General Requirements Research Articles

Functional requirements of patient data management systems in intensive care medicine

As part of the German government's digitization initiative, the paper-based documentation that is still present in many intensive care units is to be replaced by digital patient data management systems (PDMS). In order to simplify the implementation of such systems, standards for basic functionalities that should be part of basic configurations of PDMS would be of great value. This paper describes functional requirements for PDMS in several categories. Criteria for standardized data documentation were defined by the authors and derived functional requirements were classified into two priority categories. Overall, general technical requirements, functionalities for intensive care patient care, and additional functionalities for PDMS were defined and prioritized. Using this paper as astarting point for adiscussion about basic functionalities of PDMS, it is planned to develop and obtain consensus on definitive standards with representatives from medical societies, medical informatics and PDMS manufacture.

Studi Penerapan General Safety Requirement Part 7 IAEA untuk PLTN Apung

Land use is a growing concern due to population growth, infrastructure development, and the decline of forestry and agricultural sectors, with the energy sector, including nuclear power plant (NPP) construction, gaining prominence. Because of this, more and more nuclear power plant designs are being developed, including the floating nuclear power plant. Behind the benefits, one of the safety aspects that must be fulfilled in nuclear power plant design is nuclear emergency preparedness and response. The Nuclear Energy Supervisory Agency (Bapeten) is currently preparing a revision of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Safety and Security of Nuclear Installations and Regulation of the Head of Bapeten Number 1 of 2010 concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Management, which contains nuclear emergency preparedness and response. As an international atomic energy agency, the IAEA has also published General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 7 concerning Preparedness and Response For a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency. Considering the different complexities and challenges, it is necessary to study the implementation of GSR Part 7 on floating nuclear power plants, which can provide input for revising these regulations. This paper was prepared to elaborate on the application of GSR Part 7 for this nuclear power plant design. From the results of the study, it was found that several things need to be implemented for the design of the floating nuclear power plant, such as the nuclear emergency zone, nuclear emergency expansion zone, public communication, and handling of radioactive waste. Keywords: NPP, Floating NPP, preparedness of nuclear emergency,response fornuclear emergency

Information literacy: Did Alvin Toffler beat Paul Zurkowski to it?

Paul Zurkowski is often considered the “father” of the term, “information literacy” (IL). There were, however, other authors who, at a similar time, were writing about concepts we now consider fundamental to the nature of IL. A work of particular significance is Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock. In this classic text – better known beyond information science than within it – Toffler addresses major themes such as the importance of evaluating information, the need to construct sense from the material we access and the dangers of “information overload”. He is concerned, too, with the more general requirement that, increasingly, people must “learn how to learn”. Personal experience has shown this author that it is possible to create a tool for information users from the closely related ideas of Zurkowski and Toffler, and that each writer recognises independently that the skills associated with the traditional literacies are insufficient if an individual is to function effectively in modern society. Whilst Zurkowski is cited with greater frequency in discussions on IL, it may be Toffler who has done more to highlight to a wider readership the value of information skills in an ever-changing world. Perhaps Zurkowski’s biggest achievement lies in providing a memorable two-word summarising label to his field of interest; it is one that has endured and remains pertinent today, some fifty years on.

Streamlining and standardizing logistical, administrative, and regulatory workflows for sharing data from AD trials

AbstractFailure to share data successfully and quickly results in the waste of scientific resources as experiments are erroneously repeated or future resources are misallocated. Successful data sharing maximizes prior public and private investment of time, personal and cost in AD trials. To date, training resources regarding general regulatory requirements for managing data are widely available, however trainings addressing common logistical and administrative decision‐making and providing administrative strategies in the context of data sharing by AD trial teams and sponsoring partners are rare or too rigid to be broadly applicable. A widely available and well‐known training and education resource will provide a coherent systematic approach for multi‐stakeholder research projects that intend to share data publicly. Such projects are at increased risk of delay or mismanagement and a cohesive effort to generate flexible, streamlined modules offering repeatable solutions for multi‐stakeholder AD research data sharing would benefit the research team as well as the requesting investigators. AD research staff should rapidly develop familiarity and a common understanding of the practices and policies of data sharing so that this aspect of research similarly streamlined to other research practices such as informed consent, data privacy, etc. Attendees will participate in a discussion establish a priori principles for charting a course for establishing broad competence in data sharing by combining principles of scientific rigor with a synthesis of best practices for logistical, scientific, and regulatory workflows.

Beacon-Based Firing Control for Authorization Security in Workflows

One of the noteworthy investigations in workflows is the implementation of authorization-related security requirements. There are two typical security requirements, i.e., separation of duty (SoD) and binding of duty (BoD). However, most of the previous works are only focused on SoD while ignoring BoD. In this article, we consider both of them by proposing an extended-structural implementation approach, namely beacon-based firing control, to enforce security requirements. Thanks to the flexibility of beacon-based firing control, both BoD and SoD can be enforced in a straightforward way with no sophisticated operations for their implementation, although they are a pair of security requirements in conflict. As a preparation of beacon-based firing control, we define the beacon-extended Petri nets (PNs) by introducing a new object, namely beacon, to PNs so as to lay the foundation. In addition, we present the firing-based linear equations and inequalities for BoD and SoD to provide the standardized descriptions for their implementation. For the sake of expansibility, the applicability analysis is provided for the more general security requirements. Ultimately, the comparative experiments and discussions are presented to show the effiectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Developing and designing the e-Bosy reservation system for ICT equipment

E-bosy booking system was designed as a reservation system for information and communications technology (ICT) equipment in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Malaysia. Currently, all the reservation systems are done manually, through filling out the form or through email. Using this existing system faces numerous challenges, such as the absence of knowledge of available spaces, tediousness improper management of reservations, clashes in reservations, communication failures, and missing the submitted reservation form. Thus, the development and design of the e-Bosy system (electronic booking system) were intended to bring the efficiency and friendly user of reservation systems both at home and aboard. The system basic functions are designed according to the general requirement including user’s registration and login, online equipment booking, personal center, centrege board and database construction. Through e-BoSy the system, every reservation has been recorded for the future improvement of the services.

The Principle-at-Risk Analysis (PaRA): Operationalising Digital Ethics by Bridging Principles and Operations of a Digital Ethics Advisory Panel

Recent attempts to develop and apply digital ethics principles to address the challenges of the digital transformation leave organisations with an operationalisation gap. To successfully implement such guidance, they must find ways to translate high-level ethics frameworks into practical methods and tools that match their specific workflows and needs. Here, we describe the development of a standardised risk assessment tool, the Principle-at-Risk Analysis (PaRA), as a means to close this operationalisation gap for a key level of the ethics infrastructure at many organisations – the work of an interdisciplinary ethics panel. The PaRA tool serves to guide and harmonise the work of the Digital Ethics Advisory Panel at the multinational science and technology company Merck KGaA in alignment with the principles outlined in the company’s Code of Digital Ethics. We examine how such a tool can be used as part of a multifaceted approach to operationalise high-level principles at an organisational level and provide general requirements for its implementation. We showcase its application in an example case dealing with the comprehensibility of consent forms in a data-sharing context at Syntropy, a collaborative technology platform for clinical research.

THE LEGAL CAPACITY OF THE PARTIES, AS A VALIDITY CONDITION FOR THE MANDATE CONTRACT

This article aims to bring attention to the mandate contract, under the aspect of its validity conditions, more precisely the legal capacity required of the parties to be able to conclude such an agreement. First of all, the mandate contract must meet the general requirements for the validity of contracts, stipulated by art. 1179 para. (1) Civil Code. Regarding the form of the power of attorney, art. 1301 Civil Code specifies the fact that it will be effective only if it is given in compliance with the forms required by law ad validitatem for the conclusion of the contract that the representative is to make on behalf of the represented. In addition to these general conditions of contract validity, the conventional representation by mandate, in order to be effective, also requires the fulfillment of certain specific conditions, which essentially relate to the manifestation of the legal will of the participants in this tripartite operation, namely: the will of the representative to represent; the will of the represented to be represented; the will of the representative to perform legal acts through representation; the externalized will of the representative to represent and perform legal acts with the contracting third party and the externalized will of the third party with the value of accepting the contract with the representative (contemplatio domini).Therefore, the requirements for the valid and effective conclusion of the mandate contract must be assessed at the time of the conclusion of the convention, but in order for it to reach its final goal, consisting in the performance by the agent of the business entrusted by the principal, the requirements for the valid and effective conclusion of the targeted act, at the time of its completion, must also be met. Out of all these conditions claimed for the valid conclusion of the mandate, we have chosen to focus our attention in this study on the capacity required of the parties to contract, necessary so that conventional representation, as a tripartite operation, which involves a source act (the mandate agreement) and one/more targeted acts (the act/s concluded by the agent with third parties in the name and on behalf of the principal) will be validly formed.

SUBSTANTIATION OF GENERAL REQUIREMENTS TO THE INFORMATION AND MEASURING SYSTEM FOR RECORDING PARAMETERS OF AUTOMOTIVE (ARMORED) VEHICLES

The article examines the possibilities of using a modern on-board recording system of the VBOX type and the Quantumx series for testing automotive and armored vehicles.
 Research conducted by the method of system analysis of technical characteristics of the system.
 The purpose of the research was to study the technical characteristics, principles of construction of a modern on-board recording system of foreign production of the VBOX and Quantumx series, regarding the registration of the necessary operating parameters of automotive and armored vehicle systems, the possibilities of application for conducting tests and the formulation of the main General requirements for this system.
 Analysis of the technical characteristics and features of the use of modern data recorders during testing of automotive and armored vehicles showed that:
 
 modern measuring systems (recorders) can be used to measure the performance parameters of automobiles and armored vehicles of domestic production, which will simplify and automate the process of performing measurements, and minimize the number of errors that occur during their performance;
 measuring systems (recorders) are universal and will allow to ensure the measurement process during testing of automotive and armored vehicles, their components, as well as to measure parameters in various systems (static, dynamic characteristics of objects, temperature, pressure, vibrations, overloads and other indicators);
 using the capabilities of measuring systems (recorder) will allow to reduce the time for making a decision on the feasibility of supplying new (modernized) samples of automobile and armored vehicles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to extend the resource of existing samples of
 
 The results of the work should be used when studying the possibilities of purchasing laboratory measuring equipment for testing automotive and armored vehicles by research institutions and industrial enterprises.

Safety assessment of the steel structures of nuclear power plants units considering special operation conditions

Special operation conditions of steel structures nuclear power plants units (elevated temperature of the surrounding environment, the need to consider the simultaneous action of several episodic impacts etc.) require using of special approaches to their safety assessment. Among the wide variety of steel structures at nuclear power plantsunits, the supporting structures of equipment and pipelines play an essential role in ensuring its safety. At the same time, state building codes oriented towards traditional steel structures that are subjected to standard loads and impacts, and do not consider mensioned special operating conditions. Regulatory acts on nuclear and radiation safety in this aspect contain general regulatory requirements, which is due to the modern concept of the development of the regulatory-legal framework of Ukraine for ensuring the safety of nuclear plants. Therefore, the existing regulatory and methodological support does not sufficiently cover the aspects of safety assessment of supporting structures, taking into account the special operation conditions. The article proposes approaches to assessing the safety of equipment and pipelines supporting structures nuclear power plants units, which consider both the special operation conditions and the degree of responsibility for ensuring safety during and after seismic hazards.

Modeling Requirements for Collaborative Robotic Services

Collaborative robots have experienced low acceptance in applications, especially in industry. This fact has attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners, who point to different causes for this limited acceptance. One of the main reasons is the difficulty in converging on suitable methods for modeling collaborative interactions between robots and their surrounding context during the requirements phase. These interactions must be elicited and modeled during the requirements stage to maximize value creation through collaboration. Formal verification is necessary, taking into account the risks of human-robot interaction. However, such modeling is often absent in collaborative robot design, and choosing an appropriate approach remains an open problem. This paper addresses this problem using a model-based requirements cycle where the value creation is detached to provide direct analysis, possible optimization, and formal verification. The general process integrates with the general model-based requirements engineering of the remaining system. This service system approach relies on a goal-oriented requirements approach, and specific algorithms were developed to transfer goal-oriented diagrams into Petri Nets—to provide formal process verification. A case study illustrates the application of the proposed method on a collaborative robot used in a university hospital environment.

Development and Validation of an IoT Neurostimulator for the Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder.

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction in the lower urinary tract due to damage to the nervous system. One of the treatments that has shown important results is transcutaneous neuromodulation. The neuromodulation equipment available on the market does not allow remote activation or offer many resources for adjusting the parameters of the generated stimulus, as most devices operate with pre-established parameters in closed packages. For this reason, customizing therapy for each individual can be difficult. Therefore, the objective was to develop and validate a neuromodulation device capable of being remotely programmed and properly monitored. Materials and methods for validating devices were used according to the Brazilian Regulatory Standard (NBR), which deals with general requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of electromedical devices. After verifying the reliability of the device, which was capable of generating a biphasic and symmetrical wave, measured by an oscilloscope, considered safe by the technical requirements, it was tested in a real application. Users reported feeling a comfortable stimulus, similar to other previously used devices, and considered the device easy to use. In this way, it was possible to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the developed device.

Award as a material means of encouraging civil servants

Today, Ukraine has various incentives mechanisms for civil servants, the main types of which are material and moral incentives. In order to understand the basic motivational factors of the civil servant's activity, there is a need to study their main means of material encouragement, among which the premium has always occupied and still holds a prominent place. The purpose of the article is to study bonuses as a material means of encouraging civil servants as subjects of labor law based on the analysis of the provisions of domestic legislation in the considered area and the views of scientists, researchers of this issue. The work draws the following conclusions: 1) encouragement for success in work is one of the important elements of labor discipline and consists in positive stimulation of employees for conscientious work and successful performance of their work duties. It is noted that measures to encourage employees perform two important functions: on the one hand, they are a factor in increasing the professional activity of employees, and on the other hand, they are an important factor in strengthening labor discipline; 2) bonuses are named as one of the means of material encouragement, whose main task is to support and strengthen the material interest of employees in the results of work. Attention is paid to the fact that such a material means of encouragement as a bonus is used in the event of a more active labor activity of the employee, exceeding the general daily requirements of the duties assigned to him. That is, not all means of remuneration are incentives, but only those that are used for any labor achievements, in particular such type of material incentive as bonuses; 3) after analyzing the normative and legal acts regarding the awarding of civil servants, it is noted that, despite the positive aspects, many issues remain out of the legislator's attention until now, in particular, there was no official definition of the legal category "award”, its size is clearly defined; 4) supporting the positions of other researchers in the issue of rewarding civil servants, it is proposed to legislate the concept of "bonus” and determine its size, on the example of foreign countries, which will contribute to strengthening the role of the bonus as a material means of encouragement.

Inter-laboratory comparison of a digital multimeter measurement in Turkey

The standard ISO/IEC 17043:2023 specifies the general requirements for proficiency testing providers and covers the development, operation, and reporting of proficiency testing schemes. The standard aims to ensure that the measurement results obtained by different laboratories are comparable and traceable to international measurement standards. Inter-laboratory comparisons are still rare in the meteorological services network of calibration laboratories, and there are not enough bodies accredited with the ISO/IEC 17043:2023 standard in Turkey. The existing inter-laboratory comparison measurements do not fully comply with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17043:2023 and are not compatible with the measurement capabilities and scopes of the laboratories, leading to difficulties when comparing meteorological data from different laboratories. This article presents a case study of a digital multimeter interlaboratory comparison measurement in accordance with the ISO/IEC 17043:2023 standard. The results obtained were analysed using statistical methods (En score) and compared to the reference values provided by a secondary accredited calibration laboratory. The analysis showed that the measurement results obtained by the participants were consistent and generally within the acceptable range of En. The case study presented in this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the standard in ensuring reliable measurement results in a practical setting.

Assessment of Safety of Masonry Buildings near Deep Excavations: Ultimate Limit States

It is a common practice to construct new buildings in the close vicinity of existing buildings. New buildings require deep excavations, which cause non-uniform displacement of the ground, causing a negative impact on the safety and technical conditions of adjacent buildings, including masonry buildings. The fundamental condition to verify structural safety is the knowledge of impacts and the load-bearing capacity of non-strengthened or strengthened structures. Safety is provided via strengthening the structure against deformations related to the ground displacement or by reducing non-uniform displacements of the building structure. This paper focuses on strengthening the ground and underground parts of masonry buildings. It also describes general requirements for providing safety of buildings according to the standard Eurokode 0 and the simplified method for protecting building structures with the use of steel tie rods. Based on the design methods for masonry structures specified in Eurocode 6 and the know-how of the authors in the field of protecting buildings in mining areas, the original method was proposed to determine the required area of reinforcement in the form of steel rods. Also, the original methods were introduced to verify ULS for inclined walls primarily under vertical load and shearing of pillars between openings. In addition to these analytical methods, this paper also illustrates methods for strengthening the ground and underground parts of masonry buildings. Presented in this paper, original solutions used to determine the strengthening of masonry structures and original models used to verify ULS for deflected walls primarily under vertical load can be directly employed in the design practice. The standard criteria were applied and the effects of building deflections, which are not specified in Eurocode 6, were considered.

CRITERIA AND INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SPECIALISTS

The training of specialists under the conditions of the modern information society requires them to have a certain level of professional competence. The problem of formation and development of professional competence of future information technology specialists remains relevant. It is proposed to implement the process of developing this quality within the framework of the professional competence formation model, one of the stages of which is the diagnosis of the initial state of professional competence. The article specifies the concepts of "criterion", "indicator", "level"; general requirements for the criteria are defined. Based on the analysis of scientific and pedagogical research, regulatory documents, professional training experience, the criteria for the formation of the professional competence of future IT specialists have been identified, which reflect its structural components: motivational (level of formation of motives, needs, values regarding the performance of professional activities), content (availability of a knowledge system from the field of information technologies), technological (the degree of practical application of knowledge and skills when solving professionally oriented tasks) and subjective (professionally important qualities of a future specialist in information technologies and the ability to reflect on educational and professional activities). Formulated criteria made it possible to determine the relevant indicators. Four levels of formation of professional competence of future IT specialists are distinguished and substantiated: reproductive (initial), conscious (average), productive (sufficient) and creative (high). The further direction of research on this problem is the expansion of the diagnostic apparatus for assessing the level of formation of professional competence of future IT specialists.

Assessment of radiological dose and emergency planning zones of TRIGA Mark-II research reactor of Bangladesh due to a postulated severe accidental condition

Radiological dose and emergency planning zones assessment has been conducted for dry and rainy seasons in Bangladesh for the TRIGA Mark-II research reactor. A postulated severe accident of a plane crash was considered in this analysis. Due to the full collapse of the reactor building and core damage, core inventory radionuclides were released at their highest release fraction. In this instance, doses due to the release of radionuclides such as Xe, Kr, I, and Cs were estimated using two different atmospheric dispersion models utilizing meteorological data collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department. The source term analysis has been performed using the ORIGEN 2.1 code. The HotSpot 3.1.2 and RASCAL 4.3 codes were used for the assessment of radiological doses. Based on the results of both the RASCAL 4.3 and HotSpot 3.1.2 codes, the TEDE and thyroid CDE were found to be substantially higher than the allowable limit in a large area. The dose values were compared to the dose standards of the IAEA General Safety Requirements (GSR) Part 7 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to identify the evacuation, sheltering and iodine prophylactic administration distances for both dry and rainy seasons. The evacuation and sheltering distances were obtained at approximately 2.25–5 km, 4.5–15 km, and 3–6.6 km, 3.7–8.5 km according to U.S. EPA dose criteria in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. On the other hand, according to IAEA GSR part 7 dose criteria, the evacuation and sheltering distances are obtained at 1.5–3.5 km and 2.5–5.25 km in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Thus required emergency protective actions must be undertaken by the local authority to lessen the health impact on the general public.

Development of a DC Motor Speed Control System Based on PID

In the field of motion control systems, motor speed control plays a pivotal role. Various control algorithms and methods have been developed for this purpose, and one of the earliest strategies to emerge was analog control. Over time, it has evolved into a typical control structure with convenient parameter tuning capable of meeting general control requirements. This design is based on digital control algorithms, with the ST89C52 microcontroller as the control core. It generates pulse-width modulation (PWM) pulses controlled by a digital algorithm to regulate the speed of direct circuit (DC) motors. Additionally, it utilizes a photoelectric sensor to convert motor speed into pulse frequency, which is fed back to the microcontroller, thereby achieving closed-loop speed control and eliminating static speed errors.

Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: A Concise Review.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate antitumoral treatments remain of utmost importance, since cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Within this context, nanotechnology offers specific benefits in terms of cancer therapy by reducing its adverse effects and guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the most relevant novel outcomes in the range of 2010-2023, covering the design and application of nanosystems for cancer therapy. We have established the general requirements for nanoparticles to be used in drug delivery and strategies for their uptake in tumor microenvironment and vasculature, including the reticuloendothelial system uptake and surface functionalization with protein corona. After a brief review of the classes of nanovectors, we have covered different classes of nanoparticles used in cancer therapies. First, the advances in the encapsulation of drugs (such as paclitaxel and fisetin) into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions are described, as well as their relevance in current clinical trials. Then, polymeric nanoparticles are presented, namely the ones comprising poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyethylene glycol (and PEG dilemma) and dendrimers. The relevance of quantum dots in bioimaging is also covered, namely the systems with zinc sulfide and indium phosphide. Afterwards, we have reviewed gold nanoparticles (spheres and anisotropic) and their application in plasmon-induced photothermal therapy. The clinical relevance of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as magnetite and maghemite, has been analyzed in different fields, namely for magnetic resonance imaging, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, and drug delivery. Lastly, we have covered the recent advances in the systems using carbon nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and carbon dots. Finally, we have compared the strategies of passive and active targeting of nanoparticles and their relevance in cancer theranostics. This review aims to be a (nano)mark on the ongoing journey towards realizing the remarkable potential of different nanoparticles in the realm of cancer therapeutics.

CONVERGENCE OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS OF GRAIN AND WHEAT FLOUR

Topicality. The problem formulation. The article examines the problems of harmonizing national standards of Ukraine with international ones - Codex Alimentarius. An assessment of the convergence of international standards for grain and wheat flour in Ukraine was carried out. The comparative characteristics of the quality indicators specified in the international and national standards for wheat grain and flour were analyzed and carried out. The aim of the article is to analyze and compare the international standards for wheat grain and wheat flour with the national standards of Ukraine. The subject of special attention should be the harmonization of the Technical Standardization Committees TK 64, TK 67, TK 86, TK 153, TK 170 "Cereals, legumes and their processing products". The methodological basis of this research: a systematic approach to the analysis of scientific literature, normative documents, in particular national and international standards; an abstract-logical method for summarizing research results and conclusions. Results of the research paper. It has been established that in order to intensify the process of Ukraine's integration into the European Union, it is necessary to harmonize national standards with international. The conducted comparative analysis made it possible to outline the difference between national and international standards for wheat grain and flour. Comparisons show that the analyzed international and national standards, in addition to differences, have common features: the same indicators of moisture content of wheat grain and an indicator of ash content, which can be used to characterize the technological direction of wheat flour. It was established that the Codex Alimentarius international standards for grain and wheat flour provide general characteristics and quality requirements, unlike the national standards, which provide quality indicators for each type of flour. Practical value. A comparative analysis of international and national standards was carried out for the purpose of practical use of wheat grain and flour in various branches of the food industry. The prospect of further research is to conduct an analysis of dietary supplements that are appropriate.