Generic Characters Research Articles

Stochastic Energetics and Thermodynamics at Small Scales

At very small scales, thermodynamic energy exchanges like work and heat become comparable to the thermal energy of the system, which leads to unusual phenomena like the transient violations of the second law. We explore the generic characters of such systems using the framework of stochastic thermodynamics and provide a preliminary overview of the basic concepts. Here, we have attempted to put into simple terms some actively pursued topics like the arrow of time, effect of information gain on second law, explanation of the origin of life using Crooks theorem, and the thermodynamic uncertainty relations.

EmCallivelia/em, a new genus for certain Neotropical Veliinae (Heteroptera: Veliidae), including description of a new species.

The new genus Callivelia is proposed to hold three Neotropical species previously held within Paravelia: type-species Callivelia conata (Hungerford), Callivelia taipiensis (Cheesman) and Callivelia bipunctata (Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen Melo). Paravelia virtutis (Drake Harris) 1935 is synonymized under Callivelia taipiensis (Cheesman) 1926. In addition, a new species, C. anomala, is described from the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Additional distributional records are provided for the three previously described species treated, including the first country record for C. bipunctata in Paraguay. A key to the species of Callivelia is provided, accompanied by color habitus photographs for all three species, and additional photographs of key generic characters.

Characterization and delineation of two infraspecific taxa of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill: The leaf architecture approach

Abstract. Antonio MA, Buot Jr. IE. 2021. Characterization and delineation of two infraspecific taxa of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill: The leaf architecture approach. Biodiversitas 22: 1783-1789. The current taxonomic treatment for the wild and cultivated species of Dioscorea esculenta Lour. (Burkill) presented them as two different varieties. However, there are confusions among botanists and farmers. So, leaf architecture analysis was done to investigate whether leaf architecture data would support their current taxonomic treatment. The varieties showed variability in several characteristics indicating their distinct identity from each other. Based on general leaf characters, they differ in all the parameters observed. But on venation characters, evident variation was seen only on the number of basal veins and secondary vein angle of divergence. Nevertheless, the two varieties resemble each other in a number of characters, i.e. campylodromous primary veins, brochidodromous secondary veins, presence of intermarginal and intersecondary veins, admedially ramified tertiary veins, and well-developed areolation. Dendrogram generated from cluster analysis agrees with and supports above leaf architectural examination, suggesting the two varieties to be recognized as separate taxa. But the current taxonomic treatment naming them as var. spinosa and var. fasciculata seemed to have dragged the cultivated plant into the classification system generally used for wild plants. Thus, the proposed name for the cultivated plant is D. esculenta ‘fasciculata’ while that of the wild plant remains as D. esculenta var. spinosa.

A new Bradophila Marchenkov, 2002 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Bradophilidae) parasitic on a flabelligerid polychaete from the Chukchi Sea.

The cyclopoid copepod family Bradophilidae includes a few species of mesoparasitic copepods infecting flabelligerid polychaetes. It contains two species of Bradophila Levinsen, 1878, the type genus: B. pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 and B. minuta Boxshall, O'Reilly, Sikorski & Summerfield, 2019, both known from North Europe. Two other genera (i.e., Trophoniphila M'Intosh, 1885 and Flabellicola Gravier, 1918) have some affinities with this family including their host preference. Mesoparasitic copepods are highly specialized, morphologically reduced forms. Part of their body (endosoma) is partially lodged in the host body and the other part is external (ectosoma); both parts are connected by an intersomital stalk. Infection by these copepods can be readily detected by the presence of the egg-carrying ectosoma on the host external surface. From the analysis of flabelligerid polychaetes collected in 2012 from the Chukchi Sea, two ovigerous female individuals of a bradophilid copepod were recorded. These specimens were recognized as representative of an undescribed species of Bradophila. The new species, B. susanae n. sp., shows the generic diagnostic characters and differs from its two other known congeners in several respects, including the cuticular ectosomal ornamentation, body proportions, size of the intersomital stalk, position of the genital pore, and shape and arrangement of egg sacs. Also, the new species ectosomal size range (0.440 - 0.450 μm) falls between the size range of its two known congeners. Our finding expands the known host range of bradophilid copepods to include a new flabelligerid host, Bradabyssa nuda (Annenkova-Chlopina) from the Russsian Arctic region.

The oldest fossil record of the extant genus Berardius (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the Middle to Late Miocene boundary of the western North Pacific.

A new species of a beaked whale that belongs to the extant genus Berardius is described from the Middle to Late Miocene boundary age Tsurushi Formation (ca 12.3–11.5 Ma) on the Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. The new species, Berardius kobayashii sp. nov. represents the oldest record of this genus and provides a minimum age for the emergence of this extant genus. Berardius kobayashii sp. nov. has the following generic characters: the ratio between the width of the premaxillary crests and the width of the premaxillary sac fossae is 1.0–1.25, nodular frontals make isolated protuberance on the posterior part of the vertex. Among the species within the genus, B. kobayashii sp. nov. shares a unique character with B. minimus: the apices of the left and right hamular processes of the pterygoids contact medially, forming together a posteriorly directed medial point. In addition, B. kobayashii sp. nov. displays a unique combination of the following characters: it is extremely small in size, and the nasals are short, the ratio between the length of the medial suture of nasals on the vertex and the maximum width of nasals is less than 0.4. Berardius kobayashii sp. nov. fills the gap between the origin of the genus and later diversifications of the extant species. This discovery is also key to elucidate the process of the emergence and dispersal of the genus during the Middle to Late Miocene. Based on the distributional patterns of the fossil and extant species of the genus, the western North Pacific including the Sea of Japan may have been one of the areas for the evolution and radiation of this genus at the time before 11 Ma.

일제강점기 ‘二重言語’로 서술된 ‘童話’ 변용 고찰 -1910년~1920년대 조선총독부 편찬 <조선어>와 <일본어> 敎科書를 중심으로-

The Japanese language was the first language for Korean Children children during Japanese colonial occupation. Hangul was a second language because of the “bilingual” textbook.BR In the 1910s, the Korean Language Textbook was created to teach Korean and Chinese languages to Korean children at a time when the Japanese language was commercialized as an official Korean language. The textbook contains a version of the hung bu legend and The Old Man with the wen.BR In the 1920s, the Korean Language Textbook featured traditional fairy tales, Aesop’s fables, and the Simcheong legend.BR A large part of the Japanese language textbook had popular Japanese traditional folktales, such as Momotaro and Flower Grandfather.BR According to the classification of the fairy tales described in the Korean, the 1910s genre took the following format: characters, general fairy tales, Aesop’s fables, traditional tales, and myths, in that order. However, in the 1920s, the genre followed this orde: Aesop’s fables, general fairy tales, and characters.BR According to the classification of fairy tales described in Korean, the 1910s tales were characterized by the following in the order: general fairy tales, characters, folktales, and Aesop

Identification of mahogany sliced veneer using handheld near-infrared spectroscopy device and multivariate data analysis

Abstract The illegal logging of valuable tree species is mainly motivated by a global market that consumes logs, lumber, veneers, and furniture. The use of objective techniques to identify species and the effects of international initiatives such as CITES rules contributes to controlling trade, exploitation, and smuggling of these products. The anatomical identification of wood veneers is limited due to the loss of several anatomical characters in the production process of the veneers. For this reason, we propose the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy technique associated with chemometric tools for the discrimination of wood veneer of woods with similar general characters: Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany), Carapa guianensis Aubl. (andiroba), Cedrela odorata L. (cedro), Micropholis venulosa Pierre (curupixá), and Hymenaea coubaril L. (jatobá) using a portable spectrometer.The development of the discrimination models was performed using the PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares for Discriminant Analysis) algorithm. The detection and subsequent exclusion of outliers were performed based on Hotelling T2, Q residuals, and errors in estimating class values. The PLS-DA models showed an efficiency between 96.5% and 100% in the samples’ discrimination among the five forest species. In conclusion, the portable NIRS technology and the PLS-DA models were suitable for the rapid identification and discrimination of the wood veneers.

Experimental evidence for Zeeman spin\u2013orbit coupling in layered antiferromagnetic conductors

Most of solid-state spin physics arising from spin–orbit coupling, from fundamental phenomena to industrial applications, relies on symmetry-protected degeneracies. So does the Zeeman spin–orbit coupling, expected to manifest itself in a wide range of antiferromagnetic conductors. Yet, experimental proof of this phenomenon has been lacking. Here we demonstrate that the Néel state of the layered organic superconductor κ-(BETS)2FeBr4 shows no spin modulation of the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, contrary to its paramagnetic state. This is unambiguous evidence for the spin degeneracy of Landau levels, a direct manifestation of the Zeeman spin–orbit coupling. Likewise, we show that spin modulation is absent in electron-doped Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4, which evidences the presence of Néel order in this cuprate superconductor even at optimal doping. Obtained on two very different materials, our results demonstrate the generic character of the Zeeman spin–orbit coupling.

Biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of a Guineo-Congolian bushcricket tribe: Revision of the genera Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893 and Poreuomena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878, with the description of new species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae)

The genera Cestromoecha and Poreuomena of the tribe Poreuomenini in Phaneropterinae are revised and new generic characters are given for both genera, and six new species are described in Poreuomena. The newly described species are P. biaculeatasp. nov., P. ealasp. nov., P. gracilicercatasp. nov., P. ivorianasp. nov., P. matthaeisp. nov., and P. tshuapasp. nov. Based on characters defining the two genera, three species so far listed under Cestromoecha are transferred to Poreuomena: P. crassipes Karsch, 1890, P. laeglae (Massa, 2015), and P. magnicerca (Massa, 2013). One species of Cestromoecha, C. mundamensis Karsch, 1896, is synonymised with C. tenuipes (Karsch, 1890) since no morphological differences were detected between the type specimens. Thus, two species remain with Cestromoecha, and Poreuomena now contains 16 species. Morphological closely-related species of Poreuomena suggest rapid speciation in the Congo Basin due to several expansions and shrinkages of the Guineo-Congolian forest belt since the Oligocene. At least two different morphological lineages are discernible. On the other hand the genus Cestromoecha Karsch, 1893 is a species-poor taxon.

Comparative study in character education management models in Indonesia and India

The purpose of this research is to find out: 1) Character education management models in Indonesia and India: Comparative Study at UNY and LR DAV College Jagraon India, 2) effectiveness of Character education management models in Indonesia and India: Comparative Study at UNY and LR DAV College Jagraon India. The method of this research was qualitative research and used a comparative study design approach. This research's most appropriate strategy was embedded research (stuck research) because the research has been planned in detail in the proposal before the researchers plunged into the field. The steps used were: 1) collecting source through multi-technique); 2) reducing data to simplify and categorizing data; 3) presenting data in the form of qualitative description; 4) drawing conclusions and 5) preparing research reports and formulating recommendations comparison research results. The research results show that the character education management model in Indonesia and India is almost the same. Whereas in Indonesia, it focuses more on religious and general characters, it is more on developing religious character in India. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of character education from Indonesia and India has been achieved by shaping students' character and other components, both for lecturers and education staff. Meanwhile, in India, public awareness and educators of the importance of education.

The attitude and prevalence of patient noncompliance toward chronic disease medications in Saudi Arabia.

Background:Failure of patients' adherence to medications has been a big issue for both physicians and patients; not only it does affect the patients' health but also it affects the financial status of the hospital and the patient.Objective:This investigation aims to explore the prevalence and the factors affecting the compliance of patients with chronic conditions to their medications.Materials and Methods:An online survey was distributed to patients who had chronic conditions and lived in the main cities of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included sections about the patients' general characters, type of chronic disease, the pattern of prescribed medications' usage, and factors affecting compliance of patients toward their medications. Data was collected in a predesigned excel sheet, and analysis was executed through SPSS program version 26.Results:301 patients responded to this questionnaire. The lowest incidence of missing pills was among patients with heart failure, followed by chronic kidney disease, whereas the highest frequency of missing pills was among patients with vitamin D deficiency, followed by hyperlipidemia. 38.5% of the patients used mobile applications as reminders for the administration of their medications. 50% of the patients who use reminders take more than four pills a day. 48.2% of the patients stopped medications without consulting their doctors, where 20.9% stopped one medication for less than a month. 57.5% forgot to take drug doses in a year, with a mean of 8.55 ± 26.3 forgotten doses. Females, patients aging between 31 and 45 years old, obese, married, illiterate, self-employed, those who follow with military hospitals, exercising regularly, and ex-smoker all showed a higher incidence of noncompliance to medications. The main reason for noncompliance was forgetfulness in 60% of patients. 63.2% of the patients did not have a GP to help them with medications compliance.Conclusion:The compliance of Saudi patients toward their chronic medications requires improvement. Similar studies in other areas in Saudi Arabia are recommended.

The Process Genre: Cinema and the Aesthetic of Labor by Salomé Aguilera Skvirsky

Reviewed by: The Process Genre: Cinema and the Aesthetic of Labor by Salomé Aguilera Skvirsky Juan Llamas-Rodriguez (bio) The Process Genre: Cinema and the Aesthetic of Labor by Salomé Aguilera Skvirsky. Duke University Press. 2020. 336 pages. $104.95 hardcover; $28.95 paper; also available in e-book. Salomé Aguilera Skvirsky begins her absorptive and accomplished monograph by describing in detail exemplary sequences from a range of different films that illustrate the key characteristics of what she calls the process genre. From A Visit to Peek Frean and Co.’s Biscuit Works (Cricks and Sharp, 1906) to El Velador (The Night Watchman, Natalia Almada, 2011), the variety and abundance of examples in this early section of the book reveal both the aims and ambition of Skvirsky’s project: to theorize a “phenomenon with which we are all familiar but that does not have a name.”1 She coins the term process genre to describe films that organize the representation of processes (usually production processes) into sequentially ordered series of steps. For Skvirsky, it is a ciné-genre since it achieves its fullest expression in moving image media by utilizing the medium’s “constitutive capacity to visually and analytically decompose movement and to curate its recomposition.”2 The process genre is also “a genre of modernity” insofar as its method for representing a way of doing something functions simultaneously “as an index of a mode of production” and “of the status and character of a people or civilization.”3 The process genre’s robust cultural life in the present, the author argues, marks a renewed anxiety and uncertainty about the conditions of human life in light of today’s significant changes in the organization and management of [End Page 200] production.4 In the process genre’s methodical representations of technique, Skvirsky finds a humanistic genre that commands fascination, glorifies labor, and allegorizes alternative national formations. The first two chapters of the book define what the process genre is, first extrinsically and then intrinsically. Chapter 1, “The Process Film in Context,” situates the ciné-genre within a longer tradition of processual syntax present in forms such as live demonstrations of crafts and pictorial instructions. Processual representation’s stability of form, the author contends, accounts for its persistence across multiple centuries and for a variety of functions. The chapter also differentiates the process genre from established categories of film analysis, including the industrial, educational, and ethnographic film. Skvirsky argues not only for considering the process genre as separate from these other types of films but also against subsuming the genre in a subdivision of these types. The process genre must be thought of as separate lest our theorization fails to seriously consider the genre’s anti-instrumentalist ethos as part of its distinctive politics. Chapter 2, “On Being Absorbed in Work,” analyzes the formal elements of the process genre’s most notable phenomenological aspect: its mesmerizing sense of absorption. Skvirsky establishes that the genre’s appeal cannot be reduced to an “operational aesthetic”— that is, the pleasure in understanding how things work— nor to a basic fascination with watching movement. Rather, it is the process film’s overarching narrative structures that drive its signature sense of absorption. The process film lies in the tension between the generic and the singular; though devised as a how-to, or a general protocol of a kind, the genre’s reliance on film’s indexicality means that each representation of a process is still unique, still a record of an unrepeatable past moment. By analyzing the famous “How People Make Crayons” segment of Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood (NET, 1968– 1970; PBS, 1971–2001), Skvirsky argues that the generic character of processual representation indeed holds the key to its absorptiveness. She then proposes three expositional discursive structures that the process film may deploy: surprise, suspense, or curiosity. Close readings of The Unstable Object (Daniel Eisenberg, 2011) and A Man Escaped (Robert Bresson, 1956) offer representative examples of these three discursive structures and how they can interact within a film. The author concludes by affirming the importance of narrative closure for the process genre. The spectator must realize that the narrative has answered all their lingering questions— that...

Re-evaluation of Preclarocarcinus parvus Schweitzer, Feldmann, Ćosović, Ross & Waugh, 2009 (Decapoda, Homolodromioidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Santonian–lower Campanian) of Vancouver Island, British Columbia

The monotypic genus Preclarocarcinus Schweitzer, Feldmann, Ćosović, Ross & Waugh, 2009, was described based upon the species P. parvus Schweitzer, Feldmann, Ćosović, Ross & Waugh, 2009 from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) of Vancouver Island. Preclarocarci- nus parvus was based on a single specimen with the front only partially preserved. Preclarocarcinus parvus was based on a single specimen with the front only partially preserved. The recent discovery, from the lower Campanian, of two complete specimens of the species which preserve the frontal region allows a re- evaluation of the type species in order to better establish its generic characters. Finally, we revise the age of the type locality of P. parvus, the genotype species, from Campanian to late Santonian. The genus Preclarocarcinus thus has an overall age range from late Santonian to early Campanian.

Un nuevo género de Apioninae de Guyana basado en un tipo de Fabricius (Coleoptera, Brentidae)

Se describe un nuevo género Pnoia gen. nov. basándose en el único sintipo conocido de Attelabus femoralis Fabricius, 1801, de Guyana. Este único sintipo se designa como lectotipo. Se propone la nueva combinación Pnoia femoralis y, además, Pnoia latipes (Sharp, 1891), comb. nov. se propone para Apion latipes. Se discuten los caracteres del nuevo género y se sitúa en la subtribu Piezotrachelina.

A new species of glass sponge (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora: Uncinateridae) from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

In this article we report on a hexactinellid sponge new to science, Tretopleura weijicus sp. nov., which was collected from the Weijia Seamount in the northwestern Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1995 m. Its blade-like and branching body form, the primary choanosomal framework consisting of multiaxial longitudinal strands without synapticula, and the presence of sceptrules suggest placement within the family Uncinateridae Reiswig, 2002, which is also supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence from COI and 16S sequences. The absence of swollen dermal spurs or regular pentactins and the presence of two types of discohexasters characterize it as a new species. More specimens should be collected to revise the generic characters.

A New Genus of Oak Gallwasp, Heocynips Fang, Nieves-Aldrey, and Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), from China

The known species richness of oak gallwasps in Asia has increased tremendously in the past decade. However, the vast majority of taxa have been described from the east coast of Asia, and knowledge of oak gallwasps from Central Asia is still scant. Here we use molecular and morphological characters to describe a new genus of cynipid oak gallwasp, Heocynips Fang, Nieves-Aldrey, and Melika, new genus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), and a new species Heocynips furvoaurantius Tang, Nicholls, and Stone, new species from Emeishan, Sichuan Province, China. We present diagnostic characters for the new genus, including adult morphology and DNA sequence data, and provide biological information on host plant association, gall morphology and developmental phenology for the new species.

Molecular and Biological Properties of Snakins: The Foremost Cysteine-Rich Plant Host Defense Peptides.

Plant host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are regarded as one of the most prevalent barriers elaborated by plants to combat various infective agents. Among the multiple classes of HDPs, the Snakin class attracts special concern, as they carry 12 cysteine residues, being the foremost cysteine-rich peptides of the plant HDPs. Also, their cysteines are present at very highly conserved positions and arranged in an extremely similar way among different members. Like other plant HDPs, Snakins have been shown to exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. Moreover, they display diversified biological activities in many aspects of plant growth and the development process. This review is devoted to present the general characters of the Snakin class of plant HDPs, as well as the individual features of different Snakin family members. Specifically, the sequence properties, spatial structures, distributions, expression patterns and biological activities of Snakins are described. In addition, further detailed classification of the Snakin family members, along with their possible mode of action and potential applications in the field of agronomy and pathology are discussed.

Revision of the whitefly genus, Asterochiton Maskell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from New Zealand, a study of intraspecific variation.

All the specimens of Asterochiton species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on slides in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Auckland, were examined. The study reveals that the genus is currently restricted to New Zealand and is redescribed here. Obvious generic characters are the sub-elliptical to sub-circular puparium with distinct invaginations at the thoracic and caudal pores. Seven species are described: Asterochiton asteliae sp. n. from Astelia trinervia (Asteliaceae), and A. arboreae sp. n., A. areolatae sp. n., A. foetidissimae sp. n., A. propinqua sp. n., A. rhamnoidis sp. n., and A. rotundifoliae sp. n. from small-leaved Coprosma spp. (Rubiaceae). There are now 12 named species of Asterochiton, but the Brazilian species, Asterochiton auricolor (Bondar, 1923), does not belong in the genus. Details of minute setae, previously overlooked in described species, are provided. The setae length was found to vary at specific positions. Two species infesting three species of Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae) were observed having long and short setae on the abdomen, sometimes varying within a population from a single tree/host. Asterochiton pittospori Dumbleton is therefore synonymized with A. simplex. Additionally, the location of some setae varied on the subdorsal/submarginal area within a puparium. Chaetotaxy for Asterochiton species is proposed. A key to the puparia of Asterochiton species is provided.

A reappraisal of Paleozoic horseshoe crabs from Russia and Ukraine.

Xiphosura are extant marine chelicerates that have displayed apparent morphological conservatism and remarkable survivorship across their ~ 480 Ma fossil record. The easily recognisable features that are known to even the earliest xiphosurans-a crescentic prosoma and often trapezoidal thoracetron (opisthosoma)-have generated debate surrounding their origins and taxonomic significance. This interest resulted in the description of numerous horseshoe crab species during the early to mid-twentieth century, particularly in Russia, that have remained unrevised since their original publications and unconsidered in the light of recent phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we re-examine the non-belinurid taxa housed within the Chernyshev Central Museum for Geological Exploration in Saint Petersburg. We present the first formal diagnosis of Bellinuroopsis rossicus, erect Shpineviolimulus jakovlevi (Glushenko and Ivanov, 1961) comb. nov., to contain the species formerly described as 'Paleolimulus' jakovlevi and refer Paleolimulus juresanensis to Paleolimulidae incertae sedis. Phylogenetic analysis places S. jakovlevi at the base of Limulina. This position, coupled with a prosomal shield that is notably larger than the thoracetron, and lack of hypertrophied genal spines, suggests that this morphology may represent the ancestral austrolimulid shape. As an extension of this revision, we assessed the general austrolimulid morphological characters and uncovered two possible groups of these bizarre xiphosurids.

The distribution of soil morphological characteristics for landslide-impacted Sumbing Volcano, Central Java - Indonesia

Landslides are the second biggest natural disasters in Indonesia, occurring mostly in volcanic area with thick and clay rich soils. Examining the changes of land surface and soil morphology brought about by a particular landslide is usually the first step required for vegetative rehabilitation. Most examinations to date, however, have been based on general characters rather than on soil morphology, including physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, which are usually locally specific. This study investigates the morphological characteristics of soil in a landslide-prone slope region of Sumbing Volcano, in Central Java Province of Indonesia. The field investigations are conducted at three landslides sites. It starts with interpreting small format areal-photographs which have been geo-corrected, followed by the delineation of landslide zones (i.e. crowns, main scarps, heads, bodies and toes) based on morphological analysis of the landslide sites. Finally, identification of morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in each of the landslide zones are conducted in the field, along with laboratory tests. The results demonstrate that soil morphology is unique for each of the landslide zones. The characters of the undisturbed soil, as indicated by well-defined genetic horizons, are found in the crown zones. Outcrop of high clay content soil material layers are seen in the main scarp zones. Meanwhile pedoturbation processes are evident in the zone of bodies and toes, suggesting that the soil is prone for erosion. If natural erosions in these zones are not controlled and/or unmitigated, the situation will trigger landslide reactivations. We suggest that in studying landslide, one also considers the characters of soil morphology, as this additional information provides a more complete understanding of both land surface morphology and soil morphology to inform landslide vegetative rehabilitation.