Genus Lippia Research Articles

Notas taxonômicas em Verbenaceae do Brasil

Como parte da revisão da família Verbenaceae para a Flora do Brasil são apresentados dois sinônimos novos, e uma combinação nova no gênero Lantana, bem como um nome novo, dez sinônimos novos e dez lectotipificações no gênero Lippia e dois sinônimos novos em Stachytarpheta.

Development of a novel set of microsatellite markers for Lippia alba (Verbenaceae).

Microsatellite primers were developed and optimized for Lippia alba to characterize the L. alba germplasm bank of Universidade de São Paulo. A genomic library enabled the design of 9 microsatellite primers. Six of the 9 primers yielded polymorphic products, which defined 2 groups in the bank. The data provide support to characterize germplasm banks, genetic breeding programs for L. alba, and other genetic diversity studies and classifications of species in the genus Lippia.

Biomedical properties and potentiality of Lippia microphylla Cham. and its essential oils.

Lippia microphylla Cham. (Verbenaceae) is an endemic underexploited Brazilian vegetal. This work reviewed the biological potentialities of Lippia microphylla, emphasizing the properties of essential oils (EOs) and analyzed scientific indicators about genus Lippia and L. microphylla. Databases from 1948 to the present were searched and a software (vantage point 7.1) associated with Derwent Innovation Index was used to identify the indicators of the genus Lippia, and biological activities and compounds in the L. macrophylla species. Ethnopharmacological records report use of L. microphylla leaves to treat gastrointestinal disorders, influenza, bronchitis, cough, nasal congestion, and sinusitis during vaporization, whose aromatic volatile oils are rich in monoterpenes, especially cineole, terpineol, and thymol. Other EOs have larvicidal activity on Aedes aegypti larvae, and antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic and antitumor action on human and murine cancer cells. Brazil is the country with more articles about Lippia species, but it deposited only 9 patents since 1993. Most of the publications about L. microphylla are concentrated in food and chemical sciences. This bioprospection helps to choice areas of interest for capital investment and to give support for Brazilian Institutions to establish cooperation and improve technological impact at the point of view of creation and innovation.

Estudio comparativo de la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de los aceites esenciales de algunas plantas del género Lippia (Verbenaceae) cultivadas en Colombia.

Various results obtained from research on essential oils of vegetal aromatic species growing in Colombia are presented. In order to offer good scientific support to the essential oils agro-industry, the need for investigating a wide variety of topics is emphasized. Results of the chemical characterization and the antioxidant activity evaluation of 12 essential oils of 7 Lippia species are presented. The determination of the chemical composition of 12 essential oils of plants from genus Lippia, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, showed that the most abundant and frequent constituents are oxygenated substances. The compositional diversity is manifested in optical isomers, in the existence of chemotypes with few substances in common, and in the diverse radical trapping modes, as evidenced by the ORAC and TEAC antioxidant capacity evaluations. While limonene and linalool were found in all the oils, 19 out of the 102 identified constituents of the set of oils studied were found in only one instance. The studied genus Lippia essential oils showed an antioxidant capacity higher than that exhibited by α-tocopherol or BHT, which are commonly used as antioxidants in commercial products for human consumption. Several species had a relatively high (1,5 – 4,4%) essential oil extraction yield, which together with their high antioxidant capacity convert these oils into good candidates to replace synthetic antioxidants. © 2014. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. All rights reserved.

A review on the chemistry of some species of genus Lippia (Verbenaceae family)

Recently, focus on plant research has increased globally and a large amount of evidence has collected to show great potential of medicinal plants employed in diverse traditional systems. In the customary forms of medicine, plants provided a large number of remedies, which were often useful. Lippia genus, which belongs to the family Verbenaceae yields appreciable quantities of metabolites some of which have been shown to have valuable biological activities. Many phytochemical investigations done on this genus have shown the presence of various compounds like triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and steroids. This review focuses on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lippia genus to allow the evaluation of the potential for utilization of the largest biomass of Lippia genus available.

Ethnopharmacological studies of Lippia origanoides

Lippia origanoides Kunth. Verbenaceae, is of great importance in the Brazilian traditional medicine. Because of it, this work had the purpose to contribute to the ethnopharmacological knowledge of L. origanoides through an ethnobotanical survey conducted within quilombola (maroon) communities of Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil. Among 254 plants cited in the survey, L. origanoides stood out among the ten most versatile species. The agreed main uses were to treat menstrual cramps, stomachache, and baby and postpartum colic. This could indicate a consensus of the informants to possible antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of L. origanoides. Therefore, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of L. origanoides extract (aerial parts) were assessed through thermal (hot plate) and chemical (formalin and acetic acid) models of nociception. A dose-dependent reduction in acetic acid-induced writhing was observed after treating mice with L. origanoides extract. The same extract also inhibited significantly formalin-induced licking response and proved to have a central antinociceptive effect, in the hot plate test. This work demonstrates that L. origanoides is used specially by quilombola women from Oriximiná for disorders of the genitourinary system and that biological activities of this species could contribute to these uses. Furthermore, it was also observed antispasmodic, analgesic and antimicrobial uses of other species of the genus Lippia (Goniostachyum section), rich in thymol and carvacrol.

Cross-species transferability of microsatellite markers in the genus Lippia

The cross-species transferability of 20 microsatellite markers was tested in the genus Lippia. Eleven markers were polymorphic after screening 19 accessions of Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis maintained in the Active Germplasm Bank (AGB) from Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Additionally, 40 accessions of Lippia spp were collected in Sergipe to increase the germplasm bank. A total of 23, 22, and 36 alleles were identified, with an average of 2.3, 2.2, and 3.27 alleles per locus, respectively, for each group. The markers that were used were efficient tools to access genetic diversity in the germplasm bank and will be useful for further research aiming at the conservation and management of these important aromatic species.

Isolation and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers for the herbaceous species Phyla scaberrima (Verbenaceae).

Phyla scaberrima (Verbenaceae) is a herbaceous species distributed from Mexico to Panama. Because of its well-known sweet properties and other medicinal uses, this species is cultivated in South America and the Caribbean. Phyla scaberrima has been arbitrarily extracted from nature, resulting in a severe reduction in its gene pool. In this study, we developed and characterized 11 simple sequence repeat markers for P. scaberrima to determine the genetic variability and patterns of population structure of the species. Fifty-six alleles were detected in a sample of 48 individuals belonging to 3 different populations. The average number of alleles per locus was 5.09, while the polymorphic information content ranged from 0.000-0.587. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.000-0.543 and from 0.000-0.651, respectively. Two loci exhibited significant deviation of the expected Hardy-Weinberg proportion. The 11 primer pairs were also tested for cross-amplification to 6 species of the related genus Lippia. The transferability rate ranged from 4 loci in Lippia florida and L. rotundifolia to 6 loci in L. corymbosa and L. microcephala. The 11 primer sets were shown to be valuable tools for population genetic studies in P. scaberrima and in species of the genus Lippia in which primer transferability was detected.

Espécies de Lippia (Verbenaceae), seu Potencial Bioativo e Importância na Medicina Veterinária e Aquicultura

As espécies de plantas do gênero Lippia Linn., pertencentes à família Verbenaceae, possuem grande distribuição geográfica e são facilmente encontradas em países tropicais. No Brasil, ocorrem principalmente a Lippia alba Mill.) N. E. Brown, Lippia gracilis Schauer, Lippia grandis Schau, Lippia origanoides Kunth, Lippia sidoides Cham. e Lippia triplinervis Gardner. Há muito tempo, diversas espécies de Lippia são usadas na medicina popular por suas atividades biológicas e terapêuticas.

Karyological studies in Brazilian species of Lippia L. (Verbenaceae)

The genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) comprise around 160 species spread out mainly in South and Central Americas with few African species, some of them with potential medicinal use. Brazil is one the most important centers of diversity with approximately 75% of the species described so far. Innumerous species are endemic and poorly studied especially at a cytological level. Here, chromosomal length, karyomorphology and chromosome asymmetry of twelve Brazilian species of Lippia were evaluated [L. alba (Miller) N.E.Brown, L. diamantinensis Glaz., L. florida Cham., L. hermanioides Cham., L. lacunosa Mart. & Schauer, L. lupulina Cham., L. pohliana Schauer, L. pseudothea (St. Hil) Schauer, L. rosella Moldenke, L. rotundifolia Cham., L. rubella Moldenke and L. sidoides Cham.]. The analysis suggested that the genus has a variable chromosome number (from 2n = 20 to 2n = 56) originated by dysploidy and polyploidy. This is the first description of chromosome morphology for 11 of the 12 Lippia species studied.

Chromosome numbers and DNA C values in the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae)

The genus Lippia comprises herbs, shrubs, and small trees, including many species with medicinal properties. The species are distributed throughout South and Central America and Tropical Africa, but the majority of them occur in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. The DNA C value of 28 Brazilian species has been estimated by flow cytometry. Estimated DNA C values ranged from 0.825 pg (L. corymbosa) to 2.150 pg (L. brasiliensis). In addition, new chromosome numbers of 12 species have also been described, and meiotic cells with 12, 13, and 14 chromosome pairs were observed. A straightforward correlation between chromosome number and DNA C value was not observed, probably due to two outlier species of Lippia that have been transferred from the genus Lantana. In general, the data confirm previous reports regarding the variation within the taxonomic sections and also suggest a new revision in section Zapania. Aspects of karyotypic evolution of the genus are also discussed.

Uma nova espécie de Lippia L. (Verbenaceae) do cerrado brasileiro

O gênero Lippia L. apresenta uma alta diversidade de espécies nos cerrados brasileiros. Lippia minima (Verbenaceae), endêmica do estado de Goiás, é descrita e ilustrada. Esta espécie é notável pelo hábito reduzido, sistema subterrâneo desenvolvido e folhas coriáceas, revolutas e densamente puberulento-glandulares.

Distribution of Iridoid Glucosides in Plants from the Genus Lippia (Verbenaceae): An investigation of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown

The distribution of iridoid glucosides in plants from the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) is described. In the present work, three known iridoids (theviridoside, mussaenoside and gardoside) were isolated from the roots of L. alba and were confirmed by NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopic data. This information was combined with previous work on seven other Lippia species (obtained through a literature review) to give a thorough account of the iridoid glucosides currently found in this genus.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens

Dental caries and periodontal disease are associated with oral pathogens. Several plant derivatives have been evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial effects against such pathogenic microorganisms. Lippia sidoides Cham (Verbenaceae), popularly known as "Alecrim-pimenta" is a typical shrub commonly found in the Northeast of Brazil. Many plant species belonging to the genus Lippia yield very fragrant essential oils of potential economic value which are used by the industry for the commercial production of perfumes, creams, lotions, and deodorants. Since the leaves of L. sidoides are also extensively used in popular medicine for the treatment of skin wounds and cuts, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the composition and antimicrobial activity of L. sidoides essential oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Twelve compounds were characterized, having as major constituents thymol (56.7%) and carvacrol (16.7%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil and the major components was tested against cariogenic bacterial species of the genus Streptococcus as well as Candida albicans using the broth dilution and disk diffusion assays. The essential oil and its major components thymol and carvacrol exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against the organisms tested with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10.0 mg/mL. The most sensitive microorganisms were C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The essential oil of L. sidoides and its major components exert promising antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens and suggest its likely usefulness to combat oral microbial growth.

Chromosome numbers in the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae)

The genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) comprises about 200 taxa mainly distributed in Brazil, Mexico, Central America, Africa, Argentina and Paraguay. Some problems involving the number and delimitation of species have been reported. In order to contribute to the solving of these problems, the chromosome numbers of 14 Lippia species are documented. The following species were collected at Espinhaco Range, Southeast Brazil: Section Zapania (L. corymbosa, L. diamantinensis, L. hermannioides, L. lacunosa, L. rotundifolia, L. rubella), section Rhodolippia (L. florida, L. lupulina, L. pseudothea, L. rosella), section Goniostlachyum (L. glandulosa, L. pohliana, L. sidoides) and section Dioicolippia (L.filifolia). Immature inflorescences were collected and the ideal size for chromosome observation was determined. The majority of species have a haploid chromosome number from 10 to 14. Few species have a higher chromosome number, which suggests the occurrence of polyploidy. The relationships between chromosome numbers and the taxonomic sections are also discussed.

Biology, host range, and risk assessment supporting release in Africa of Falconia intermedia (Heteroptera: Miridae), a new biocontrol agent for Lantana camara

Abstract The ornamental hybrid shrub, Lantana camara L. (lantana), is a serious environmental weed and has been targeted for biological control in South Africa since 1961. The established biocontrol agents cause insufficient levels of damage and additional natural enemies are required to reduce the invasiveness of this weed. The lantana mirid, Falconia intermedia (Distant), is a promising new agent that was imported from the Caribbean for life history and host-range studies. The nymphs and adults are leaf-suckers that cause chlorotic speckling, which reduces the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. Biological studies indicate that F. intermedia has considerable biocontrol potential, in that it has a high intrinsic rate of increase, the potential for multiple generations a year, highly mobile adults, and a high level of damage per individual. Host-specificity trials indicated that the lantana mirid has a narrow host range, with L. camara being the most suitable host, but several indigenous African species in the closely related genus Lippia are suitable alternative host plants. Under multiple-choice conditions, adults showed a significant and strong oviposition preference for L. camara over the Lippia species. A risk assessment of potential nontarget effects indicated that three Lippia species could sustain damage levels in the field. The relatively low probability of damage to indigenous species was considered a justified trade-off for the potentially marked impact on L. camara. The regulatory authorities accepted the results of this study and F. intermedia was released against L. camara in South Africa in April 1999.

NOVAS COMBINAÇÕES E NOVOS SINÔNIMOS EM LIPPIA E LANTANA (VERBENACEAE)

Silva, T. R. S. & Salimena, F. R. 2002. New combinations and new synonyms in Lippia and Lantana (Verbenaceae). Darwiniana 40(1-4): 57-59. After the revision of the genus Lantana in Brazil by Silva (1999), Chamissos's concept of the genus was re-established. Therefore, the species of Lantana sect. Sarcolippia and all the species with fruit with two pyrenos were excluded from Lantana and they were transferred to the genus Lippia. Moreover, Lippia bahiensis was transferred to Lantana and new synonyms and a superfluous name were also added.

Biology and host range of Ophiomyia camarae, a biological control agent for Lantana camara in South Africa

The herringbone leaf-mining fly, Ophiomyiacamarae Spencer, is a promising candidateagent for the biological control of the alieninvasive weed Lantana camara L. in SouthAfrica. During extensive host-specificity testsinvolving 39 test plant species from 12families, survival to adulthood was restrictedto L. camara, L. trifolia, and fourspecies of the closely-related genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) in no-choice tests. However, survival of the immature stages wassignificantly lower on L. trifolia andthe four Lippia species than on L.camara. In addition, O. camaraedisplayed very strong oviposition preferencefor L. camara during paired-choice tests.This narrow laboratory host range suggests thatO. camarae will not pose any risks tonon-target verbenaceous plants if released inSouth Africa. Permission to release O. camaraeinto South Africa was approved by the regulatoryauthorities in 2001.

Comparative Anatomical Study on Argentine Species of Lippia Known As “Poleo”

Nine species belonging to the genus Lippia – Verbenaceae – are used in Argentine folk medicine. Four of them are known under the trivial name “poleo”: L. turbinata Griseb., L. fissicalyx Troncoso, L. integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron. and L. grisebachiana Mold. Mainly, their leaves are employed as digestive, stomaquique, tonic, nervine, diuretic and emenagoge. The Argentine Pharmacopoeia includes a monography of “poleo”, restricted only to L. turbinata and L. fissicalyx . Because of possible sustitutions of the official species with the others, due to their common names, an anatomical comparative research was performed to determine which features could provide a start point to distinguish them. The results of this survey show that hairs not only are different in size and shape within the species but also in their density. Thus, they are a useful feature to identify each one. When transverse sections are compared, some differences in their shape, the number of palisade layers and the presence of fibers can provide other start points to distinguish these species among them.

Essential Oil Constituents of the GenusLippia(Verbenaceae)—A Literature Review

ABSTRACT The genus Lippia Houst. (Verbenaceae Juss.) consists of nearly 200 species of herbs, shrubs and small trees which are often aromatic. Of these, thirty nine species have had some previous work done on their essential oil compositions. A summary of these studies is presented, in which the composition of each of the oils is listed quantitatively where possible. The component which was found to occur in the highest frequency in die Lippia oils was limonene. Other components found in these oils, in order of decreasing frequency, were: p-cymene, α-pinene, camphor, β-caryophyllene, linalool and thymol.