fact that the smokestack tilt a dangerous factor that can lead to its destruction due to loss of stability or due to the force exceeding the maximum resistance. The destruction of such a structure can cause significant economic or even human losses.
 A preliminary calculation of the accuracy of geodetic work to determine the smokestack's tilt on M. Karnaukhova Street was performed. Based on the calculation results, an electronic total station Leica TCR 1205 was selected. A modified coordinate method was used to determine the position of a large number of points on the outer surface of the smokestack for each horizontal section. The measurement results are balanced by the parametric method of the least squares method. This method is implemented in the "Kren" software module developed by the authors.
 Three measurement cycles were performed in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The value of the tilt (about 200 mm) is quite noticeable for this smokestack with a bottom section diameter of 3.65 m. The smokestack is tilted in the direction from which the mobile communication equipment is installed. The balanced tilt value differs from the value calculated from the outermost observation points from the station. Tilt monitoring data should be considered as an integral part of the chimney building information system (BIM).

INVESTIGATION OF THE ACCURACY OF DETERMINING THE COORDINATES OF SPHERES USING THE FARO FOCUS S 120 LASER SCANNER

Goal. The purpose of the work is research and analysis of the accuracy of determining the coordinates of spheres during geodetic work on laser scanning.
 Methods. The study of the accuracy of measurements of the laser scanner was carried out by the method of direct measurements. During the research, the reference value of the displacement of the sphere was measured using a laser interferometer. The measurements were performed to determine the measurement errors of various measured values of the laser scanner: horizontal angle, vertical angle and distance. Processing of scans and determination of sphere coordinates was carried out in the FARO Scene Lt software complex. Processing of measurement results was carried out by methods of mathematical statistics using MS Excel.
 Scientific novelty. A study of the sensitivity of the laser scanner for determining minor displacements of reference targets, using spheres as an example, was carried out. Work with sensitivity studies in determining the coordinates of reference targets, as a component of the error in determining their coordinates, we did not find.
 Practical significance. The conducted studies will allow determining the optimal ranges of location of reference targets during scanning to ensure the highest accuracy of determining their coordinates. However, it has been experimentally proven that this method cannot be used to determine the full accuracy characteristics of a laser scanner in determining the coordinates of reference targets, since the influence of some systematic errors, such as the eccentricity of the component parts of the laser scanner, is excluded in the measurements.
 The results. According to the research results, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the most appropriate location of reference targets in the form of spheres to achieve the highest accuracy of determining their coordinates. As can be seen from the research, it is desirable to place the spheres at a distance of approximately 5 m from the NLS. At shorter distances (about 2 m), the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the spheres begins to be affected by the growing errors of measuring distances by the scanner, at large distances (from 10 m), the errors of measuring the height coordinates of the spheres increase. The results presented in the paper require further research. These studies should be performed for other types of reference targets and with the use of other models of laser scanners, which is the goal of further research by the authors.

THE ROLE OF GEODESY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRONE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MEASURING, MAPPING AND MONITORING TERRITORIES

This study examines the relevance and importance of integrating geodetic methods into remote sensing technology from drones. The main focus is on exploring the possibilities of drones as an innovative tool that opens up new perspectives for measuring, mapping and monitoring territories. Advanced geodetic technologies and their applications in drone work are analyzed, including photogrammetry, laser scanning, and other data collection methods. The purpose of the article. Defining and systematizing the role of geodesy in the advancement of drone technologies used for precise measurements, mapping and monitoring of territories. Research task: to analyze the current state of geodetic methods in the context of their application in drone technologies; explore the possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles for geodetic work. Develop recommendations for the integration of drone technologies into geodetic practice. Research methods: analytical method - a systematic analysis of scientific publications, articles and reports that highlight current issues of geodesy and drone technologies, their development and application; empirical method - data collection and processing using drones, measurement, monitoring and mapping to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of these technologies; experimental method - conducting field tests of drone technologies to collect primary data, analyze them and compare them with traditional geodetic methods. An important part of the research is the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of drones in comparison with traditional methods, with a special emphasis on increasing the accuracy, speed and reducing the cost of surveying work. The influence of legal aspects on the use of drones in geodesy is also considered, including the possibility of its adaptation to modern geodetic needs.

Building a one level 3D control network ensure the geodetic work in high-rise building construction

Super high-rise buildings are being built more and more in the world and in Vietnam. Currently, foreign experts are presiding over most of the geodetic work during the construction of super high-rise buildings in Vietnam. Vietnamese technicians are only allowed to participate in the implementation at the request of these experts. Therefore, in Vietnam, it is necessary to have a full research on geodetic work in the process of building super high-rise buildings. This article presents the research results of a group of lecturers in the Geodetic Department, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering on the ability to combine terrestrial and satellite measurements, which are measured by total station and GNSS, in geodetic work when building super high-rise. The research results are the process of building and data processing one-level spatial networks, determining three-dimensional coordinates in a unified coordinate system, step by step ensuring accuracy throughout the construction process, exploiting super high-rise buildings.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE ACCURACY OF GEODESIC WORKS DURING THE INSPECTION OF THE BRIDGE IN RIVNE

Bridges are important structures for the safe operation of roads, railways and pedestrian areas. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the accuracy of geodetic works during the inspection of bridges. There are no requirements for the accuracy of such works in state construction standards. The relevance of this problem consists in the fact that it is necessary to perform any geodetic work with optimal accuracy, which, on the one hand, excludes excessive costs for geodetic equipment, and on the other, guarantees the safe functioning of the engineering structure. Based on such calculations, it is possible to choose geodetic equipment with appropriate characteristics and select measurement methods. Three options for calculating the required accuracy of geodetic measurements are considered: by the deviation of the top of the piles from the design position in the plan, by the deviation of the top of the bridge supports from the vertical and by the limit deflection of the beams-slabs of the bridge floor. As values for the marginal errors of geodetic work, it is suggested to choose the smaller value of the three options. The developed method was tested during the survey of the bridge is on Joliot Curie Street in Rivne. Based on the calculation results, the ground survey method chosen using the free station method with an electronic reflectorless total station Leica TCR 405 ultra, which provides the necessary accuracy and is the most economical. All elements of the bridge have been coordinated and the geodesy survey of the upper part of the bridge and the surrounding area has been carry out. According to the results of geodetic works, the tilts of the column-piles, the deflections of the longitudinal load-bearing beams-panels were calculated, and the plan of the top of the bridge was constructed. So, the geodetic work performed provided a high-quality examination of the bridge and allowed construction engineers to formulate the measures necessary for the further safe operation of this bridge structure. The scientific novelty and practical significance of this work consists in the fact that a methodology has been developed for substantiating the accuracy of geodetic works during the inspection of bridge structures, which guarantees the safe functioning of the bridge structure.

PECULIARITIES OF CONSIDERATION OF ISSUES ON OVERLAYING LAND PLOTS IN THE COURSE OF LAND-TECHNICAL EXPERTISE

The article considers the main documents that are necessary for conducting land-technical examinations and their features, the most frequent questions about the overlap of land plots that are put before the expert, as well as problematic aspects that arise in solving issues when conducting land-technical examinations and proposals for their solution. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that one of the main aspects in solving issues when performing land and technical expertise is the presence of mandatory documents certifying the ownership of the land plot (state act, certificate of ownership of real estate, certificate of inheritance, extract, etc.) and the initial data (coordinates) indicated in the documentation and topographical geodetic works. which can be compared. A problem in the performance of land and technical examinations is the uncertainty of the forensic expert in the correctness of the topographical and geodetic work to determine the coordinates of the turning points of the borders of a particular land plot, which can lead to erroneous conclusions because the result of research depends on the initial data. However, the expert is not responsible for the correctness of the materials, documents and initial data provided to him, and for the correctness of actions performed by the specialists involved. Proposals for solving the considered problem include becoming a forensic expert, as a specialist who has the right to engage in topographical and geodetic activities in accordance with current legislation, which will enable him to independently perform relevant works and be confident in the correctness of their execution.

Ефективність застосування безпілотних літальних апаратів для підготовчого етапу оціночних робіт

The Purpose. The purpose of the study is to prove the effectiveness of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for the preparatory stage of evaluation works. In the process of development of modern methods of remote sensing of the territory of populated areas, the problem of using unmanned aerial vehicles for real estate evaluation is gaining relevance. Aerial surveying has been an effective tool for geodetic work, geophysical research and various types of monitoring for several decades. Modern technologies for creating topographic and cadastral plans are based precisely on the use of digital aerial photography materials [Burshtynska H., Stankevich S., 2013]. However, the cost of using airplanes and helicopters for local large-scale shooting is an order of magnitude higher and therefore. an alternative solution is to use UAVs for property valuation. The Methodology. The methodology is based on the need to use UAVs to assess the market value of real estate. The creation of large-scale plans of rural settlements based on data obtained with the help of UAVs is necessary for the design of master plans [Glotov V., Korduba Yu., 2011; Glotov V., Gunina A., 2014]. And this, in turn, is connected with land accounting and setting boundaries in a certain region, as well as the need to assess the market value of real estate. Unmanned aerial vehicles are widely used for aerial photography, as they are an inexpensive alternative to traditional filming from airplanes, helicopters, hang gliders, and satellites. In addition to high economic efficiency, i.e. a tenfold decrease in price, UAVs have additional advantages compared to traditional aerial and space shooting. The Results. The conducted studies prove the importance of using UAVs in real estate evaluation. The purpose of using a UAV is to obtain images of the territory with given characteristics. It is known that aerial photography, as a type of remote sensing of the earth, is an economically and technologically justified way of collecting spatial information, the basis for creating cadastral plans and maps, three-dimensional models of the terrain and terrain [Glotov V., Tserklevych A., etc., 2014]. It is proven that the efficiency of the proposed method exceeds by 36% the traditional methods of real estate evaluation. Scientific Innovation and Practical Significance. For the first time, research was carried out related to the possibility of using UAVs to estimate the market value of real estate. The article proves that the use of unmanned aerial vehicles at the stage of collection and analysis of initial data will make it possible to reduce the cost of determining the geometric characteristics of the object of evaluation by ten times compared to traditional geodetic methods, as well as speed up the process of selecting similar objects for the purpose of building mathematical models determining the market value of the relevant real estate segment. It has been proven that unmanned aerial vehicles have significant advantages compared to traditional methods of filming, namely: the possibility of obtaining ultra-high resolution (units and tenths of a centimeter) on the terrain; the possibility of detailed filming of small objects and small areas where it is completely unprofitable or technically impossible to do it in other ways, for example, in the conditions of urban development; mobility; high efficiency; environmental cleanliness of flights; high economic efficiency (decreasing the cost of work tenfold), etc.

Geodetic network for the construction of the high-speed railway line

Geodetic support for construction and operation of high-speed railways requires high-precision geodetic work both at the construction stage and during operation of the structure. Geodetic separation network, being the basis of mainline construction, requires special care and accuracy in measurements for its creation. The analysis of studies carried out in this field shows their insufficiency or incorrectness, and the comparison of current rules and regulations documents shows their contradiction. In the article, based on the results of existing scientific works, on the basis of the allowable standard values of outstanding lateral accelerations, the necessary accuracy of building a marking network for the construction of a railway line with speeds up to 400 km/h is calculated. On the basis of the analysis of existing regulatory documents of various countries engaged in high-speed rail traffic, the correctness of the obtained result has been proved. The imperfection of the Russian normative base in the field of construction of such objects is shown. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are given on methods for constructing a planned network for the construction of a high-speed highway and fixing its points, which can significantly reduce the cost and intensity of work on its creation, as well as directions for further necessary research in the field of geodetic support for the construction of high-speed highways.

Application of GIS technologies in the methods of geodetic work in the mapping of demographic processes

Analytical work on rapid data identification based on modeling spatial analysis of data based on geographic information systems (GIS) and technologies is required. As a result, with the help of GIS technologies, the population density in the regions; natural population growth dynamics; a histogram with respect to species; the dependence of the location of the population on the terrain; it is possible to carry out analytical work through spatial analysis of data describing demographic processes such as employment. The study focuses on the ways of geolocation of data from the GPS navigator and the software “Geodesist” in the automatic remote transmission of various demographic processes in the field, including population-related information online to the GIS technology database.

О точности разбивочной сети для строительства высокоскоростной железнодорожной магистрали

Geodetic support for the construction and operation of high-speed railway lines requires high-precision geodetic work both at the construction stage and during the operation of the facility. The ge-odetic setting-out network, being the basis for the construction of the highway, requires special care and high measurement accuracy for its creation. An analysis of the studies performed in this area shows their insufficiency or incorrectness, and a comparison of current regulatory documents shows their inconsistency. In this article it is calculated on the basis of the results of existing scientific works what should be the required accuracy of building a planned setting-out network for the construction of a railway with speeds up to 400 km/h. The correctness of the result obtained has been proved based on the analysis of existing regulatory documents of various countries providing high-speed rail communication. Based on the findings, practical recommendations on methods for constructing a planned setting-out network for the construction of a high-speed railway and fixing its points are given, which can significantly reduce the cost and labor intensity of work on its creation. The imperfection of the Russian regulatory framework in the field of construction of such facilities as well as the direction of further necessary research in the field of geodetic support for their construction are shown.

Геодезическое обеспечение выверки формы отражающей поверхности главного зеркала радиотелескопа с применением лазерных трекеров

The article discusses the possibilities of coordinate-determining technology using high-precision geodetic instruments for alignment of reflecting surface shape of the radio telescope main mirror. It’s important for adjustment of reflecting surface shape and consequently performance of radio astronomy observations. The article provides general information about radio telescopes and consideres the existing classical geodesic and non-geodesic methods used in the process of solving the problem of shape alignment. The text describes the method of geodetic work on the form alignment using high-precision laser trackers. The methodology includes several stages from designing the geodetic control network and tracker location stations and processing and interpreting the measurement results. The conditions for performing high-precision measurements are given in the thesis. Mathematical processing of measurement results is performed in the Spatial Analyzer and based on coordinate systems transformation.

Modal analysis of vibrations and evaluation of vibration activity of the platform and propeller of an RW-UAS aerial robot

The quadrocopter used to perform mine surveying and geodetic work, to develop a non-contact ore sampling technology based on the use of an intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with technical vision and a specialized X-ray fluorescent energy-dispersive device installed on it. In this work, the equations of quadrocopter dynamics under load derived, and the influence of dynamic disturbances on SSS propellers carried out. The analysis of torques on four propellers carried out. The equations of dynamics of 4 rotors of the RW-UAS robot (quadcopter) are written on the basis of the Lagrange-Maxwell equations. An analysis of the control moments carried out, which makes it possible to implement horizontal and vertical flights of the quadrocopter. The simulation carried out using the Maple analytical computing environment. Based on the modal analysis of the equations of dynamics of the air robot, the results obtained where the ranges of wave disturbances on the air vehicle are determined and the SSS of the blades and their elastoplastic displacement obtained. The conducted research shows the need for a detailed study of dynamic processes on an air robot, the behavior of the rotor system is especially important.

Определение точности геодезических измерений при реконструкции исторических объектов

Purpose: To consider the issue of the assignment of marking work accuracy at reconstruction stage of a technically complex object. To show the need in accuracy preliminary calculation. After the assignment of geodetic measurement accuracy, to perform geodetic network designing in Credo.dat software package. To determine leveling class that satisfies formed requirements. Methods: Measurement error theory, least squares method, parametric adjustment method, modeling of geodetic networks using package of applied programs. Results: Requirements for the accuracy of marking works were established based on the ones of current regulatory documents. The sequence of the formation of requirements for definition of accuracy in geodetic staking base locations and requirements for the accuracy of used geodetic instruments is considered. Separately, the accuracy of planned and altitudinal geodetic networks is calculated. The possibility to apply class III leveling program when creating altitudinal network to meet accuracy established requirements is shown. Practical significance: The sequence of geodetic work accuracy assignment during historical object reconstruction is outlined on a particular example, the proposed methodology can be recommended for a practical use.

FEATURES OF THE COMPOSITION OF ENGINEERING AND GEODESIC SURVEYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

The peculiarities of the composition and content of engineering and geodetic surveys for the development of projects for capital repair, reconstruction and new construction of highways are considered. Engineering and geodetic surveys are a separate type of geodetic work, the purpose of which is to obtain complete and reliable topographical and geodetic materials and information about the situation and relief of the area in the area of performance of works. The success of the development of project solutions and their subsequent implementation in the construction of highways directly depends on the completeness of the composition and content and quality of the engineering and geodetic surveys. Therefore, it is appropriate to determine the features of the composition and content of engineering and geodetic surveys for the construction, reconstruction and capital repair of highways. Currently, the composition and content of engineering and geodetic surveys in road construction is dynamically developing, as new technologies of geodetic works, modern geodetic devices and automated methods of processing geodetic results are introduced. Therefore, it is expedient to determine the composition and content of engineering and geodetic surveys during the construction, reconstruction and overhaul of highways and artificial structures, taking into account the main provisions of current regulatory documents and modern scientific and technical literature. Engineering and geodetic surveys of highways and artificial structures are included as separate types of work: – creation of reference geodetic networks; – monitoring and measurement of deformations and displacement of buildings and structures; – geodetic supervision of dangerous natural phenomena, monitoring of their development; – drawing up and updating engineering and topographic plans of scales 1:5000 – 1:200; – drawing up and updating engineering and topographic plans of ground, underground and above-ground engineering communications and structures; – compilation of a digital terrain model; – obtaining a «cloud of points» as a result of scanning the terrain; – tracing linear objects; – agreement on the characteristics and correctness of drawing engineering communications on engineering and topographic plans; – engineering and hydrographic works; The technology for performing the listed works must be carried out in strict compliance with the requirements of DSTU 9154:2021 «Guidance on performance of geodesic works in road building», which came into force on September 1, 2022. The considered features of the composition and content of geodetic works in road construction are partially reflected in DSTU 9154:2021 «Instructions for performing geodetic works in road construction». Keywords: road, surveying, geodetic measurements, road construction.

On the development of satellite geodetic networks using mobile monitoring and control stations

The article gives an overview of the structural elements of geodetic networks of various types. For satellite geodetic networks, a promising method of using mobile monitoring and control stations is considered. This method provides an increase in the reliability and stability of the orbital constellation, however, when implementing it, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of geodetic referencing of the antennas of mobile monitoring and control stations. The problem of geodetic support for the phased deployment of the GLONASS satellite radio navigation system is described. It is shown that the developed methods of geodetic work on the binding of trajectory tracking stations of artificial Earth satellites provide the necessary accuracy, but can be improved in the process of experimental work.