Generic Name Research Articles

Assessment of private health sector prescribing patterns and adherence to prescription format using World Health Organization core drug use indicators in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundCurrently, the private healthcare sector's role in healthcare delivery is growing in Ethiopia. However, there are limited studies on private healthcare sector drug use patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the private healthcare sector prescribing practices and adherence to prescription format, using some of the World Health Organization (WHO) core drug use indicators in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to collect quantitative data from prescriptions prescribed and dispensed by private healthcare sectors in the Lemi-Kura sub-city, Addis Ababa. The study was conducted from June to July 2021. The WHO criteria were used to evaluate prescribing and prescription completeness indicators. Prescriptions, kept for the last 1 year that were prescribed between January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2021, by private drug outlets, were analyzed. Simple random and systematic sampling procedures were employed in selecting drug outlets and prescriptions, respectively.ResultsOf a total of 1,200 prescriptions, 2,192 drugs were prescribed and the average number of drugs per prescription was 1.83. Generic names, antibiotics, injections, and drugs on the Ethiopian essential medicines list accounted for 77.4, 63.8, 11.5, and 80.6% of all prescriptions, respectively. Among the patient identifiers, the patient card number (54.3%), weight (2.3%), and diagnoses (31.7%) were less likely to be completed. In terms of the drug-related information, the dosage form (35.5%) was the least likely to be completed. Only 36.6 and 25.8% of prescriptions contained the names and qualifications of the prescribers, respectively. It was difficult to obtain prescription papers with the dispenser identifier.ConclusionThe study findings indicated prescribing and prescription completeness indicators all considerably deviated from WHO standards and hence unsuitable. This situation could be critical since a similar pattern is reported from public healthcare sectors, which might imply the extent of non-adherence to WHO core drug use standards. Consequently, it could play a considerable role in increasing irrational medicine use in Ethiopia.

The demise of Monechma: new combinations and a new classification in the resurrected genera Meiosperma and Pogonospermum (Acanthaceae)

SummaryRecent molecular phylogenetic results have demonstrated that Monechma s.l., a group of plants with ecological importance in the savanna and succulent biomes of sub-Saharan Africa, is polyphyletic with two discrete lineages recognisable. In the present work, we recognise Monechma Groups I and II at the generic rank, which can be distinguished by differences in inflorescence characteristics and seed morphology. The nomenclatural implications of these findings are investigated. The lectotype of Monechma, M. bracteatum Hochst., is a part of a small lineage of plants closely allied to Justicia L. sect. Harnieria (Solms) Benth. for which the earliest valid name is found to be Meiosperma Raf. Hence, Monechma is synonymised within Meiosperma, which comprises six accepted species and two undescribed taxa. The majority of species of former Monechma s.l. are resolved within the second lineage for which the only validly published generic name is Pogonospermum Hochst. This resurrected genus comprises 34 accepted species plus two undescribed taxa. Pogonospermum displays considerable morphological variation and is here subdivided into six sections based primarily on differences in plant habit, inflorescence form, calyx, bract and bracteole venation, and seed indumentum. The new combinations and new sections are validated, and seven accepted species names are lectotypified.

Comparison between Fructose Amine and Hemoglobin A1C Level to Evaluate Glycemic Control in Sudanese Diabetic Control.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases with high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period, and is one of the most severe and frequent human disorders. Fructosamine is a generic name given to a compound known as plasma protein ketoamines. Fructosamine together with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) are used to monitor the state of hyperglycaemia in diabetics.
 Objectives: This study aimed to compare between HeamoglobinA1c and Fructosamine in Sudanese diabetic patients in Omdurman Teaching Hospital and Diabetic and Endocrine center in Bahri.
 Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Automated colorimetric determination of fructosamine for each of the 50 blood samples of the study group was carried out according to specific procedure. Latex enhanced immuno-assay method for hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) determination based on the interaction between antigen molecules (HbA1c) and HbA1c specific c antibodies coated on latex beads was carried out according to a specific procedure. Control group criteria should be clear because it is confused.
 Results: HbA1c% and Fructose amine were measured on the same sample in 50 diabetic patients. There is a significantly direct positive correlation between levels of fructose amine (mmol/L) and HbA1c% among the studied group (P-value = 0.001 < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity of fructosamine and HbA1c to detect blood glucose. hemoglobin A1C has (86%) sensitivity and (25%) specificity while fructosamine has (63%) sensitivity and (55%) specificity.
 Conclusion: In diabetes serum fructosamine assay can better reflect average blood glucose concentration over the previous 2-3 weeks and HbA1c is better reflective over the previous 8-10 weeks there for fructosamine can be used as routine test while HbA1C as a first -line screening test.

The concept of monotheism in the Book of Proverbs and an African (Yoruba) perspective

The uniqueness of the Book of Proverbs among other wisdom books is incontestable because it uses הוהי as the name of God. Its regular use of the name means that the Book is concerned about God’s monotheism. The mention of that proper name (הוהי) 94 times and the generic name םיהלא only twice (this generic name still refers to הוהי), emphasises the concept of monotheism. Monotheism in ancient Israel is not the denial of the existence of other gods, but the exclusive worship of Yahweh as the only one true God. The origin and the meaning of Yahweh although debatable, the majority of scholars believe that it is Exodus 3:13–15. The definition of proverbs although debatable, they can be defined as a traditional saying that gives advice and instruction. It is ‘a relic of ageless tradition’ that contains a pithy structure. Generally, scholars believe that Yoruba religious tradition also holds the fact that Yahweh is monotheistic by the name given to him (Olodumare). Unfortunately, the Yoruba translation of the Hebrew word יהוה is Oluwa instead of Olodumare.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This makes the Yoruba readers of the Book of Proverbs miss this monotheistic context. Can the retranslation of the Book of Proverbs make the monotheism of God in Yoruba be clearer? This article, therefore, emphasises the need for a retranslation of the present translation of the Book of Proverbs in Yoruba. This article will be an eye opener for some readers who are not sure of the concept of monotheism in the Book of Proverbs and in Yoruba religious tradition.

A Standardized Dataset of a Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting System.

One of the largest spontaneous adverse events reporting databases in the world is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Unfortunately, researchers face many obstacles in analyzing data from the FAERS database. One of the major obstacles is the unstructured entry of drug names into the FAERS, as reporters might use generic names or trade names with different naming structures from all over the world and, in some cases, with typographical errors. Moreover, report duplication is a known problem in spontaneous adverse event-reporting systems, including the FAERS database. Hence, thorough text processing for database entries, especially drug name entries, coupled with a practical case-deduplication logic, is a prerequisite to analyze the database, which is a time- and resource-consuming procedure. In this study, we provide a clean, deduplicated, and ready-to-import dataset into any relational database management software of the FAERS database up to September 2021. Drug names are standardized to the RxNorm vocabulary and normalized to the single active ingredient level. Moreover, a pre-calculated disproportionate analysis is provided, which includes the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Chi-squared analysis with Yates correction (), and information component (IC) for each drug-adverse event pair in the database.

A critical evaluation of promotional drug literatures available with prescribers at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Gujarat, India

Background: Promotional literature provided by the pharmaceutical companies is one of the important marketing strategies to prescribe. Many of these literatures do not follow ethical guidelines and contain biased and irrelevant information that may cause irrational prescribing. So we did this study with an aim to check the credibility, reliability and authenticity of the PDLs available with prescribers.Methods: Promotional drug literatures were analyzed based on various parameters and guidelines provided by world health organization. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel.Results: A total 395 promotional drug literatures were analyzed and very few of them fulfilled the ethical criteria for drug promotion. Most of them focused on providing information about generic name, brand name manufacture company name and claims about efficacy. Few of them focused on safety of drugs as less information provided about adverse reaction, precaution and drug-drug interaction. Many of them contain space occupying unnecessary pictures.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the majority of the promotional advertisements that were given to the prescribers do not follow ethical guidelines and were not able to improve rational prescribing but only have commercial benefits.

Lower Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) rugose corals from the Donets Basin (Ukraine)

Rugose corals are described from the lower Viséan of the Donets Basin. The new coral Dorlodotidae fam. nov. and the species Cyathoclisia sukhensis sp. nov. are here introduced and the presence of the genera Amygdalophyllum and Ceriodotia are established for the first time in the Donets Basin. The priority of the generic name Protolonsdaleia over Eolithostrotionella is discussed. The lower Viséan rugose coral assemblage of the Donets Basin differs from those of the upper Tournaisian and upper Viséan. Global and regional events may have led to abrupt changes in sedimentation conditions at the end of the Tournaisian time and at the beginning of the late Viséan. The colonial rugose corals Siphonodendron, Dorlodotia, Protolonsdaleia and Ceriodotia appear in the early Viséan of the Donets Basin as in many other regions of Eurasia. The similarity of the lower Viséan coral assemblage of the Donets Basin with that of the Western Paleotethys is noted but at the same time, there are significant differences with the regions of the Eastern Paleotethys. This is due to the presence of a possible paleogeographic barrier located to the eastern part of Laurussia hindering the migration of corals.Keywords: Mississippian, Viséan, corals, paleobiogeography, Ukraine.

Prescriptions Audit for Antibiotics among Outpatients in the Department of Periodontics

Aims: The aim of this study was to audit prescriptions for antibiotics for cost optimization in outpatients undergoing periodontal treatment.
 Study Design: A prospective cross-sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was done at a dental college in Himachal Pradesh from August 2020 to July 2021.
 Methodology: 849 patients agreed to share their data, 614 of whom received antibiotics. The demographic information, the name of the given antibiotic, dosage form, dose, strength, frequency, and the reason for prescribing were gathered. Antibiotic monotherapy and multitherapy prescriptions were evaluated. Antibiotics prescribed by the NLEM 2015 were calculated. For cost minimization evaluation, the price of prescribed antibiotics in branded and generic names was calculated in INR. The results were calculated using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency and percentage.
 Results: This finding shows irrationality and out-of-pocket expenses in antibiotic prescribing. The most common diagnosis was periodontitis. Only 74.5% of all antibiotics prescribed were from the NLEM 2015. The most often recommended antibiotic was a fixed-dose combination of Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (61.2%) and accounts for 87.80% of the total cost of 146669.82 INR. Only 9.7 % of antibiotics were prescribed with a generic name.
 Conclusion: Generic names and prescribing from essential drug lists play a critical role in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of diseases on a worldwide scale by providing cost-effective healthcare coverage.

Energy Key Performance Indicators for Mobile Machinery

Mobile machinery manufacturers must face and deal with reducing fuel consumption, rising prices, and environmental pollution. The development of methods to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the energy performance of hydraulically actuated systems has become a priority for researchers and OEMs, Original Equipment Manufacturers. In this paper, a new methodology that is based on Key Performance Indicators, KPI, is proposed with different goals: (i) to evaluate the energy performance and the monitoring of its evolution in the different stages of its life cycle (design, commissioning, optimization, retrofit, etc.); (ii) compare the energy levels between machines of different sizes and different brands in a benchmarking process; and (iii) establish a database that is state of the art, which facilitates setting achievable goals or limits for improvement. These KPI values can be deduced simply from the energy balances that were made from the experimental study of various machines over a relatively long period. This methodology has been applied to typical hydraulic systems for lifting and lowering loads that are used in a wide variety of mobile machines of different mechanical designs and sizes. Still, it can be included in the generic name of “loaders”. A KPI’s values for the three machines are presented in a dashboard as a decision-making tool.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’ adverse drug reactions: 10 years of national database data

The group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has occupied one of the leading positions in terms of demand by the population over the past decade. This fact is explained by non-prescription sale, a wide range of purposes and an affordable price range. The lack of proper control over the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) greatly complicates the assessment of safety, timely detection and prevention of events associated with patient’ safety. Target. Evaluation of data from the national pharmacovigilance database of the safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Materials and methods. This is a cross-sectional study covering the period from 2010 till 2020. The assessment of the safety profile of international non-proprietary names (INN) from the group of NSAIDs at the post-registration stage was carried out according to the data of uploading the national database (Automated Information System of Roszdravnadzor; AIS RZN), as well as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Elibrary databases. Conclusions. Over a ten-year period, the number of registered spontaneous messages was 8,334. With regard to the three international generic names, the number of adverse drug reactions prevails - this is metamizole (1875 (22.5 %)), acetylsalicylic acid (1716 (20.6 %)), diclofenac (979 (11.7 %)). The main system organ class with safety-related events are described for skin and subcutaneous structures. This fact is not consistent with the data of reference sources of information, which indicates the ineffectiveness of post-marketing observations by marketing authorization holders.

Making a Virtue of Necessity: The Use of Wild Edible Plant Species (Also Toxic) in Bread Making in Times of Famine According to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti (1766).

Simple SummaryIn 1766, while working for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti listed several plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase vegetable mass in bread making. In his text the author cites over 340 vernacular names. We carried out a research work on contemporary and modern bibliographic sources to match them with a binomial name leading to the current nomenclature. In our research we have thus been able to obtain the first “alimurgic flora” drawn up by Targioni Tozzetti himself and made a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of wild edible plants used in Italy. Furthermore, the author identified eight toxic plants that were useful for increasing the mass of bread dough, indicating how to eliminate poisonous substances. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their possible toxicity. We hope this contribution can stimulate curiosity in the use of wild edible species, even for the ones neglected today because of their unpleasant taste or more complicated use due to their toxicity.In 1766, the agricultural scientist Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti described for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the wild and cultivated plant species that could be used, in times of famine, to increase the quantity of flour or vegetable mass in bread making. These wild plants can be defined as wild edible plants (WEPs) or “alimurgic species”, a concept usually traced back to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti himself. The 342 plant names mentioned in the text are in the Tuscan vernacular, so a research work was done on bibliographic sources from the 1800s in order to match them with their current nomenclature. This process led to an “alimurgic flora” repertoire based on the writing of Targioni Tozzetti; and a comparison with our AlimurgITA database of 1103 wild edible plants used in Italy. It is particularly interesting that in his short treatise, Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti identified eight toxic plants (corresponding to 14 species), indicating how to eliminate the poisonous substances from their useful roots. We treat them in detail, examining their current and past use, their geographical distribution in Italy, and their eventual toxicity. We obtained 343 matches, of which 198 were reliable (certain matches) and 145 possessed some degree of uncertainty (due to generic or collective vernacular names). Among the 198 certain identifications, 140 species are present in the AlimurgITA database (92 mentioned for Tuscany) and 58 are not; for bread-making there are only documentary traces of 53 species for Italy and 7 for Tuscany. Moreover, among the total 198 species, 84 showed some degree of hazard. Researching edible toxic spontaneous species allows: (1) investigation, from an unusual perspective, of a historical period in which the poor conditions of some social strata led to finding unusual solutions to food provision; (2) idea generation to re-enable potentially useful WEPs whose use has been lost. Making a virtue of necessity!

Fifth addendum to the synoptic review of red algal genera

Abstract The fifth addendum to Schneider and Wynne’s 2007 “A synoptic review of the classification of red algal genera a half century after Kylin’s 1956 ‘Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen’” is presented, covering the names of genus- and higher-level taxa added or modified since our fourth addendum (Bot. Mar. 62: 355–367). Since the original compilation, we have added 21 new genera in the first addendum, 27 in the second, 40 in the third and 58 in the fourth, demonstrating the increasing amount of genetic work over more than a decade. In this fifth addendum, we add 31 new genera, three new families, two new orders, and one new subphylum from the past three years, as well as listing four genera reinstated from synonymy based upon molecular sequencing studies.

Trends in the use of disease-modifying therapies among reproductive-aged women with multiple sclerosis in the United States from 2010 to 2019.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that disproportionately affects women, with typical onset during reproductive age. Several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are FDA-approved to slow disease progression, but are not indicated for use during pregnancy. Our objective was to describe trends over time (2010-2019) in monthly point prevalence of DMT use among reproductive-age women, overall and by generic name. This study used administrative claims data from the US during 2009-2019 to identify women age 15-44 with MS and continuous insurance coverage for ≥12 months. DMTs were identified using prescription fills and procedural claims for alemtuzumab, daclizumab, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon beta, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, and teriflunomide. Monthly prevalent use was defined as ≥1 days' supply of a DMT in the month. Age- and region-standardized monthly prevalence was estimated nonparametrically. Among 42 281 reproductive-aged women over 818 179 person-months, DMT use increased from a minimum monthly prevalence of 49.3% (February, 2011) to a maximum of 58.7% (April, 2019). In 2010, prevalence of injectable DMTs was 43.1% compared to 2.5% for oral DMTs; by 2014, however, oral DMTs (26.5%) surpassed injectable DMTs (23.7%) as the most common route of administration. In the most recent data available (December, 2019), the most common DMTs were dimethyl fumarate, glatiramer acetate, and fingolimod. DMT use among reproductive-aged women has rapidly evolved during the past decade. Collaborative treatment decision making between women with MS and clinicians may help optimize MS care and improve DMT uptake during reproductive years.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 72

SummaryThe following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Bulbostylis against Nemum, Lorinseria C. Presl against Lorinsera Opiz, Pirea Vavrdová against Pirea T. Durand, Selaginella against Didiclis, and Senega against Senegaria, Anthallogea, Corymbula, Leptrochia, Pylostachya, and Sexilia. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation because the proposed action is considered to be unnecessary: Hoodia against “Monothylaceum” and Chiropetalum against Desfontaena. The subgeneric name Littorella subg. Xamotris is recommended for rejection. The following 16 species names are recommended for conservation: Allium rotundum with conserved type, Arctotis calendula against A. tristis, Cereus eriophorus with conserved type, Commelina erecta with conserved type, Costus globosus against C. roxburghii, Grewia asiatica with conserved type, Grewia tiliifolia against G. damine, Hedyotis pentandra Schumach. against H. pentandra (Retz.) Forsyth f., Lycopodium intermedium against L. atroviride, Polypodium parasiticum with conserved type, Scabiosa caucasica with conserved type and against S. caucasea, Senecio peregrinus with conserved type, Senecio saluenensis with conserved type, Thymus glabrescens with conserved type and against T. odoratissimus, Veronica capitata Royle ex Benth. against V. capitata Fisch. ex Colla, and Veronica minuta C.A. Mey. against V. minuta Krock. The following four species names are not recommended for conservation: Citrosma schottiana against C. umbellata, Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus against N. lawii (because action is considered to be unnecessary), Ophioglossum parvifolium with conserved type, and Salix wallichiana against S. disperma. The following 11 species names are recommended for rejection: Arctotis ludwigii, Carex wazmanni, Limonium oleifolium, Littorella flexuosa, Littorella spicata, Poa amabilis, Poa virginica, Salsola caroliniana, Selaginella flagellifera, Solanum frutescens, and Tradescantia decora. The species name Potamogeton nerviger is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that Scilla L. and Squilla Steinh. not be treated as homonyms. The Committee recommends against making a binding decision on whether Kalanchoe rosea and K. rosei, or Oxalis kuhlmannii and O. kollmannii, should be treated as homonyms, considering them not confusable. The Committee also recommends that Desfontainia Ruiz & Pav. and Desfontaena Vell. and Lorinsera Opiz and Lorinseria C. Presl be treated as homonyms.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossils: 15

SummaryThe following three generic names are recommended for conservation: Protophyllocladoxylon with a conserved type, Williamsonia with a conserved type and Zamites with a conserved type. The following two species names are recommended for conservation: Aspleniopteris difformis (Comptonia difformis) against Phyllites comptoniifolius and Williamsonia gigas T.M. Harris against W. gigas (Lindl. & Hutton) Carruth.

Assessment of prescribing pattern based on WHO indicators at “X” Primary Health Care in Sleman Regency

Abstract Background: Puskesmas is a primary level of health service facility that must implement rational drug use. A rational prescribing pattern will improve the quality of health services. Objective: The aim of this study was to know the prescribing pattern at the "X" Primary Health Care in Sleman Regency based on WHO indicators. Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted to assess the prescribing pattern. The sample was selected using simple random sampling and analyzed descriptively. The data was collected from prescriptions in Mei 2019. Result: The results of this study showed the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.66, drugs prescribed by generic name was 100%. The percentage of encounter in which injection and antibiotic was prescribed was 0% and 15.83% respectively. Most drugs (91.85%) were included in National Formulary. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the prescribing pattern at Puskesmas X is rational according to the target of the Ministry of Health and WHO, but it is necessary to carry out a continuous MTP (monitoring training planning) process involving related parties. Keywords: prescribing pattern, primary health care, Sleman, WHO indicators

Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of upper GIT disorders

Introduction: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are most prescribed medication classes and have similar efficacy between generic and brand names. PPIs are used for treatment upper GIT disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Methods: A cross sectional study conducted randomly on pharmacies, patients and Doctors to collect a data regarding the effectiveness and safely use of PPI through predesigned questionnaire containing information about dosage, types, side effect, effectiveness and safety of PPIs. The collected data was analysis by using Chi-square for determine the significant differences at α < 0.05. Result: The result of present study revealed numbers of points in which the questionnaire were intended for pharmacies, patients and doctors knowledge, effectiveness and safety of PPIs. The data gathered from pharmacy shown PPI dispensed without prescription (P< 0.05) in dose of 20 mg of omeprazole and for treatment of gastritis, stomachache and on medication use (P< 0.05). No side effect or any problem, safe, and effective of PPIs was from patients seeking PPIs to the drug dispensers. Furthermore, questionnaire for patients whom seeking treatment shown some similarity to pharmacies answers, however lack the knowledge about side effect of PPIs, and PPIs withdraw among patients. PPIs was found to be used by patients due to the advices of friends (P< 0.05). The last part in this study was doctors involved in which some common similarity were also identified between doctors, patients and pharmacies responses. Although, Doctors responses were revealed that PPIs should be used by prescription in single dose of common types of PPIs (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Due to the short time use of PPIs have been reported. This study suggested that, even no side effect and highly effective of PPIs reported, the PPIs should be monitoring and use under prescription.

Urbanellina, New Name for the Mississippian Foraminiferal Genus Urbanella Malakhova, 1963, Emended Brenckle, 1997

ABSTRACT In a recent online paper Vachard & Le Coze (2021) pointed out that the Mississippian foraminifer Urbanella Malakhova, 1963, is a homonym of a protozoan described by Schepotieff (1912). Vachard & Le Coze (2021) proposed that Malakhova's genus name be replaced by Banffella Mamet, 1970, that they consider to be a junior synonym as suggested by Reitlinger (1981). Loeblich & Tappan (1987) rejected that synonymy, a conclusion supported by a later morphological study of Urbanella (Brenckle, 1997). Urbanella and Banffella, based on comparison of their type species (Quasiendothyra urbanaMalakhova, 1954, and Endothyra? banffensisMcKay & Green, 1963), share almost no morphological features and are not synonymous as discussed in the following paragraphs. A new name Urbanellina is proposed herein to replace the homonym Urbanella Malakhova, 1963.

Evaluation of prescribing pattern of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and assessing effectiveness of sildenafil and tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction

Several factors may affect identification and treatment of erectile dysfunction by health care providers, this study evaluates prescribing pattern of PDE-5 inhibitors and assess effectiveness of Sildenafil and Tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction.This is a descriptive and observational study, observed participants without providing any interventions, after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients were enrolled into study and informed written consent was obtained from all patients, data was obtained from medical records, analysed descriptively. International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Questionnaire is used in assessment of erectile dysfunction and treatment outcomes.In our study, 80% of patients were prescribed with phosphodiesterase inhibitors and 20% received nutritional supplements. 80 percent of drugs were prescribed under generic name, subjects treated with Sildenafil/Tadalafil were found to be associated with higher mean scores for questions of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Tadalafil scored high in terms of sexual desire domain.PDE5 inhibitors represent major first-line oral therapy option for men with erectile dysfunction, shift of market from brand to generic products allows more freedom of choice, although multiple reports suggest general equivalency of four major PDE5 inhibitors, tadalafil suggested to be preferable.

Medical Treatment of Various Diseases Through Nagarmotha (Cyperus Rotundus) Plant

Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) is found throughout India. Its genus name Cyperusis derived from Cypeiros, an ancient Greek name and rotundus from a Latin word for round and refers to the tuber. It is locally known as “Mutha”. The plant is a widely used traditional medicinal herb in India, China, Japan, Korea, Combodia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh.The plant produces rhizomes, tubers, basal bulbs and fibrous roots below ground and rosettes of leaves, scapes and umbels above ground. The rhizomes of nut grass is widely utilized in ancient medication round the world to treat various diseases like constipation, dysentery, abdominal distention, animal tissue stomach ache, chest pains, irregular catamenia, painful catamenia, skin diseases, staphylococcal infection infections, leprosy, sprains and br uises, and fever, analgesic, sedative, medication, anti malarial drug, abdomen disorders, and diarrhoea . C. rotundus has the properties of antimicrobial activity, anti-lesion activity, analgesic activity, anti inflammatory activity, anti diarrhoeal activity, antipyretic activity, medication activity, anti-emetic activity, tranquilizing activity, anti urolithatic activity, antispatic activity, hypolipidaemic activity, wound healing activity, medication activity, inhibitor activity, metastatic tumor activity, antifungal activity, antidiabetic drug activity, anti-obesity activity, anti-allergic activity, anti-blood platelet impact, opposing rheumy activity, anti malarial drug activity, gastroprotective activity, hepatoprotective activity, cytoprotective impact, hypotensive activity, ovicidal and larvicidal activity .The petroleum ether extract and essential oil of C. rotundus possessed analgesic activity. Phenols and alkaloids are the active constituents of C. rotundus. C. rotundus preparations (powder in fine suspension, aqueous and alcoholic extracts) exhibited a lipolytic action and mobilized fat from the adipose tissues and thus helping to reduce the obesity. Methanolic extract of the fresh aerial part of the Cyperus rotundus was fractionated by column chromatography method using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate fraction showed potent antibacterial activity compared to control and standard commercial antibiotic tetracycline. It is a widely used plant in traditional medicine around the world for treatment of various diseases. It is deemed with infinite medicinal properties authenticated by the scientific committee. The rhizomes of C. rotundus are used as traditional folk medicine for the treatment of stomach and bowel disorders and inflammatory diseases in Asian countries. The use of the plant as an analgesic, anti-arthritic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-candida, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, anti-histaminic, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-obesity, anti-pyretic, anti-spastic, gastroprotective, hypotensive, sedative, and tranquilizing agent has been documented by varios scientists. Ethnobotanical use of C. rotundus showed that the rhizomes were used to treat aging, apoptosis, atherosclerosis, cancer, cystitis, epilepsy, genotoxicity, hirutism, nociception and prostatitis disorders. The tuber part of C. rotundus is also used for the treatment of dysmenorrheal and menstrual irregularities from ancient times. The rhizome of C. rotundus are α-cyperolone, β-cyperone, ρ-cymol, calcium, camphene, copaene, cyperene, cyperenone, cyperol, cyperolone, caryophyllene, cyperotundone, d-copadiene, d-epoxyguaiene, isocyperol, isokobusone, kobusone, limonene, linoleic-acid, linolenic-acid, mustakone, myristic acid, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, β-pinene, patchoulenone, rotundene, rotundenol, rotundone, α-rotunol, β-rotunol, β-selinene, selinatriene, sitosterol, stearic acid, sugeonol, and sugetriol. Phytochemical constituents of C. rotundus revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids, starch and many novel ses-quiterpenoids. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as cypera-2, 4(15)-diene, isorotundene, norrotundene and the oxygenated compound cyperadione were isolated and identified.