General Event Research Articles

Event Monitoring Based On Web Services for Heterogeneous Event Sources

This article discusses event monitoring options for heterogeneous event sources as they are given in nowadays heterogeneous distributed information systems. It follows the central assumption, that a fully generic event monitoring solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, event source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Following from this, the core result of the work presented here is the extension of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service for a variety of event sources. A service approach allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.

Bioactive proteins from Solanaceae as quorum sensing inhibitors against virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Cell-to-cell communication or quorum sensing (QS) is a generic event in bacteria that is used to coordinate gene expression among local populations. The phenomenon of QS depends on the fact that presence of sufficient bacteria ascertains a threshold level of autoinducer concentration that allows bacteria to sense a critical cell mass and to activate or repress target genes. Thus, QS has been an attractive target for the development of anti-infective strategies that are not based on the use of antibiotics. Several anti-QS approaches have been demonstrated including natural products from plant-based secondary metabolites. However, the role of plant bioactive proteins as an anti-QS peptide is yet to be deciphered. Against a backdrop of ever-increasing antibiotic resistant pathogens, there is a strong need for development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Thus, our hypothesis is that bioactive proteins from the plant family Solanaceae are quorum quenching molecules that can be exploited to develop a therapeutic strategy against virulence. We presume that bioactive proteins will inactivate or inhibit or degrade QS signals from bacteria to prevent cell-to-cell communication and thus inhibit development of virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further, the use of proteins as quorum quenchers will delay the bacteria to develop resistance against these quenching molecules.

‘Crowded Places Are Everywhere We Go’: Crowds, Emergency, Politics

‘Crowded places’ have recently been problematized as objects of terrorist attacks. Following this redefinition of terrorism, crowds have been reactivated at the heart of a security continuum of counter-terrorism, emergency planning and policing. How does the crowd referent recalibrate security governance, and with what political effects? This article argues that several subtle reconfigurations take place. First, counter-terrorism governance derives the knowledge of crowds from ‘generic events’ as unexpected, unpredictable and potentially catastrophic. This move activates 19th-century knowledge about crowds as pathological, while the spatial referent of ‘crowded places’ reconfigures workplaces as crowded places and workers as crowds. Second, new guidance for emergency planning and policing deploys a more rational approach to crowds, put forward in recent psychosocial approaches. These modes of knowledge derive ‘generic crowds’ from normal social relations rather than extraordinary events. Generic events and generic crowds effectively depoliticize crowds, as they exclude a more radical generic politics, in which crowds are not derivable, but negate determination.

Integration of a New Standard: A Network Simulator of IEC 61850 Architectures for Electrical Substations

INTERNATIONAL ELECtrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 [1], the new standard for network communication in electrical substations, provides specific requirements that must be carefully evaluated. In this article, the authors will address, in particular, the interoperability of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and the end-to-end time of 4 ms for generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages. Moreover, the configuration of the IEDs is more complicated with IEC 61850 and requires both electrical and network knowledge. Today, the integration of the IEC 61850 network architecture is a critical issue in electrical engineering since the network is used for protection functions such as intertripping. Thus, many studies have been done to evaluate the ways to facilitate IEC 61850 integration. This article presents a solution to this problem: the simulation of IEC 61850 network architectures. The essential objective is to simulate a complete IEC 61850 architecture and, at the same time, provide a real tool to validate the IEC 61850 requirements. In the design phase, this tool can serve to verify the GOOSE performance and optimize the network topology. It can also be a factory acceptance test (FAT) tool to validate the IED configuration.

Neural changes associated with the generation of specific past and future events in depression

It is well established that individuals affected by depression experience difficulty in remembering the past and imagining the future. This impairment is evident in increased rumination on non-specific, generic events and in the generation of fewer specific events during tasks tapping past and future thinking. The present fMRI study investigated whether neural changes during the construction of autobiographical events was evident in depression, even when key aspects of performance (event specificity, vividness) were matched. We employed a multivariate technique (Spatiotemporal Partial Least Squares) to examine whether task-related whole brain patterns of activation and functional connectivity of the hippocampus differed between depressed participants and non-depressed controls. Results indicate that although the depression group retained the ability to recruit the default network during the autobiographical tasks, there was reduced activity in regions associated with episodic richness and imagery (e.g., hippocampus, precuneus, cuneus). Moreover, patterns of hippocampal connectivity in the depression group were comparable to those of the control group, but the strength of this connectivity was reduced in depression. These depression-related reductions were accompanied by increased recruitment of lateral and medial frontal regions in the depression group, as well as distinct patterns of right hippocampal connectivity with regions in the default and dorsal attention networks. The recruitment of these additional neural resources may reflect compensatory increases in post-retrieval processing, greater effort and/or greater self-related referential processing in depression that support the generation of specific autobiographical events.

Knowledge Adaptation with Partially Shared Features for Event Detection Using Few Exemplars.

Multimedia event detection (MED) is an emerging area of research. Previous work mainly focuses on simple event detection in sports and news videos, or abnormality detection in surveillance videos. In contrast, we focus on detecting more complicated and generic events that gain more users' interest, and we explore an effective solution for MED. Moreover, our solution only uses few positive examples since precisely labeled multimedia content is scarce in the real world. As the information from these few positive examples is limited, we propose using knowledge adaptation to facilitate event detection. Different from the state of the art, our algorithm is able to adapt knowledge from another source for MED even if the features of the source and the target are partially different, but overlapping. Avoiding the requirement that the two domains are consistent in feature types is desirable as data collection platforms change or augment their capabilities and we should be able to respond to this with little or no effort. We perform extensive experiments on real-world multimedia archives consisting of several challenging events. The results show that our approach outperforms several other state-of-the-art detection algorithms.

Using iconic cues to recover from fixation on tablet devices in the cockpit

Tablet devices are increasingly used as electronic flight bags in general aviation. However, there are risks associated with the use of such devices in the aviation context, particularly if the pilot becomes fixated and loses situation awareness. The present study investigated the effectiveness of presenting iconic cues and generic icons on a tablet device interface as a means of reengaging pilots with aircraft flight systems following a failure. The results indicated that the participants were faster to respond to simulated aircraft failures when icons were associated with the cause of the failure, and slower when they were associated with a related aircraft indicator or with a generic event. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Performance Evaluation of Complex Decentralized and Centralized Multi-Echelon Distribution Supply Chain

In this paper, we consider a multi-echelon multi-products distribution system, made up of a single supplier, and multiple distributors, wholesalers and retailers. Each participant places its orders to the upstream (previous) node according to a continuous review policy. To be in the real complexity of this system, we have presented demand, lead time and capacity as stochastic variables. In a multi-echelon distribution system, several decision centers interact to keep up the performance of this system. In this context, there are two control system architectures whereas each one differs from another to afford to the supply chain a better ability to meet the customers’ demand, namely, the centralized and the decentralized architecture. We first develop a generic discrete event simulator, which can be used as a support for simulation of both centralized and decentralized control system. Subsequently, the results of our model provide a performance analysis based on comparing local and global decision making.

Key thermal events during pyrolysis and CO2-gasification of selected combustible solid wastes in a thermogravimetric analyser

Key characteristic thermal events during the pyrolysis and CO2-gasification of six representative combustible solid wastes (CSWs), namely, poplar, paper, polyethylene (PE), rubber, dacron and rice, were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in order to observe and contrast the thermal behaviour of these materials during pyrolysis and gasification and as a means to reveal their thermal conversion mechanisms. The TGA experiments were carried out in N2 and CO2 atmospheres, respectively, and from room temperature to 1193K at various heating rates ranging from 5 to 30Kmin−1. Three generic characteristic thermal events, namely, pyrolysis of the raw CSW (stage I), gasification of the char of incomplete carbonisation (stage II), and gasification of the fixed carbon (stage III), were identified during the CO2 gasification processes. It was observed that the poplar and paper samples went through all the three key events, however, the PE and rice samples only incurred stage I, while the rubber and dacron samples only showed the stages I and III events. In addition, the pyrolysis process (stage I) of all six CSW samples during the CO2-gasification was similar to that in N2 but, as expected, the reaction was shifted to occur at slightly higher temperatures in CO2. The activation energy of the CO2-gasification reactions in the different stages of conversion was estimated from the TGA data using the Friedman iso-conversional method. The activation energy for the pyrolysis of poplar, PE and dacron remained relatively constant while that for paper, rice and rubber increased with increasing the degree of conversion in stage I.

Recommendations for recognizing video events by concept vocabularies

Representing videos using vocabularies composed of concept detectors appears promising for generic event recognition. While many have recently shown the benefits of concept vocabularies for recognition, studying the characteristics of a universal concept vocabulary suited for representing events is ignored. In this paper, we study how to create an effective vocabulary for arbitrary-event recognition in web video. We consider five research questions related to the number, the type, the specificity, the quality and the normalization of the detectors in concept vocabularies. A rigorous experimental protocol using a pool of 1346 concept detectors trained on publicly available annotations, two large arbitrary web video datasets and a common event recognition pipeline allow us to analyze the performance of various concept vocabulary definitions. From the analysis we arrive at the recommendation that for effective event recognition the concept vocabulary should (i) contain more than 200 concepts, (ii) be diverse by covering object, action, scene, people, animal and attribute concepts, (iii) include both general and specific concepts, (iv) increase the number of concepts rather than improve the quality of the individual detectors, and (v) contain detectors that are appropriately normalized. We consider the recommendations for recognizing video events by concept vocabularies the most important contribution of the paper, as they provide guidelines for future work.

Poster #S259 FFM PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ADULT ATTACHMENT STYLES IN PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS, THEIR SIBLINGS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS

Life events play a central role in the development of psychiatric disorders and impact course and outcome. We present a systematic review of the literature on the relationship of life events with the onset and long-term course of schizoaffective disorder.MEDLINE was searched with the combination of the key words: ‘life events’ plus ‘schizoaffective’. The PRISMA method was followed in the review process.From the identified 66 papers only 12 were considered to be of relevance to the current study and 6 more papers were identified by inspecting the reference lists of the identified papers.There are very few studies focusing on the role of life events in schizoaffective disorder indicating insufficient data concerning the relationship of life events with onset and long-term course of schizoaffective disorder. Reported effects are not generic but concern specific events like the loss of mother, and females seem to be more vulnerable. Patients with schizoaffective disorder manifest high rates of PTSD.The literature on life events with the development and course of schizoaffective disorder is limited and precludes solid conclusions.

Analog and digital codes in the brain.

It has long been debated whether information in the brain is coded at the rate of neuronal spiking or at the precise timing of single spikes. Although this issue is essential to the understanding of neural signal processing, it is not easily resolved because the two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. We suggest revising this coding issue so that one hypothesis is uniquely selected for a given spike train. To this end, we decide whether the spike train is likely to transmit a continuously varying analog signal or switching between active and inactive states. The coding hypothesis is selected by comparing the likelihood estimates yielded by empirical Bayes and hidden Markov models on individual data. The analysis method is applicable to generic event sequences, such as earthquakes, machine noises, and human communications, and enhances the gain in decoding signals and infers underlying activities.

Mitigating Arc Flashes Using IEC 61850: Examining a Case at a Chemical and Refining Facility

This article describes the design, testing, and commissioning of modified low-voltage switchgear located in a major chemical and refining complex. The intent of the redesign was to significantly reduce the incident energy at the line and bus side of the low-voltage lineups. The company mandated that the incident energy should be reduced to Category 3 (25 cal/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> or lower) at the low-voltage line side of the main breakers and to Category 2 (8 cal/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> or lower) at the bus or load side of the low-voltage main breakers. To achieve the reduction of incident energy, new relaying schemes used arc-flash sensors and high-speed Ethernet networks with generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE) messaging to send protection and metering information to upstream relays. This article describes the efforts to modify the equipment, the demonstration tests to show that the protection scheme worked as expected, and the system commissioning.

Using GOOSE Messages in a Main–Tie–Main Scheme

Main-tie-main (MTM) transfer schemes increase reliability in a power system by switching a load bus to a secondary power source when power interruption occurs on the primary source. Traditionally, the large number of physical I/O lines required makes MTM schemes expensive to design and implement. Using Ethernet-based IEC 61850, these hardwired I/O lines can be removed and replaced with generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages. Adjustment of the scheme for optimal performance is done via software that saves redesign and rewiring times. Special attention is paid to change-of-state GOOSE only; no analog GOOSE messages are used, making the scheme fast and easy to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot. Applications such as fast motor-bus transfer are discussed with synchronization remaining at each breaker relay. Simulation test results recorded GOOSE message latencies on a system configured for an MTM scheme. This paper presents the details of open and closed manual and automatic transfers.

Unified Model for Synthesis and Optimization of Discrete Event and Hybrid Systems

A recently proposed generic discrete event model is further developed and exemplified in this paper. Since every transition is expressed as a predicate on the current and next values of a set of variables, the model is called Predicate Transition Model (PTM). It is briefly illustrated how a number of well known discrete-event models, including automata and Petri nets extended with shared variables, can be formulated and synthesized in the PTM framework. More specifically modular Petri nets with shared variables (PNSVs) are shown to be significantly more readable compared to ordinary Petri nets. PTMs are also naturally extended to hybrid systems, and finally it is shown how easy and efficiently PNSVs can be optimized concerning performance based on Constraint Programming. To summarize, the proposed modeling framework unifies and simplifies both synthesis, optimization and implementation of discrete event systems.

Event detection by feature unpredictability in phase-contrast videos of cell cultures.

In this work we propose a novel framework for generic event monitoring in live cell culture videos, built on the assumption that unpredictable observations should correspond to biological events. We use a small set of event-free data to train a multioutput multikernel Gaussian process model that operates as an event predictor by performing autoregression on a bank of heterogeneous features extracted from consecutive frames of a video sequence. We show that the prediction error of this model can be used as a probability measure of the presence of relevant events, that can enable users to perform further analysis or monitoring of large-scale non-annotated data. We validate our approach in two phase-contrast sequence data sets containing mitosis and apoptosis events: a new private dataset of human bone cancer (osteosarcoma) cells and a benchmark dataset of stem cells.

Multimedia Event Detection Using A Classifier-Specific Intermediate Representation

Multimedia event detection (MED) plays an important role in many applications such as video indexing and retrieval. Current event detection works mainly focus on sports and news event detection or abnormality detection in surveillance videos. Differently, our research aims to detect more complicated and generic events within a longer video sequence. In the past, researchers have proposed using intermediate concept classifiers with concept lexica to help understand the videos. Yet it is difficult to judge how many and what concepts would be sufficient for the particular video analysis task. Additionally, obtaining robust semantic concept classifiers requires a large number of positive training examples, which in turn has high human annotation cost. In this paper, we propose an approach that exploits the external concepts-based videos and event-based videos simultaneously to learn an intermediate representation from video features. Our algorithm integrates the classifier inference and latent intermediate representation into a joint framework. The joint optimization of the intermediate representation and the classifier makes them mutually beneficial and reciprocal. Effectively, the intermediate representation and the classifier are tightly correlated. The classifier dependent intermediate representation not only accurately reflects the task semantics but is also more suitable for the specific classifier. Thus we have created a discriminative semantic analysis framework based on a tightly coupled intermediate representation. Extensive experiments on multimedia event detection using real-world videos demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Seismic sources in seismo-acoustic propagation models

An important generating mechanism for received underwater acoustic and seismic signals are buried or earth-bound sources. Most underwater acoustic studies involve purely compressional sources in the water column. The more complicated case of a coupled shear and compressional seismic source in the sediment has recently been implemented in an elastic parabolic equation solution [Frank et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133]. In this talk, generic seismic sources including those giving shear field contributions, are contrasted in normal mode and parabolic equation solutions. Scenarios considered are for an elastic-bottom Pekeris waveguide and a canonical Arctic propagation scenario with an elastic ice cover over the ocean and an elastic basement. For the Arctic case, the source is allowed in either the ice cover or in the elastic bottom. Solutions are benchmarked for purely compressional and shear seismic sources, and their relation to the seismic moment tensor is discussed. The ultimate goal of these solutions is to allow for seismic sources capable of representing generic geophysical events.

A synchronized generic substation events tripping circuit monitor for electric substation applications

Summary Substation automation system consists of intelligent electronic devices, substation computer and a communication network between them. The network is used for control implementation, protection and monitoring tasks in substations. This paper presents a tripping circuit monitor (TCM) that accurately translates substation event information into a binary data representation using nonintrusive current transducers. The data are then transmitted using generic object oriented substation event message format, which is defined in the latest substation communication standard IEC 61850, onto local Ethernet network. The TCM is also capable of implementing either IEEE 1588–2002 or IEEE 1588–2008 standards to provide synchronized time stamp value for each translated binary data within sub-microsecond accuracy. The substation event data, which is captured by the TCM module, have a number of applications in current electric substations. The main application of the TCM device is to provide a communication interface between electromechanical relays and modern numerical intelligent electronic devices. Other possible applications include improving substation system-wide testing and enhancing substation topology processing in supervisory control and data acquisition systems. Test results that demonstrate the operation of the new TCM module are also presented in the paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Detailed Analysis of the Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event Message Structure in an IEC 61850 Standard-Based Substation Automation System

In order to implement an IEC 61850 communication system, there needs to be a complete understanding of the methods, tools and technologies associated with the communication network, protocol and messaging underpinning the services. The IEC 61850 standard allows for communication between devices within a substation where a peer-to-peer model for Generic Substation Events (GSE) services is used for fast and reliable communication between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). One of the messages associated with the GSE services is the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) message. A detailed analysis of the structure for the GOOSE message is required for fault diagnosis, or when developing hardware that is compliant with the IEC 61850 standard. This is one of the stated objectives of the Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management Systems (CSAEMS) in the training of prospective specialists and engineers. A case study is presented where the structure of the GOOSE message as described in IEC 61850-8-1 is confirmed using firstly simulation, then experimentation with actual IEDs. In the first instance the message structure is confirmed by simulation of the GOOSE message and capturing it using network protocol analyzer software, after which analysis of the packet frame is performed. Data encoding of the GOOSE Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is analyzed with emphasis on the Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN. 1) Basic Encoding Rules (BER). The second part of the case study is conducted through experimentation with IEDs which are used to generate a GOOSE message and network protocol analyzer software is used to analyze the structure. Both the simulation and practical experimentation with actual devices confirm the GOOSE message structure as specified in part 8-1 of the IEC 61850 standard.