Phenomenon Of Gentrification Research Articles

젠트리피케이션의 개선 정책에 관한 고찰

It is a very natural phenomenon in the capitalist economic system for the tenant to move to another area because the commercial building owner, the lender, imposed a rent increase. However, if such occurrence causes the movements of tenants in the area to greatly accelerate or the existing commercial area to experience a decline, it will eventually bring negative consequences to the local community, or even the whole country.<BR> The study on the phenomenon of gentrification began while taking into consideration the residential move. As the movement of commercial areas gradually increased, commercial gentrification has recently become a significant issue that the central government or local governments have to resolve.<BR> The phenomenon of gentrification found in the past in Western society is also currently occurring in Korea. Whether it be the central region or local regions, the commercial areas of the regions are displaying the pattern of remaining stagnant for a while with the increase of rent, and then rapidly declining.<BR> To find a solution, the central government tried to protect tenants by inducing the easing of rent increases by making amendments to the Residential Building Lease Protection Act and enacting the Act on Win-Win Growth and Revitalization of Local Commercial Areas. Local governments are also enacting various bylaws to promote cooperation between the parties involved in local economic activities.<BR> However, institutional measures with high degrees of completion against gentrification are yet to be prepared. Gentrification is a phenomenon that always appears as the global concentration of wealth becomes more severe. This is because it is an issue that can be resolved only under the premise that there is a mindset of understanding and concession among the competing agents of economic activity.<BR> The central government and the local governments need to make the following efforts in order to establish reliable measures against gentrification.<BR> First, indicators must be prepared in order to effectively understand the current status of gentrification. Second, based on the information from the indicators, a measure must be prepared in order to induce the lenders and tenants to enter into a win-win agreement and carry it out. Third, detailed goals or standards should be incorporated in order to prevent institutional flaws or conflicts between parties from occurring during the process of creating and managing the so-called win-win cooperation mall established by each of the local governments.<BR> However, the countermeasures against gentrification should never impose sacrifice or concession to only one side of the interested parties. Also, providing severe one-sided benefits through the implementation of the countermeasures should never be accepted. One should always avoid attempting to find a solution to the gentrification phenomenon only within the scope of the relationship between the lender and the tenant. This is because it creates a vicious cycle in which only short-term, short-sighted solutions are pursued.

Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation and Gentrification in New York City

Racial residential segregation is interconnected with several other phenomena such as income inequalities, property values inequalities, and racial disparities in health and education. Furthermore, recent literature suggests the phenomenon of gentrification as a cause of perpetuation or increase of racial residential segregation in some American cities. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of racial residential segregation for white, black, Asian, and Hispanic citizens in New York City in 1990, 2000, and 2010. It was possible to observe that segregation between white and Hispanic citizens and between white and Asian ones has grown, while segregation between white and black is relatively stable. Furthermore, we analyzed the per capita income and the Gini coefficient in each segregated zone, showing that the highest inequalities occur in the zones where there is an overlap of high-density zones of pair of races. Focusing on the changing of the density of population across the city during these 20 years, and by analyzing white and black people’s segregation, our analysis reveals that a positive flux of white (black) people is associated with a substantial increase (decrease) of the property values, as compared with the city mean. Furthermore, by clustering the region with the higher density of black citizens, we measured the variation of area and displacement of the four most significant clusters from 1990 to 2010. The large displacements (≈1.6km) observed for two of these clusters, namely, one in the neighborhood of Harlem and the other inside the borough of Brooklyn, led to the emergence of typically gentrified regions.

Commercial gentrification and neighbourhood change: A dynamic view on local residents' quality of life in Tehran

While scholars have given considerable attention to the dramatic changes that residential gentrification and displacement bring, the phenomenon of commercial gentrification and its possible impacts on residents' quality of life remain relatively unexplored. Over the recent decades, many affluent and high-income neighbourhoods of Tehran Metropolis (the capital of Iran) are experiencing land-use change and unbridled development of commercial activities within the residential areas. However, this process could exacerbate the potential socio-economic conflicts in the neighbourhoods and lead to a decrease in the quality of life of residents. This paper aims to better understand the process of commercial gentrification and its impacts on the residents’ quality of life in a high-income neighbourhood of Tehran (Nasr Neighbourhood) by using a mixed-method approach including semi-structured interview, purposeful field survey, impact ranking, origin-destination (O-D) survey, and parking survey. The findings demonstrate that the latest Comprehensive Plan of Tehran and its land-use policies played a significant role in triggering the commercial gentrification which led to the clustering of non-local commercial activities along the main streets of Nasr Neighbourhood. Although the process improved the accessibility of residents to urban facilities and utilities and reduced their travel time/cost, the results yield the commercial gentrification that took place over the period of study (2002–2018) declined the residents’ quality of life by degrading the neighbourhood's privacy and socio-cultural homogeneity as well as its detrimental effects on the physical quality of the neighbourhood and residents' tranquillity and safety.

Degentrification? Different Aspects of Gentrification before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this study is to explore the aspects of “gentrification” and “degentrification” other than economic factors. To this end, this study focused on the gentrification situations occurring before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Itaewon area, South Korea, by using semantic network analysis. We analyzed news articles on the gentrification phenomenon in the Itaewon area reported in South Korea. As a result, gentrification in the Itaewon area is divided into four stages. The first stage of gentrification (2010~2014) is initial stage of gentrification. Gentrification stage 2 (2015~2017) is the period of commercialization as a gentrification growth stage. The first stage of degentrification (2018~2019) is the maturation period of gentrification. The second stage of degentrification (2019~30 June 2020) is the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results confirm the existing theoretical frameworks while building a more nuanced definition through operationalizing gentrification and degentrification. As with the etymology of the term, the degentrification phenomenon can only be revealed when the gentrification phenomenon is prominently displayed. This study has an implication in that it tried to phenomenologically examine the specific phenomenon of the next stage of gentrification through the term “degentrification”.

Understanding Short-Term Rental Regulation: A Case Study of Lisbon (Portugal)

Notwithstanding the positive impacts of short-term rentals (STRs), it is often their negative effects that have been raising pressing questions for urban planners and public policy-makers, including changes in housing dynamics, conflicts between residents and visitors, tourism gentrification phenomena, unfair competition practices, and tax evasion, among other externalities. Because of this, short-term rental regulation has become an important item on the political agenda of municipalities that live daily with these issues. In order to contribute to a better understanding of STR regulatory approaches, this paper investigates how Lisbon (Portugal) has been responding to the effects attributed to STRs. It can be concluded that the main negative impact of STR in Lisbon is its effects on the housing prices increase and that the main STR regulation measure is focused on zoning: definition of zones for the application of differentiated STR rules and management.

Temporal Changes of Transit-Induced Gentrification: A Forty-Year Experience in Tokyo, Japan

This article proposes an inverted U-curve theory to represent the changes in transit-induced gentrification with increases in mass rapid transit (MRT) station density over time. A forty-year experience on the associations of proximity to MRT stations with college graduate ratios in Tokyo, Japan, was applied to test this theory using the spatial data of MRT stations and population censuses from 1970 to 2010. The college graduate ratio in a neighborhood was adopted to measure gentrification outcome and denoted a phenomenon of early-stage gentrification. Applying a geographic information system and regression methods, empirical results provide long-term evidence of transit-induced gentrification, indicate the critical role of MRT station density in gentrification, and support the inverted U-curve theory. The transit-induced gentrification levels initially increase and then decrease as MRT station densities increase over time. This trend is affected by the MRT station density, macroeconomic environment, and state policy. This research helps to further the understanding of temporal changes in transit-induced gentrification. The inverted U-curve theory needs further tests in cities operating historical MRT systems to verify its global applicability.

Gentrification, Urban Interventions and Equity (GENUINE): A map-based gentrification tool for Canadian metropolitan areas.

Researchers, policy makers, and urban planners require tools to better understand the complex relationship between gentrification and health. The Gentrification, Urban Interventions and Equity (GENUINE) tool is an open-access, map-based tool that allows users to explore measures of gentrification for Canadian cities and incorporate them into their work. The phenomenon of gentrification has manifested differently across cities. The GENUINE tool was developed to include four distinct gentrification measures that have been used in the United States and Canada and that rely on different combinations of change in census indicators related to income, housing, occupation, education and age. The measures were computed for all census tracts within the 36 Canadian census metropolitan areas to identify gentrifiable areas in 2006 and those that gentrified between 2006 and 2016. Depending on the measure, by 2016, 2% to 20% of census tracts had experienced gentrification, corresponding to between 2% (418,065 people) and 17% (4,266,434) of the Canadian population living in gentrified areas. Generally, metropolitan areas with populations over 1 million people had a greater proportion of their population living in gentrified areas (2% to 18%) compared with metropolitan areas with fewer than 250,000 residents (1% to 14%). With attention on healthy cities only expanding, GENUINE provides pan-Canadian indicators of gentrification, which can be an integral part of solution-oriented research and advancing cities toward designing healthy and equitable communities.

Can smaller parks limit green gentrification? Insights from Hangzhou, China

Urban green spaces can improve residents’ health and well-being. However, international research shows that urban greening can produce gentrification effects. A dilemma for planners is determining whether the scale of greening or the characteristics of green spaces is driving gentrification. In this article, Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and field investigations are used to assess the potential gentrification effects of a new public green space in the urban central area of Hangzhou, China. Hangzhou is one of China’s ‘garden cities’, but rapid urbanization and climate change are increasing urban heat-island impacts, requiring large-scale urban greening. The two-stage CCA not only confirms the green gentrification phenomenon within the study area but suggests that large green spaces appear to foster gentrification due to their functional benefits, favorable policy support, elaborate embellishments, and strict management and maintenance regimes. Appropriate policy responses may include using a ‘just green enough’ approach: whereby distributed smaller green spaces, with less stringent maintenance could resolve the green gentrification paradox.

Travel Gentrification of Historic District Tourism from the Perspective of Consumer

In the context of globalization, the rapid development of tertiary industry tourism, the middle class and artists began to consciously transform the historic districts, tourism gentrification as an important branch of gentrification theory. With the rapid development of global tourism, tourism gentrification phenomenon began to show a global spread. On the one hand, the gentrification of historic districts optimizes the urban industrial structure and promotes the development of tertiary industry and service industry. On the other hand, improving the standard of living of some people has intensified the gap between the wealthy and the poor, and excessive commercialization has made consumers dull. Therefore, the trend at this stage is modest urbanization, and it is suggested to build composite blocks.

Reinventing the attractiveness of borders in the French Alps: the challenge of access to lodging in a tourist context

This article seeks to understand how relatively isolated French Alpine valleys are influenced by economic (tourism, real estate market, etc.) and demographic (in settling inhabitants, gentrification, etc.) dynamics which can act in contradictory ways, both as development factors and as obstacles to the sustainability of the settlement of pleasure migrants. The objective of this article is to examine precisely the difficulties of access to housing and the different characteristics of the phenomenon of rural gentrification in the context of the high alpine valleys (profiles of new arrivals, co-presence of users). It is a question of understanding the complexity of the phenomenon through the analysis of the real estate market and of identifying the difficulties in terms of socio-spatial inequalities specific to these territories. This article proposes to analyze the impact of tourism activity according to the settlement of inhabitants and through the prism of the long-term attractiveness of the regions.

Gentrification and Place Identity Change in Gheorgheni, City of Cluj-Napoca

"Gentrification and Place Identity Change in Gheorgheni, City of Cluj-Napoca. The scientific study at hand takes a considerable and representative area of the massive socialist housing estates from the City of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, as a case study area and intends to ascertain, through a series of interviews with members of the local community, the phenomenon of gentrification and its impact on neighbourhood identity change in the last quarter century. The results suggest significant changes at microterritorial level in terms of place identity correlated with substantial gentrification phenomena that took place after the collapse of the communist regime in 1989. Keywords: gentrification, place identity, change, socialist housing estates"

Gentrification in the Global South: new insights from Chinese Studies

Following the introduction of the “gentrification” concept by Ruth Glass in 1964, Anglo-Saxon urban geographers have extensively studied the process and phenomenon of gentrification. In recent years, gentrification studies have moved beyond the Anglo-Saxon academic field. This paper aims to review the current stage of English-Language gentrification studies about China. Using the case of China, the paper argues that gentrification can be generalized to a universally applied paradigm. However, the challenges of studying gentrification in any country are to transfer and adapt the broad paradigm that could capture the complexities of local conditions. Scholars studying gentrification in China have recognized the local and national differences that are specific to China and have worked out to establish their own theories.

Dynamic modeling to support an integrated analysis among land use change, accessibility and gentrification

The gentrification phenomenon is characterized by the replacement of the prevailing social class living in a residential area by another one with a higher income due to improvements in technical and social infrastructures, such as upgrades in the accessibility conditions. Gentrification is a matter of great concern, especially in big cities of developing countries, where infrastructure provision should not reinforce patterns of sociospatial segregation. The main motivation of this work is to verify if land use transitions could lead to possible gentrification, under the influence of accessibility-related variables – such as the public transportation network, education and health equipments and the availability of employment. In order to represent a phenomenon that varies over time and space, the study proposes a dynamic modeling via cellular automata, using the validation of past simulations to measure the suitability of each accessibility variable to explain the observed land use transitions. The probability of each cell´s transition was calculated using the weights of evidence method considering the explanatory variables, based on the Bayes´ Theorem. The proposed model is applied in a case study that comprises districts in the southwestern sector of São Paulo city, Brazil, an area marked by the heterogeneity of its land use, with a considerable predominance of low-income dwellings. The work was based on spatial data from more than a decade (2000−2016), which besides providing information on land use, also enable the categorization of residential and retail buildings according to their standard and size. The modeling process revealed that for different ranges of each variable, transition trends usually associated with gentrification took place, such as the increasing presence of retail and services, the construction of new buildings in previously non-residential areas, the occupation of vacant land and the reduction of industrial use. However, observing the occurrence spots of those changes, it is reasonable to state that most of the occupation patterns found in each area tended to remain throughout the years, which means that low-income areas were not totally eliminated. Distinct levels of added value granted to the urban tissue were observed as a function of the predominant land use in each area – highlighting the complexity of the relationship between urban form and gentrification. The satisfactory results in the model validation confirmed the good performance of the explaining variables in modeling the urban form dynamics within the study area.

Spatializing an Artist-Resident Community Area at a Building-Level: A Case Study of Garosu-Gil, South Korea

This study integrated a focus on geographical, physical, and commercial characteristics to explore the commercial gentrification phenomenon and its related statistical summaries in the area of Garosu-gil in Seoul’s Sinsa-dong ward. In particular, this study first collected parcel and building data and corresponding attribute information and mapped the resulting datasets in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. We then examined gentrification issues per building and conducted statistical analyses to investigate spatial patterns of commercial gentrification, which were used to develop criteria for determining degrees of gentrification. Third, this study conducted correlation and regression analyses to quantify the strength of the linear relationship between pairs of variables associated with primary factors contributing to commercial gentrification, and used a geographically weighted regression model (GWR) to help understand and predict spatial relationships between significant variables. The results showed positive correlations between several variables and commercial gentrification in the study area, namely neighborhood-convenience facilities, building ages, store rents, new franchise and restaurant businesses, distance to subways, and the presence of multiple roads. Based on its finding, there are key contributions of this study as follows. The first significant contribution of this study is developing measurement of gentrification levels that can be used by policy makers at each of four stages of the gentrification process. Furthermore, this paper develops a comprehensive approach for spatially identifying gentrifying neighborhoods across multiple time periods in 2- and 3-dimensions. It eventually helps urban planners implement preventative or supportive programs to protect lower-income residents and small businesses and thereby engender more sustainable community development.

서울시 젠트리피케이션의 발생 특성과 지수 분석

Gentrification has been actively studied since the term was first used. In this process, the concepts and approaches of the phenomenon have changed, and recently, it has become social and academic popular issues in Korea. However, the gentrification phenomenon varies according to time and place. The overseas existing studies have been targeted at the deteriorated inner-city regeneration of the developed countries, so called Global North. In other words, it is difficult to unilaterally adopt the results of overseas gentrification research to Korea. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the occurrence characteristics and explanatory factors by analyzing the gentrification index in Seoul through quantitative analyses. For this, first, the process of concept change in gentrification and the existing studies were examined. Second, the occurrence characteristics of gentrification in Seoul were investigated in the terms of spatial distribution. Third, the gentrification index was manipulated and the independent variables were selected for multiple regression. This study identified that the current status of the gentrification in Seoul was regarded as commercial gentrification.

Gentrificação, mídia e poder simbólico

O debate acerca da transformação socioespacial das cidades via processos de gentrificação pode ser enriquecido com contribuições dos estudos em comunicação e da cultura de consumo. Buscamos explicitar possibilidades de objetivar fenômenos de gentrificação a partir do estreitamento de relações entre estes campos e os estudos urbanos. Para tanto, refletimos sobre a possibilidade de diálogo entre os principais paradigmas da gentrificação, sobre a relação entre meios de comunicação e a produção social do espaço urbano mercantilizado, sobre a midiatização da experiência urbana e a fabricação de lugares e sobre a reconfiguração simbólica do espaço a partir da linguagem de exclusão e pertencimento que estrutura a cultura de consumo.

Gentrification from Country: Sivas İşhanı Köyü-Eğri Köprü Mahallesi

Soylulaştırma olgusu, günümüzde kent ve kentle ilgili disiplinler tarafından sıklıkla incelenen bir araştırma konusudur. Özellikle post-endüstriyelleşen kentler üzerinden tartışılan olgu Türkiye’de sınırlı bir çerçevede ve büyük kentler üzerinden incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise henüz büyük şehir statüsü kazanamamış, sanayileşme basamaklarını tamamlayamamış, Sivas ili özelinde, bir köy örneğinden hareketle, soylulaştırmanın işleyiş biçimi ve gündelik hayattaki karşılığı betimlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın inceleme alanı olarak Sivas İşhanı Köyü seçilirken sürecin açıklanması için Philip Clay’in (2008) dörtlü basamaklandırmasının yanı sıra, iletişim sürecinin çözümlenmesi için Yılmaz Bilecen’in (2019) onlu kodlamasından faydalanılmıştır. İşhanı Köyü’nde soylulaştırma süreci, köyün ekenek alanı olan, tepe kısmında TOKİ’lerin yapılması ile son birkaç yıl içerisinde başlamaktadır. İşhanı Köyü’nün ekenek alanı olmaktan çıkan araziler günümüzde “lüks konutların” yer aldığı bir semte dönüşmüştür. Beyaz yakalı ve orta sınıfta yer alan kişilerin yaşamayı tercih ettiği mahallenin üst kısmı, ilk kez oturuma 2007 yılında yoksul aileler için yapılan TOKİ konutlarıyla birlikte açılmıştır. Soylulaştırmada öncü rolü üstlenen akademisyenler çevredeki diğer sitelere doğru yayılım gösterirken farklı gelir grupları aynı alan içerisinde birlikte yaşamaya başlamış ve akademisyenler kültürel dönüşümü hızlandırmıştır. Çalışmada bu dönüşüm gündelik hayata yansımaları ile birlikte tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak son on yıldır mahallede yaşanarak gerçekleştirilen doğrudan gözlemin yanı sıra, yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen mülakatlarla; köylüler, mahallede yaşayanlar ve muhtarlarla görüşülmüş ek olarak Sivas Belediyesi’ne ait faaliyet raporları ve mahallede yer alan duvar yazıları incelenmiştir. Görüşmeler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile gerçekleştirilirken diğer materyaller niteliksel metin analizinden hareketle incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda görülmüştür ki, hızla gerçekleştirilen soylulaştırma Clay’in soylulaştırma modeli uyumlu bir şekilde hareket edilmekte ve Yılmaz Bilecen’in geliştirdiği kodlarla uyumlu sonuçlar içermektedir. İşhan Köyü’nde soylulaştırma süreci, köyün ekenek alanı olan, tepe kısmında TOKİ’lerin yapılması ile son birkaç yıl içerisinde başlamaktadır. İşhan Köyü’nün ekenek alanı olmaktan çıkan araziler günümüzde “lüks konutların” yer aldığı bir semte dönüşmüştür. Beyaz yakalı ve orta sınıfta yer alan kişilerin yaşamayı tercih ettiği mahallenin üst kısmı, ilk kez oturuma 2007 yılında yoksul aileler için yapılan TOKİ konutlarıyla birlikte açılmıştır. İlk dönemlerinde alt yapı ve ulaşım sorunlarının yaşandığı mahalleye KARDEŞLER TOKİ ya da İŞHAN TOKİ olarak hitap edilmiş ve lokasyon konutlar üzerinden tanımlanmıştır. Siteye bir yıl sonra yeni blokların, çarşının eklenmesi ve ardından üniversiteye yakınlığından dolayı Akademisyenler Sitesi ve villalarının, bekarlar için sadece kiralama yoluyla ikamet edile bilinen stüdyo tipi dairelerin yapılması ve öğrenciler için yurt açılması gibi etmenlerle soylulaştırma süreci hızlanmıştır. Saçaklanarak yerleşim alanın altına ve üstüne doğru ilerleyen konut stoku TOKİ’leri çevreleyip, ekenek alanı tahrip ederken, mahallede konut fiyatları ve kiralar yükselmiş özellikle, on yılını dolduran kiracılar için süreç sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Soylulaştırmada öncü rolü üstlenen akademisyenler çevredeki diğer sitelere doğru yayılım gösterirken farklı gelir grupları aynı alan içerisinde birlikte yaşamaya başlamış ve akademisyenler kültürel dönüşümü hızlandırmıştır. Çalışmada bu dönüşüm gündelik hayata yansımaları ile birlikte tartışılmaktadır.Çalışmada yöntem olarak son on yıldır mahallede yaşanarak gerçekleştirilen doğrudan gözlemin yanı sıra, yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen mülakatlarla; köylüler, mahallede yaşayanlar ve muhtarlarla görüşülmüş ek olarak Sivas Belediyesi’ne ait faaliyet raporları ve mahallede yer alan duvar yazıları incelenmiştir. Görüşmeler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile gerçekleştirilirken diğer materyaller niteliksel metin analizinden hareketle incelenmiştir.Çalışmanın sonucunda görülmüştür ki, hızla gerçekleştirilen soylulaştırma Clay’in soylulaştırma modeli uyumlu bir şekilde hareket edilmekte ve Yılmaz Bilecen’in geliştirdiği kodlarla uyumlu sonuçlar içermektedir.

Produção capitalista do espaço e meio ambiente: ativismo urbano-ambiental e gentrificação verde no Brasil

Resumo Um novo fato urbano tem ganhado terreno em diversas cidades do planeta: trata-se do fenômeno da gentrificação verde. O objetivo deste artigo é testar a aplicação do conceito em três cidades brasileiras: Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Nos três casos, grupos contrários à apropriação do território pelo capital mobilizaram-se para denunciar publicamente os agravos. O conceito de gentrificação verde, ou sua aplicação no Brasil, ganha contornos próprios com o envolvimento de problemáticas distintas da realidade dos Estados Unidos onde fora cunhado. Conclui-se, portanto, que, se, de um lado, a gentrificação verde parece adquirir contornos cada vez maiores nas cidades brasileiras, por outro lado, mobiliza atores contrários a esse processo nessa contemporânea arena de luta nas cidades.

A Study on the Gentrification Process and Phenomenon with a Focus on the Yeontral Park

A Study on the Gentrification Process and Phenomenon with a Focus on the Yeontral Park

Post-Soviet urban renewal and its discontents: gentrification by demolition in Baku

ABSTRACTGentrification is being increasingly discussed as a driver of urban change globally, including in the former Soviet Union. However, the translation of the gentrification phenomenon into post-Soviet cities like Baku remains poorly understood. This article explores how a particular form of state-led “gentrification by demolition” is unfolding in Baku. We assert the ongoing relevance of using the framework of gentrification to analyze the processes. We go on to use the case of the recently demolished Sovetsky district to carefully expand the geography of the gentrification discourse. We argue that Baku’s own “landscape of gentrification” is shaped by anumber of preconditions. It bears the marks of the legacy of post-socialist cities. However, it more resembles muscular state-led “gentrification by demolition” that is characteristic of Chinese cities. It also echoes Soviet city-building legacies in its use of spectacle and “grand gesture” to legitimize and buy support for gentrification policies.