Application Of Genetic Engineering Research Articles

Relationship between knowledge levels and attitude towards Genetically Modified foods among lecturers at College of Humanities and Social Sciences and College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences

Application of genetic engineering in agricultural production remains a controversial agenda in the international and national levels. The purpose of this study is to generate information on level of awareness and attitude of social and applied science lecturers towards Genetically Modified (GM) foods. The information will contribute to the national debate and decision-making processes regarding use of GM foods in Kenya. A total of 220 lecturers were randomly interviewed to a cross-sectional survey that was conducted by use of a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted at the University of Nairobi’s College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS) and College of Humanities and Social Sciences (CHSS). An association was established between the levels of knowledge and the scientific background of a college. A higher proportion (48.1%) of the lecturers had a positive attitude on application of genetic engineering to solve some of the agricultural production challenges but on the other hand, they were very skeptical to consume GM foods. It was found out that the level of knowledge influenced attitudes of lecturers. Those with low knowledge are more negative to application of genetic engineering, while the ones with more knowledge are less negative on application of this technology. The main concerns of GM foods are food safety, human and environmental health. Recommendations were the government should create awareness on the biosafety legal framework; extensive research on GMOs should be done to address concerns of food safety, human and environment health; similar studies should be done in other universities and to the public, research findings from the ongoing trials on GM crops should be shared with all stakeholders and people should be educated on the pros and cons of GMOs to be able to contribute to the GMOs debate and also make informed choices.

Government policy and Lecturers Knowledge on Genetically Modified foods at University of Nairobi College of Humanities and Social Sciences and College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences

Application of genetic engineering in agricultural production remains a controversial agenda in the international and national levels. The information will contribute to the national debate and decision-making processes regarding use of GM foods in Kenya. A total of 220 lecturers were randomly interviewed to a cross-sectional survey that was conducted by use of a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted at the University of Nairobi’s College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS) and College of Humanities and Social Sciences (CHSS). Majority (59.5%) of the lecturers at CAVS and CHSS had poor knowledge on genetic modification and genetically modified foods. The main concerns of GM foods are food safety, human and environmental health. Recommendations are: lecturers need to be more proactive in acquiring more knowledge on genetic engineering; the government should create awareness on the biosafety legal framework; extensive research on GMOs should be done to address concerns of food safety, human and environment health.

Efficient In Vitro Full-Sense-Codons Protein Synthesis.

Termination of translation is essential but hinders applications of genetic code engineering, e.g., unnatural amino acids incorporation and codon randomization mediated saturation mutagenesis. Here, for the first time, it is demonstrated that E. coli Pth and ArfB together play an efficient translation termination without codon preference in the absence of class-I release factors. By degradation of the targeted protein, both essential and alternative termination types of machinery are completely removed to disable codon-dependent termination in cell extract. Moreover, a total of 153 engineered tRNAs are screened for efficient all stop-codons decoding to construct a codon-dependent termination defect in vitro protein synthesis with all 64 sense-codons, iPSSC. Finally, this full sense genetic code achieves significant improvement in the incorporation of distinct unnatural amino acids at up to 12 positions and synthesis of protein encoding consecutive NNN codons. By decoding all information in nucleotides to amino acids, iPSSC may hold great potential in building artificial protein synthesis beyond the cell.

Single-molecule analysis of DNA interrogation by Cas9 and Cas12a on supercoiled DNA

Cas9 and Cas12a are CRISPR endonucleases that interrogate DNA sequences by forming an R-loop structure containing an RNA:DNA heteroduplex before cleaving a target site that matches a guide RNA. The sequence specificity of R-loop formation and cleavage has enabled wide applications in genetic engineering. R-loop substeps are affected by mismatches with the guide RNA and by target DNA topology, which must be understood to arrive at mechanochemical descriptions of the mechanisms underlying specificity in different CRISPR endonucleases.

Evaluation of diploid potato germplasm for applications of genome editing and genetic engineering

Evaluation of diploid potato germplasm for applications of genome editing and genetic engineering

Seaweed Farming: A Perspectives on the Application of Genetic Engineering, Nanotechnology and Advanced Tools

Seaweed Farming: A Perspectives on the Application of Genetic Engineering, Nanotechnology and Advanced Tools

Purine alkaloids in tea plants: component, biosynthetic mechanism and genetic variation

The purine alkaloids, including caffeine, theobromine, and theacrine, are one of the most important quality and functional components of tea plants and commercial teas. In this paper, we review the component, biosynthetic mechanism and genetic variation of purine alkaloids in tea plants. The content of caffeine and theobromine in 403 accessions Chinese tea germplasms core collection preserved in the National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The purine alkaloid profiles of different tea varieties, germplasm types, geographical origin, seasons, were highlighted. Some naturally low caffeine or caffeine-free, high theobromine or high theacrine germplasms were identified and the possible biosynthetic mechanism of hypernormal purine alkaloid content in tea plants were partially revealed. Some Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) DNA markers were developed for the identification of purine alkaloid content. The potential application of genetic engineering and DNA markers developed based on the low caffeine <italic>TCS1</italic> (tea caffeine synthesis gene) alleles for marker assisted selection (MAS), and cocoa tea and kucha in low caffeine/high theacrine tea cultivar breeding programs were also reviewed.

Polymer-Conjugated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomolecule Loading.

Nanomaterials have emerged as an invaluable tool for the delivery of biomolecules such as DNA and RNA, with various applications in genetic engineering and post-transcriptional genetic manipulation. Alongside this development, there has been an increasing use of polymer-based techniques, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), to electrostatically load polynucleotide cargoes onto nanomaterial carriers. However, there remains a need to assess nanomaterial properties, conjugation conditions, and biocompatibility of these nanomaterial-polymer constructs, particularly for use in plant systems. In this work, we develop mechanisms to optimize DNA loading on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with a library of polymer-SWNT constructs and assess DNA loading ability, polydispersity, and both chemical and colloidal stability. Counterintuitively, we demonstrate that polymer hydrolysis from nanomaterial surfaces can occur depending on polymer properties and attachment chemistries, and we describe mitigation strategies against construct degradation. Given the growing interest in delivery applications in plant systems, we also assess the stress response of plants to polymer-based nanomaterials and provide recommendations for future design of nanomaterial-based polynucleotide delivery strategies.

The epigenetic mechanisms regulating floral hub genes and their potential for manipulation.

Gene regulatory networks formed by transcription factors play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression during plant reproductive development. These networks integrate endogenous, phytohormonal, and environmental cues. Molecular genetic, biochemical, and chemical analyses performed mainly in Arabidopsis have identified network hub genes and revealed the contributions of individual components to these networks. Here, I outline current understanding of key epigenetic regulatory circuits identified by research on plant reproduction, and highlight significant recent examples of genetic engineering and chemical applications to modulate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, I discuss future prospects for applying basic plant science to engineer useful floral traits in a predictable manner as well as the potential side effects.

Genetic techniques for plant breeding

Genetic techniques for plant breeding

A critical perspective on the scope of interdisciplinary approaches used in fourth-generation biofuel production

The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based resources as it doesn't compromise food security, rainforests, or arable land. Furthermore, the utilization of molecular biology methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 with guided RNA for genetic modification in algae has opened up new avenues to meet the future energy demand. Recently, a progressive shift in the paradigm of algal growth from an open system (raceways) to a closed system (e.g.; PBRs) has been observed because the latter is more efficient in biofuel production as it provides optimized growth conditions. Several algal species have been genetically engineered and characterized for different parameters, especially their ability to grow in a closed system. Since the advent of the closed system viz. fermenters for industrial applications, several advancements have been made in its design and functions to optimize the growth of industrially used microbial strains and the yield of their bio-products. Genetically engineered algae have diverse growth condition requirements varying even at strain levels, consequently, an enormous amount of significant information or data is available on the optimization of algal growth conditions in PBRs. In conjunction with different computational biological approaches, the high throughput analysis of data becomes fast, enabling to predict the scale-up production process and capital cost and investment requirements. Systematic and planned, altogether applications of genetic engineering, PBRs, and computational approaches should not only help to make the production of fourth-generation biofuels more convenient but also pave the way of different interdisciplinary approaches to be used in algal biofuel production processes in near future.

Advances of enzymes in the applications of disease treatment and drug preparation

The development of biotechnology and the in-depth research on disease mechanisms have led to increased application of enzymes in the treatment of diseases. In addition, enzymes have shown great potential in drug manufacturing, particularly in production of non-natural organic compounds, due to the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, high specificity, high selectivity and few side reactions. Moreover, the application of genetic engineering, chemical modification of enzymes and immobilization technologies have further improved the function of enzymes. This review summarized the advances of using enzymes as drugs for disease treatment or as catalysts for drug manufacturing, followed by discussing challenges, potential solutions and future perspectives on the application of enzymes in the medical and pharmaceutical field.

Deterministic assembly of chromosome ensembles in a programmable membrane trap array

Selective spatial isolation and manipulation of single chromosomes and the controlled formation of defined chromosome ensembles in a droplet-based microfluidic system is presented. The multifunctional microfluidic technology employs elastomer valves and membrane displacement traps to support deterministic manipulation of individual droplets. Picoliter droplets are formed in the 2D array of microscale traps by self-discretization of a nanoliter sample plug, with membranes positioned over each trap allowing controllable metering or full release of selected droplets. By combining discretization, optical interrogation, and selective droplet release for sequential delivery to a downstream merging zone, the system enables efficient manipulation of multiple chromosomes into a defined ensemble with single macromolecule resolution. Key design and operational parameters are explored, and co-compartmentalization of three chromosome pairs is demonstrated as a first step toward formation of precisely defined chromosome ensembles for applications in genetic engineering and synthetic biology.

Attitude and application: Judge a crop on its potential and not breeding technology

In comparison with technological advancements in other fields, applications of biotechnology in agriculture elicit strong, divisive opinions. The polarizing debate over genetically modified organisms (GMOs), or transgenic crops, has spanned decades. Opponents have focused heavily on a single trait: herbicide tolerance. Public concern regarding the impacts of herbicides on human health and the environment has overshadowed other applications of genetic engineering, such as pest resistance, biofortification, and non-browning fruit (Abdallah et al., 2015).

The Insight in Modern Genetic Engineering Application

Introduction: Genetic engineering is a wide array of techniques that alter the genetic constitution of cells or individuals by selective removal, insertion, or modification of individual genes. Methods: This research work includes technology that covered the advanced space from gene cloning to the cure of the disease. Genetic engineering and the human section acknowledge the Crick and Watson research on double-strand DNA. Disease and prevention highlight how genetic engineering has advanced in disease screening and the development of treatment through gene modification. The prospective advancement and achievement from the past to now in the genetic field are shown in this research paper. Results: The Insight in modern Genetic Engineering Application acknowledges the reader’s motive to know the basic principle of genetic engineering in health specialization. Since the development of double helices DNA, the research in genetics has taken rapid speed in the development of advanced modality in its benefits. Genetic engineering application in genetic disease disorder assists in the identification and its importance in the remedy of the disorder. The advanced paper helps to understand how gene therapy helps to understand genetic disorders like Down syndrome, Huntington's disease, sickle-cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease and its solution through gene splicing and modification. In general, the enhancement in modern bioengineering in genetics shows the way to generate economic benefits which include improved plants and animals for agriculture, and efficient production of valuable biopharmaceuticals. Conclusion: The genetic engineering application study was done for the briefs evaluation of development in genetic engineering from its application to disease screening to treatment.

Pengetahuan Mahasiswa Biologi Mengenai Penerapan Bioteknologi Rekayasa Genetika Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Islam

Advances in science and technology encourage the economic, industrial, and health sectors to develop rapidly through diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. Therapeutic-based health research encourages the advancement of modern biotechnology to answer all medical problems. However, not infrequently, advances in modern biotechnology are often considered contrary to moral, ethical, social, legal, psychological and religious values. The presence of biotechnology is considered to dominate human life and has great power to change the development of living organisms and creates an interesting condition to study and analyze when it is associated with the management of medical biotechnology products that are safe for the environment, people's lives and religion. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of Biology students at X &amp; Y universities regarding the application of genetic engineering biotechnology when viewed from an Islamic perspective and the relationship of knowledge to Biology students' attitudes about genetic engineering using qualitative data research through planning (antecedents), processes (transactions), and results (outcomes). The results of the study of 60 biology students from universities X and Y obtained 8 students X and 7 students Y had knowledge of genetic engineering in an Islamic perspective. Meanwhile, after all students participated in the discussion session and were given articles on genetic engineering in an Islamic perspective, all students agreed that the application of genetic engineering must be based on religious knowledge so that research was carried out in accordance with the rules contained in the MUI fatwa No. 35 of 2013.

Genetic Control of Aerogel and Nanofoam Properties, Applied to Ni–MnOx Cathode Design

AbstractAerogels are ultralight porous materials whose matrix structure can be formed by interlinking 880 nm long M13 phage particles. In theory, changing the phage properties would alter the aerogel matrix, but attempting this using the current production system leads to heterogeneous lengths. A phagemid system that yields a narrow length distribution that can be tuned in 0.3 nm increments from 50 to 2500 nm is designed and, independently, the persistence length varies from 14 to 68 nm by mutating the coat protein. A robotic workflow that automates each step from DNA construction to aerogel synthesis is used to build 1200 aerogels. This is applied to compare Ni–MnOx cathodes built using different matrixes, revealing a pareto‐optimal relationship between performance metrics. This work demonstrates the application of genetic engineering to create “tuning knobs” to sweep through material parameter space; in this case, toward creating a physically strong and high‐capacity battery.

PNA-Assisted DNAzymes to Cleave Double-Stranded DNA for Genetic Engineering with High Sequence Fidelity.

DNAzymes have been widely used in many sensing and imaging applications but have rarely been used for genetic engineering since their discovery in 1994, because their substrate scope is mostly limited to single-stranded DNA or RNA, whereas genetic information is stored mostly in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). To overcome this major limitation, we herein report peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-assisted double-stranded DNA nicking by DNAzymes (PANDA) as the first example to expand DNAzyme activity toward dsDNA. We show that PANDA is programmable in efficiently nicking or causing double strand breaks on target dsDNA, which mimics protein nucleases and can act as restriction enzymes in molecular cloning. In addition to being much smaller than protein enzymes, PANDA has a higher sequence fidelity compared with CRISPR/Cas under the condition we tested, demonstrating its potential as a novel alternative tool for genetic engineering and other biochemical applications.

Vesicular drug delivery for the treatment of topical disorders: current and future perspectives.

Vesicular drug delivery has become a useful approach for therapeutic administration of pharmaceutical compounds. Lipid vesicles have found application in membrane biology, immunology, genetic engineering and theragnostics. This review summarizes topical delivery, specifically dermal/transdermal, ocular and transungual, via these vesicles, including future formulation perspectives. Liposomes and their subsequent derivatives, viz. niosomes, transferosomes, pharmacososmes and ethosomes, form a significant part of vesicular systems that have been successfully utilized in treating an array of topical disorders. These vesicles are thought to be a safe and effective mode of improving the delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Several drug molecules are available for topical disorders. However, physicochemical properties and undesirable toxicity have limited their efficacy. Vesicular delivery systems have the potential to overcome these shortcomings due to properties such as high biocompatibility, simplicity of surface modification and suitability as controlled delivery vehicles. However, incorporating these systems into environmentally responsive dispersants such as hydrogels, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents may further enhance therapeutic prowess of these delivery systems. Consequently, improved vesicular drug delivery can be achieved by considering combining some of these formulation approaches.

The Use of Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran in Food and Biomedical Applications.

Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects. In addition, several natural polymers offer potential distinct applications in gene delivery and genetic engineering. However, some of these polymers have drawbacks, such as their lack of water retention and elasticity. Sacran, one of the high-molecular-weight natural polysaccharides (megamolecular polysaccharides) derived from Aphanothece sacrum (A. sacrum), has good water retention and elasticity. Historically, sacran has been used as a dietary food. Moreover, sacran can be applied in biomedical fields as an active material, excipient, and genetic engineering material. This article discusses the characteristics, extraction, isolation procedures, and the use of sacran in food and biomedical applications.