Abstract
Vesicular drug delivery has become a useful approach for therapeutic administration of pharmaceutical compounds. Lipid vesicles have found application in membrane biology, immunology, genetic engineering and theragnostics. This review summarizes topical delivery, specifically dermal/transdermal, ocular and transungual, via these vesicles, including future formulation perspectives. Liposomes and their subsequent derivatives, viz. niosomes, transferosomes, pharmacososmes and ethosomes, form a significant part of vesicular systems that have been successfully utilized in treating an array of topical disorders. These vesicles are thought to be a safe and effective mode of improving the delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. Several drug molecules are available for topical disorders. However, physicochemical properties and undesirable toxicity have limited their efficacy. Vesicular delivery systems have the potential to overcome these shortcomings due to properties such as high biocompatibility, simplicity of surface modification and suitability as controlled delivery vehicles. However, incorporating these systems into environmentally responsive dispersants such as hydrogels, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents may further enhance therapeutic prowess of these delivery systems. Consequently, improved vesicular drug delivery can be achieved by considering combining some of these formulation approaches.
Highlights
Transdermal drug delivery has become an alternative to the traditional oral drug delivery route of administration, in addition to offering an alternative to hypodermic injections.[1]
Transdermal delivery avoids the shortcomings of hypodermic injections, such as pain at the injection, high discomfort and the severe threat posed by medical waste and disease transmission following re-use of needles
The results suggested that the potent inhibitory and fungicidal activity of TBF, combined with the ability of transferosomes to provide targeted drug delivery to the nail bed, could provide a potential clinically beneficial alternative for the treatment of onychomycosis
Summary
Transdermal drug delivery has become an alternative to the traditional oral drug delivery route of administration, in addition to offering an alternative to hypodermic injections.[1]. Chemical enhancers are generally utilized effectively to improve skin permeability through reversal disruption of the stratum corneum to promote deeper skin penetration of the drug. Iontophoresis is another second-generation TDDS that does not alter the skin barrier but helps in the movement of charged drug through electrophoresis. Non-cavitational ultrasound is another skin permeation enhancing method, which is an effective second-generation TDDS This is an oscillating wave of pressure at a frequency that is intensely high for the human ear. Easy penetration of high molecular weight drugs through the stratum corneum following disruption of an ordered bilayer structure of the intracellular lipids found within the skin layer. Proved the highest skin permeability without damaging or causing skin irritation
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