Geneva Conference Research Articles

Trapped by success: the Eisenhower administration and Vietnam, 1953-1961

Vietnam, colonialism and Cold War Eisenhower, Dulles, dominoes and Dienbienphu the Geneva conference and the Diem card SEATO and other stopgaps to shore-up Vietnam the Collins' mission and Washington's point of no return the substance and subterfuge of nation building the miracle and the muddle of South Vietnam trapped by success.

The Gulf Crisis and the United Nations

1. INTRODUCTIONAs a result of the Iraq-Iran war, Iraq's economy has been exhausted. It had a foreign debt of nearly 80 billion dollars. Iraq apparently failed in its attempts to borrow in foreign capital markets the amounts for investment-in particular for the reparation and expansion of oil production capacity-which it needed to restore its economy. In June 1990, Iraq stated that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had undermined the Iraqi economy by persistently producing more than their OPEC quotas. On July 18, 1990, the Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Tariq Aziz stated in the Arab League that Kuwait had stolen Iraqi oil worth 2.4 billion dollars from the Rumaila Oilfield and that Kuwait had built military installations on Iraqi territory. The President of Egypt, Mubarak, then stated that Iraq and Kuwait would negotiate in Jeddah about the Iraqi claim. At the OPEC conference in Geneva on July 26, the minimum reference price was raised to $21.0/b. This despite Iraq's pressure to raise it to $25.0/b. Iraq then warned Kuwait that it had legitimate and historical rights in respect of the Rumaila Oilfield and two islands in the Persian Gulf. On August 1 it turned out that the negotiations in Jeddah had failed. Kuwait stated that it had refused to cede territory. On August 2 Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait. Because of the small capacity of the Kuwaiti army to offer resistance, Kuwait was occupied by Iraq in a very short time.

Treaty Review: Deadlock Damages Nonproliferation

To the chagrin of the vast majority of the 84 participating signatory governments, the 1990 Geneva conference to review the implementation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) ended without adopting a final declaration reaffirming the parties' common commitment to the accord. In the early hours of September 15, 1990, Mexico insisted that the declaration include wording on a comprehensive nuclear test ban that was unacceptable to the United States. To achieve the consensus needed to ratify the final document, many parties were prepared to accept compromise language pushed by the U.S. on the test ban issue, according to Western sources. Yet, no final consensus emerged and, in keeping with the practice at past review conferences, no vote was taken. All conference participants had also reached informal agreement on numerous declarations supporting the treaty and endorsing important new steps to strengthen nuclear export standards and to expand the application of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. The Western bloc, with the support of the Soviet Union and its former allies, pressed for consensus to insure that these elements would be formally adopted. Who won and who lost The United States and Mexico both gained, although far less than each had hoped.more » In the end, the international nonproliferation regime suffered the most serious losses. 6 refs.« less

Big step taken toward global emissions treaty

An important step has been taken toward ultimate formulation of a treaty aimed at cutting greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. At a meeting in Sundsvall, Sweden, several hundred delegates from 74 countries to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change agreed on a draft assessment of the causes of and responses to global warming. IPCC was created under the guidance of the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization. Its draft will form the basis of discussions by a working group drawn from the two organizations, and be featured at the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva in October. It will be evaluated further in February in Washington, D.C. These and other meetings will determine the wording of the emissions treaty to be presented to ministerial delegates at a 1992 world environment conference in Brazil. The going could be rough, however, if the experience of Sundsvall is any indication. After four days of ...

The United States and the Geneva Conference of 1954: A New Look

The United States and the Geneva Conference of 1954: A New Look

CHEMICAL WEAPONS: Major initiatives expected this week

Chemical weapons will continue to make the headlines this week as nearly 70 national delegations composed of government officials and industry representatives meet in Canberra, Australia, in support of a global treaty outlawing such weapons. Later in the week, Secretary of State James A. Baker III and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard A. Shevardnadze will be meeting at Jackson Hole, Wyo., to firm up plans for a future superpower summit. They also are expected to announce datasharing and on-site inspection procedures that would be part of a bilateral chemical agreement. The week-long Canberra Government-Industry Conference against Chemical Weapons is chaired by Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs & Trade Gareth Evans. Australia has been an active member of the chemical arms talks in the 40-nation Geneva Conference on Disarmament (CD) and, as sponsor of this week's meeting, decided to focus the agenda on achieving a global treaty. As Trevor Wilson, who heads the political section of the ...

The Geneva Conference of August 1864 as seen by the Geneva press

The Geneva Conference of August 1864 was held behind closed doors. A drawing published in the satirical paper the Carillon de Saint-Gervais is indicative of the reaction of journalists to this decision. It depicts three characters, symbolizing three Geneva newspapers, the Journal de Genève, La Démocratic suisse and the Carillon de Saint-Gervais, locked out of the International Congress whose door bears a sign saying “no entry”. The caption translates as follows: Tribune open to the press, courtesy of the International Congress”. This was probably the first manifestation of a certain reserve which has been apparent on occasion in relations between the humanitarian agencies and the media. Happily, times have changed. Nowadays, information and dissemination have become essential components of the policy of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and it may safely be assumed that a cartoonist illustrating an International Conference would now show the doors wide open.

Israel's Fateful Hour

At 19th session of Palestine National Council (PNC) in Algiers last November, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) took a historic and unexpected step: it offered Israel peace based on mutual recognition within framework of a two-state solution. Indeed, for first time in its history, PLO accepted principle of partition based on U.N. Resolution 181. In doing so, PLO broke with one of central tenets of Palestine National Charter, which states that the partition of Palestine in 1947 and establishment of State of Israel are entirely illegal, regardless of passage of time, because they were contrary to will of Palestinian people and to their natural right in their homeland. Several weeks after PNC meeting in Algiers, PLO chairman Yasir Arafat clarified PLO's policy at a press conference in Geneva where he explicitly recognized Israel and called on Israeli leaders to join with him in finding a formula that would end conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews. The United States, which for 13 years has refused to talk with PLO, responded by agreeing to establish a limited dialogue with organization. Stunned Israeli leaders, who were in throes of Who is a Jew? controversy, denounced U.S. move and angrily dismissed Arafat's statement as a mere propaganda ploy by an unrepentant terrorist steadfast in his dedication to Israel's destruction.

Digital sound broadcasting to mobile receivers

The authors describe a system that combines the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing technique and a coding strategy associated with diversity in the frequency domain. The system is suitable for digital broadcasting through a particularly hostile urban radio channel. The general principles of COFDM (coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) are explained, and a detailed representation of the signals and the decoding procedure is given. The performance of the system in the selective Rayleigh channel is presented, and the behavior of the system when the conditions of temporal and frequency coherence of the channel are not fully met (very high-speed reception and abnormally extended channel delay spread) is described. The first implementation of a 4-PSK-COFDM systems has been demonstrated at the WARC-ORB 88 conference in Geneva, validating this concept of digital sound broadcasting.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The United States and Vietnam: two episodes

Foreign relations of the United States, 1947. Vol. VI: the Far East. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office. 1972. 1159pp. Index. Foreign relations of the United States, 1948. Vol. VI: the Far East and Australasia. 1974. 1379pp. Index. Foreign relations of the United States, 1949. Vol. VI: the Far East and Australasia, part 1. 1975. 600pp. Index. Foreign relations of the United States, 1951. Vol. VI: East Asia and the Pacific, part 1. 1977. 1477pp. Index. Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954. Vol. XII: East Asia and the Pacific, part 1. 1984. 1113pp. Index. Vol. XIII: Indochina, parts I and 2. 1982. 2497pp. Vol. XVI: the Geneva conference. 1981. 1597pp. Foreign relations of the United States, 1955-1957. Vol. I: Vietnam. 1985. 912pp. Index. Foreign relations of the United States, 1958-1960. Vol. I: Vietnam. 1986. 774pp. Index.

La menace d'intervention militaire américaine pendant la conférence de Genève et la stratégie des États-Unis (1954)

The threat of American military intervention during the Geneva conférence of 1954 and US strategy, 1954, Laurent Césari. US records, especially those of the National Security Council and the State Department, and those of the Quai d'Orsay, make it possible to reconstruct the French-American negotiation simultaneous with the Geneva conference. After the fall of Dien Bien Phu on 8 May 1954, J.F. Dulles offered an American military intervention in Indochina, in accordance with the policy of containment of communism in South-East Asia. But the conditions attached to this proposal, military and diplomatic developments and above all the misunderstandings about the meaning of a joint military action caused the plan to be postponed, thereby revealing the depth of the differences between the French and the Americans. The former wanted to safeguard their Empire, whereas the latter wanted to prepare themselves to replace French influence.

Eden the Diplomatist, 1931–56: Suezide of a Statesman?*

Anthony Eden. By Robert Rhodes James Anthony Eden at the Foreign Office, 1931–1938. By A.R. Peters The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955. By John Colville Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951–56. By Evelyn Shuckburgh The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina. By James Cable The Failure of the Eden Government. By Richard Lamb

Fusion research at Harwell in the late 1950s and 1960s

The author describes Dr Pease's research at Harwell in the late 50s and 60s, including pinch discharges in the aluminium Mk III and Mk IV toruses, experiments on ZETA and research programs on stellarators, reversed field pinches and ion cyclotron plasma heating. Some developments originating at the Geneva conference on Atoms for Peace and the Conference on Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions are outlined.

The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina

The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina

James Cable. &lt;italic&gt;The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina&lt;/italic&gt;. New York: St. Martin's. 1986. Pp. xii, 179. $32.50

Journal Article James Cable. The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina. New York: St. Martin's. 1986. Pp. xii, 179. $32.50 Get access Cable James. The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina. New York: St. Martin's. 1986. Pp. xii, 179. $32.50. Donald S. Birn Donald S. Birn State University of New York, Albany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 93, Issue 3, June 1988, Pages 708–709, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/93.3.708 Published: 01 June 1988

The Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration, Syngman Rhee, and the "Other" Geneva Conference of 1954

The Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration, Syngman Rhee, and the "Other" Geneva Conference of 1954

The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indonesia

The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indonesia

The New World Satellite Order: A Report from Geneva

In a city that hosts a continuous series of international gatherings, last year’s path-breaking Geneva conference on satellite communications went largely unnoticed as the news media concentrated on preparations for the Reagan-Gorbachev summit. Yet for many of the 112 nations attending this 6-week-long assembly, the results of the meeting—the launch of a new global satellite plan—were arguably more significant (albeit less “telegenic”) than the East-West rapprochement that followed.

In search of the peaceful atom

Whatever became of the ‘peaceful atom’? Three decades ago, in the mid-1950s, it was all the rage. US President Dwight Eisenhower, addressing the General Assembly of the United Nations, had launched ‘Atoms for Peace’ - both the phrase and the programme. One of its first major manifestations was the inaugural Geneva Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, in 1955. The title will be echoed later this year, albeit with salient differences, when the UN Conference on International Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy convenes, once again in Geneva. For a UN megaconference it has been given an unfortunate acronym. PUNE looks and sounds entirely too much like ‘puny’. Looking back to the expectations of three decades ago — to say nothing of those only a decade ago — some might consider the label apt. What, indeed, has become of the ‘peaceful atom’?

Chemists Work With Arms Control Agency Toward Chemical Arms Ban

After much haggling, negotiators at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament (CD) have tentatively agreed to a list of dual-purpose chemicals that would be monitored under a global treaty banning the production, use, or storage of chemical weapons. Such a treaty has been sought by the 40-nation conference since 1968. Achieving a total chemical weapons ban has been hindered by such thorny issues as verifying that a dual-use chemical scanned under a treaty is in fact being used only in commercial products. The U.S. chemical industry for several years has been working closely with the Arms Control & Disarmament Agency in seeking solutions to such issues. The Chemical Manufacturers Association's representative to ACDA, Will D. Carpenter, who is vice president of Monsanto Agricultural's technology division, says his industry could greatly assist efforts to assure compliance. But he cautions that success is predicated on an initial short list of monitored chemicals. Those chemicals, he says, ...