Genus Artocarpus Research Articles

Understanding the Uniqueness of Artocarpus Flavonoids: Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Cycloartocarpin from the Roots of Artocarpus altilis

Secondary metabolite compounds contained in each plant genus have certain characteristics, which is true also of the flavonoid in the genus Artocarpus. In the experiment described here, third-year ...

Ex situ conservation of the Moraceae Family in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java

Abstract. Sahromi. 2020. Ex situ conservation of the Moraceae Family in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 505-511. Moraceae belongs to a family of flowering plants and is a large family that has many species of around 1000 species. In the world, this family is known as Mulberry (mulberry family) or Ara family (fig family), in Indonesia is known as beringin-beriginan family. Bogor Botanical Gardens as an ex situ plant conservation institution has collected Moraceae species in the form of botanical gardens with the aim of preservation and research. The research aim was to re-identify the collection of species of Moraceae in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, West Java by carrying out a re-inventory and secondary data search in the Bogor Botanical Gardens Registration units, as well as exploring their potential uses. The results of inventorization in the Bogor Botanical Gardens collection, there were about 56 species of Moraceae family or about 9.33% of species of Moraceae in the Asia tropics and Australasia, and there were 12 genera, namely Ficus, Artocarpus, Morus, Streblus, Taxotrophis, Antiaris, Brosimum, Castilla, Milicia (Chlorophora), Dorstenia, Parartocarpus, and Piratinera. Habitus of species of family Moraceae in the Botanical Gardens collection which is mostly in the form of trees, then shrubs, semi-epiphytes and herbs. Potential uses of Moraceae family, include: (i) the genus Artocarpus as a producer of edible fruits and seeds, young fruit as a vegetable, a good source of carbohydrates, a good producer of wood, (ii) the genus Ficus as a producer of fruit (edible fruit), plants medicine, ornamental plants, protective plants and as a key species (keystone), (iii) genus Morus as a producer of fruit and its leaves as food for silkworms.

Assessment of the taxonomic status of the members of genus Artocarpus (Moraceae) in Sri Lanka

The genus Artocarpus J.R. Forster & G. Forster shows a higher diversity along the tropics of Indo Malayan region to Australasia. The Artocarpus phylogeny is resolved in previous studies. According to morpho-genetic assessments, Artocarpus spp. have been subdivided into subgenera and sections. However, the published phylogenies did not comprise the Artocarpus spp. found in Sri Lanka, leaving an ambiguity of their phylogenetic positions. The morphology was observed in many trees in natural range, and the line diagrams were drawn to showcase the morphological features that can be used to classify the Artocarpus spp. into subgenera and sections. We collected leaf samples from the Artocarpus spp. in Sri Lanka. The genomic DNA was extracted, and PCR amplified for five markers (trnH-psbA, rbcL, trnL-F spacer, trnSGCU-trnGUUC, and ITS1-4) followed by sequencing. The Artocarpus phylogeny was constructed in Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian framework using the generated sequences and the related sequence-popsets. Moreover, a divergence dating analysis was also carried out to check the evolutionary history of Sri Lankan Artocarpus spp. According to the morphology and phylogeny, the subgeneric classification of A. heterophyllus Lam, A. altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, and, A. camansi Blanco was in line with previous studies. The dating analysis revealed a recent introduction of A. heterophyllus, A. altilis, and, A. camansi into Sri Lanka because of the associated food values. We positioned A. nobilis Thwaites, an endemic species to Sri Lanka, in the Artocarpus phylogeny under section Duricarpus. The nomenclatural status of A. gomezianus Wall. Ex Trecul coming under subspecies zeylanicus was verified as it does not clade closely with true A. gomezianus. However, we kept the species name as A. gomezianus as both true A. gomezianus, and Sri Lankan species got 10–13 pairs of lateral veins and the whitish hair underneath the leaf. We also recognized three ancient lineages of subgenera Artocarpus and Pseudojaca. These species naturally occur in India and Sri Lanka where they might be close descendants of the common ancestors of the subgenera Artocarpus and Pseudojaca.

Prenylated Chromones from the Fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus and Their Potential Anti-HIV-1 Activities.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (jack tree) is an evergreen fruit tree belonging to the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae), which is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia. Its fruits (jackfruit), well-known as the world's largest tree-borne fruit, are being consumed in our daily diets as a very popular tropical fruit throughout the world and have been confirmed to hold various health benefits. In this study, five new prenylated chromones, artocarheterones A-E (1-5), as well as seven known prenylated chromones (6-12) were purified and isolated from the ripe fruits of A. heterophyllus (jackfruit). Their chemical structures were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic methods. This is the first report on prenylated chromones isolated from A. heterophyllus. The anti-HIV-1 effects of all isolated chromones were assessed in vitro. As a result, prenylated chromones (1-12) showed remarkable anti-HIV-1 effects with EC50 values ranging from 0.09 to 9.72 μM. These research results indicate that the isolation and characterization of these prenylated chromones with remarkable anti-HIV-1 activities from the ripe fruits of A. heterophyllus could be significant to the discovery and development of new anti-HIV-1 drugs.

Artocarpus Heterophyllus: Review Study on Potential Activities

Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) is one of the most significanttrees in tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the important genus Artocarpus. The aim of the present review is to present comprehensive information of the chemical constituents, biological and pharmacological research on Artocarpus Heterophyllus which will be presented and critically evaluated. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarialfever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. The plant contain various constituents such as,the major Protein Jacalin, and flavonoids, stilbenoids,colouring matters, Morin, Dihydromorin, Cynomacurin, Artocarpin, Isoartocarpin, Carotens, Some Essential Amino Acids. The extracts and metabolites of Artocarpus particularly those from leaves, bark, stem and fruit possess several useful bioactive compoundsand are used in the various biologicalactivities including antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, antifungal, antiplatelet, antiarthritic, tyrosinase inhibitory and cytotoxicity. The purpose of this review is to reveal the possible effect of this plant in the development of therapeutically active drugs.

Prediction of Anti-Alzheimer's Activity of Flavonoids Targeting Acetylcholinesterase in silico.

Prenylated and pyrano-flavonoids of the genus Artocarpus J. R. Forster & G. Forster are well known for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory, anti-cholinergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Some of these compounds have also been shown to be effective against Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the in silico study was to establish protocols to predict the most effective flavonoid from prenylated and pyrano-flavonoid classes for AChE inhibition linking to the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Three flavonoids isolated from Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq. were selected for the study. With these compounds, Lipinski filter, ADME/Tox screening, molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) were performed in silico. In vitro activity was evaluated by bioactivity staining based on the Ellman's method. In the Lipinski filter and ADME/Tox screening, all test compounds produced positive results, but in the target fishing, only one flavonoid could successfully target AChE. Molecular docking was performed on this flavonoid, and this compound gained the score as -13.5762. From the QSAR analysis the IC50 was found to be 1659.59nM. Again, 100 derivatives were generated from the parent compound and docking was performed. The derivative compound 20 was the best scorer, i.e. -31.6392 and IC50 was predicted as 6.025nM. Results indicated that flavonoids could be efficient inhibitors of AChE and thus, could be useful in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae).

The breadfruit genus ( Artocarpus , Moraceae) includes valuable underutilized fruit tree crops with a centre of diversity in Southeast Asia. It belongs to the monophyletic tribe Artocarpeae, whose only other members include two small neotropical genera. This study aimed to reconstruct the phylogeny, estimate divergence dates and infer ancestral ranges of Artocarpeae, especially Artocarpus , to better understand spatial and temporal evolutionary relationships and dispersal patterns in a geologically complex region. To investigate the phylogeny and biogeography of Artocarpeae, this study used Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches to analyze DNA sequences from six plastid and two nuclear regions from 75% of Artocarpus species, both neotropical Artocarpeae genera, and members of all other Moraceae tribes. Six fossil-based calibrations within the Moraceae family were used to infer divergence times. Ancestral areas and estimated dispersal events were also inferred. Artocarpeae, Artocarpus and four monophyletic Artocarpus subgenera were well supported. A late Cretaceous origin of the Artocarpeae tribe in the Americas is inferred, followed by Eocene radiation of Artocarpus in Asia, with the greatest diversification occurring during the Miocene. Borneo is reconstructed as the ancestral range of Artocarpus , with dozens of independent in situ diversification events inferred there, as well as dispersal events to other regions of Southeast Asia. Dispersal pathways of Artocarpus and its ancestors are proposed. Borneo was central in the diversification of the genus Artocarpus and probably served as the centre from which species dispersed and diversified in several directions. The greatest amount of diversification is inferred to have occurred during the Miocene, when sea levels fluctuated and land connections frequently existed between Borneo, mainland Asia, Sumatra and Java. Many species found in these areas have extant overlapping ranges, suggesting that sympatric speciation may have occurred. By contrast, Artocarpus diversity east of Borneo (where many of the islands have no historical connections to the landmasses of the Sunda and Sahul shelves) is unique and probably the product of over water long-distance dispersal events and subsequent diversification in allopatry. This work represents the most comprehensive Artocarpus phylogeny and biogeography study to date and supports Borneo as an evolutionary biodiversity hotspot.

Prenylated 2-Arylbenzofurans From Artorpus Styracifolius

Artorpus styracifolius Pierre, arbor of the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae), is mainly distributed in several southern provinces of China and is also called “Hongfenghe”. The root of A. styracifolius was used to treat disease in folk medicine. In this study, two new prenylated 2-arylbenzofurans, namely astostyracins D and E (1 – 2, resp), together with a known one (3), were isolated from the root of A. styracifolius. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HR-ESI-MS). These compounds will be tested for their inhibitory effect on Cathepsin K. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81160509; 81360475), Young Scientist Development Program of Jiangxi Province (No. 20142BCB23024), and by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (No. 20151BAB205074).

Seeded breadfruit naturalized in the Caribbean is not a seeded variety of Artocarpus altilis

In the past, phenotypic resemblances between three species and natural hybrids belonging to the genus Artocarpus were a source of confusion between individuals belonging to these taxons. Now, results of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and morphological data concerning a great diversity of breadfruit are being published. We have considered historical data about the naturalization of breadfruit in the Caribbean, the number of seed per fruit in the seeded breadfruit cultivated in the Caribbean, and scientific knowledge about breadfruit published today. We have established that the seeded breadfruit grown in the Caribbean is in fact Artocarpus camansi Blanco (1837), recognized as a seeded wild ancestor of the domesticated breadfruit, and not a seeded variety of Artocarpus altilis [synonym Artocarpus incisa] as established by Duss (1897), still often referred to by modern authors.

Effect of the Hot Water Extract of <i>Artocarpus camansi</i> Leaves on 2,4,6-Trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity in Mice

Medicinal plants with reported anti-inflammatory activity could have the potential use as anti-allergens and inhibitors of allergic contact dermatitis reactions produced by allergens and chemicals. Some species from the genus Artocarpus were reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. In the Philippines one local source is Artocarpus camansi BLANCO (Moraceae), which is utilized as an ingredient of their cuisine, and decoction of leaves is used for diabetes and baths of people with rheumatism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hot water extract of A. camansi leaves on contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice. Contact hypersensitivity was induced using 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB). The results showed that the A. camansi hot water extract exhibited significant activity against the swelling produced during 24 h and 48 h post-challenge. The same responses were observed from the mice that received the kamansi ethanol-precipitate (KEP) and kamansi ethanol precipitate water-soluble (KEPWS) fractions. Since the high molecular mass fraction showed the significant activity, we therefore speculate that the compound responsible might be a polysaccharide and/or glycoprotein. In conclusion, our results suggest that the hot water extract of A. camansi leaves might be an effective natural product to treat allergic contact dermatitis. However, further investigations are required to understand the mechanisms involved.

Phytochemical and biological examination of the root extract of Artocarpus hirsuta, lam.

The pantropical genus Artocarpus have been extensively investigated and is well-known to be rich in isoprenylated phenolic secondary metabolites. In the present study the chemical examination of Artocarpus hirsuta roots, on conventional extraction and various chromatographic methods led to the isolaton of stigmasterol, lupeol, cyclomorusin, cycloartomunin and betulinic acid. All the compounds were characterized by 2D NMR and MS spectral data and comparison with published data for the known compounds. The compound cyclomorusin is new to the genus Artocarpus and all the compounds were reported for the first time from the roots of this species. The work was further extended to test the crude extracts for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results from the present study have shown that the species have considerable activity against selected bacterial and fungal strains which can be attributed to the presence of steroidal and phenolic compounds in the crude extracts of Artocarpus hirsuta .

Thermodynamic properties of water sorption of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a function of moisture content

The Jackfruit tree is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the important genus Artocarpus. The fruit is susceptible to mechanical and biological damage in the mature state, and some people find the aroma of the fruit objectionable, particularly in confined spaces. The dehydration process could be an alternative for the exploitation of this product, and the relationship between moisture content and water activity provides useful information for its processing and storage. The aim of this study was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the water sorption of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as a function of moisture content. Desorption isotherms of the different parts of the jackfruit (pulp, peduncle, mesocarp, peel, and seed) were determined at four different temperatures (313.15, 323.15, 333.15, and 343.15 K) in a water activity range of 0.02-0.753 using the static gravimetric method. Theoretical and empirical models were used to model the desorption isotherms. An analytical solution of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation was proposed to calculate the isosteric heat of sorption, the differential entropy, and Gibbs' free energy using the Guggenhein-Anderson-de Boer and Oswin models considering the effect of temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium.

Prenylated flavonoids and related compounds of the Indonesian Artocarpus (Moraceae)

Several species of the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae) have been investigated in our laboratories during the last decade. Over 60 phenolic constituents have been discovered and characterized, including 27 new compounds from 13 Indonesian taxa of Artocarpus, namely A. champeden, A. lanceifolius, A. teysmanii, A. scortechinii, A. rotunda, A. maingayi, A. kemando, A. bracteata, A. altilis, A. fretessi, A. gomezianus, A. reticulatus and A. glaucus. The principal and the most pronounced features of these phenolic constituents are the assembly of an isoprenyl substituent at C-3 of a flavone skeleton by closure of an ether bridge or a carbon-carbon linkage with the B ring of the skeleton, which may further rearrange into xanthone to produce various classes of natural products. The structures of the new and unusual natural products are presented. Many of the metabolites also exhibit cytotoxic effect against murine leukemia P388 cells.

Prenylated flavonoids and related compounds of the Indonesian Artocarpus (Moraceae).

Several species of the genus Artocarpus (Moraceae) have been investigated in our laboratories during the last decade. Over 60 phenolic constituents have been discovered and characterized, including 27 new compounds from 13 Indonesian taxa of Artocarpus, namely A. champeden, A. lanceifolius, A. teysmanii, A. scortechinii, A. rotunda, A. maingayi, A. kemando, A. bracteata, A. altilis, A. fretessi, A. gomezianus, A. reticulatus and A. glaucus. The principal and the most pronounced features of these phenolic constituents are the assembly of an isoprenyl substituent at C-3 of a flavone skeleton by closure of an ether bridge or a carbon-carbon linkage with the B ring of the skeleton, which may further rearrange into xanthone to produce various classes of natural products. The structures of the new and unusual natural products are presented. Many of the metabolites also exhibit cytotoxic effect against murine leukemia P388 cells.

Structural characterization of novel chitin-binding lectins from the genus Artocarpus and their antifungal activity

Two novel chitin-binding lectins from seeds of Artocarpus genus were described in this paper, one from A. integrifolia (jackfruit) and one from A. incisa (breadfruit). They were purified from saline crude extract of seeds using affinity chromatography on chitin column, size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase chromatography on the C-18 column. Both are 14 kDa proteins, made up of 3 chains linked by disulfide bonds. The partial amino acid sequences of the two lectins showed they are homologous to each other but not to other plant chitin-binding proteins. Thus, they cannot be classified in any known plant chitin-binding protein family, particularly because of their inter-chain covalent bonds. Their circular dichroism spectra and deconvolution showed a secondary structure content of β-sheet and unordered elements. The lectins were thermally stable until 80 °C and structural changes were observed below pH 6. Both lectins inhibited the growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and presented hemagglutination activity against human and rabbit erythrocytes. These lectins were denoted jackin (from jackfruit) and frutackin (from breadfruit).

Pollination Biology of the Genus Artocarpus, Moraceae.

The pollination biology of Artocarpus odoratissimus and A. integer (Moraceae) was studied in Sarawak, Malaysia. Female and male heads of A. odoratissimus secreted liquid rewards containing fructose in nighttime, and were visited by diverse nocturnal insects (18 families of 4 orders) including flies, nitidulid beetles, moths and cockroaches. In A. integer, male heads offered only pollen as rewards, and female heads offered liquid rewards containing protein. They were visited by diverse nocturnal insects (11 families of 5 orders). The evidence for insect pollination of these two species of Artocarpus was from the existence of rewards, and that some insects carrying pollen grains were collected on female heads.

Diversity of secondary metabolites from Genus Artocarpus (Moraceae)

Abstract. Hakim A. 2010. The diversity of secondary metabolites from Genus Artocarpus (Moraceae). Nusantara Bioscience 2:146-156. Several species of the Artocarpus genus (Moraceae) have been investigated their natural product. The secondary metabolites successfully being isolated from Artocarpus genus consist of terpenoid, flavonoids, stilbenoid, arylbenzofuran, neolignan, and adduct Diels-Alder. Flavonoid group represents the compound which is the most found from Artocarpus plant. The flavonoids compound which is successfully isolated from Artocarpus plant consists of the varied frameworks like chalcone, flavanone, flavan-3-ol, simple flavone, prenylflavone, oxepinoflavone, pyranoflavone, dihydrobenzoxanthone, furanodihydrobenzoxanthone, pyranodihydrobenzoxanthone, quinonoxanthone, cyclopentenoxanthone, xanthonolide, dihydroxanthone.

Contributions to Indian Botany

THE whole of this volume, like the first, with the exception of a part of the Appendix, is the work of Dr. G. King, the Director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. It contains a monograph of the species of Artocarpus indigenous to British India, and a monograph of the Indo-Malayan species of Quercus and Castanopsis, both fully and excellently illustrated. The genus Artocarpus was founded by the Forsters (father and son, who accompanied Captain Cook on his second voyage, not brothers, as inadvertently stated by Dr. King) for the bread-fruit tree, with which they became familiar in the Pacific Islands. This they called Artocarpus communis, though most subsequent botanists have adopted the later Linnean name, A. incisa; and the younger Forster published a separate illustrated memoir on it, in German, entitled “The History and Description of the Bread-fruit Tree.”Dampier, however, appears to have been the first to make this valuable tree known to Europeans. The only other familiar species of the genus is the Jak fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia), a prominent cultivated tree in the Malay peninsula and archipelago, and recently collected by Colonel Beddome in a wild state in the forests of the Western Ghats in the Deccan Peninsula, South India. Exclusive of this, Dr. King now describes and figures seventeen species found within the limits of British India, seven of which are described for the first time. Many of them are very handsome trees, but their wood is of little value, and, as far as their history goes, none yields an edible fruit. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Vol. II. Pp. 110; with 104 Lithographed Plates. (Calcutta; Bengal Secretariat Press, 1889.)

Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta

THE two previous volumes of this publication are devoted entirely to the illustration and description of the arboreous element in the Indian Flora, and the letter-press is solely the work of Dr. King. Volume I. deals with the difficult genus Ficus, illustrated by 232 plates; and the second volume treats of the almost equally difficult genus Quercus and the allied Castanopsis, as well as the genus Artocar pus, of which seventeen species are described and figured. As may be seen from the list of papers given above, the work in the present volume is partly by Dr. King, and partly by his Curator, Dr. Prain; the former continuing his valuable labours on the trees of India, whilst Dr. Prain has taken up two herbaceous genera. A critical review of this ponderous volume would require more space than could be given to it in the pages of NATURE, and a much deeper knowledge of the subjects than the writer possesses; but it is not a difficult task to give an idea of the nature and quality of the series of monographs it contains. At the outset one is disposed to find fault with the bulk and fourteen pounds weight of this book, because it is really fatiguing to handle, and smaller volumes are in every way more desirable. Fortunately, the present volume may be conveniently bound in three nearly equal parts, as each monograph has its separate title-page and index. Indeed, it might be preferable to bind each of the four monographs separately. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Vol. III. (1) The Species of Pedicularis of the Indian Empire and its Frontiers, by D. Prain, M.B., F.R.S.E., Curator of the Herbarium. (2) The Magnoliaceae of British India, by G. King, M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., C.I.E., Superintendent of the Garden. (3) The Genus Gomphostemma, by D. Prain. (4) The Species of Myristica of British. India, by G. King. 4to, pp. 350, tt. 174. (Calcutta: Printed at the Bengal Secretariat Press, 1891.)