Generic Categories Research Articles

Prioritizing healthcare distance simulation educators’ technological competence: descriptive analysis of qualitative interviews

Since the beginning of the pandemic, the community spread of COVID-19 and the unavailability of clinical instructional sites led to heavy dependence on distance simulation to continue health professions education. The challenges faced by educators, combined with the lack of established parameters to prepare simulationists for distance simulation, prompted scholars to find a solution to fill this gap. In the absence of practical guidelines or parameters for healthcare educators to use emerging simulation technologies, this study explored the technological competencies of an ideal distance simulation educator at the basic and advanced level in light of the proposed Distance Simulation Educator Guidelines v3.0 (DSEG). This qualitative descriptive study used deductive content analysis of interviews with distance simulation experts using the DSEG as a codebook for deductive analysis. Nine experts with a diverse healthcare professions background and distance simulation experience were interviewed. The identified main categories included a dual set of competencies, technological and non-technological. The non-technological competencies included professional values and applied principles of simulation and learning. Eight generic categories (competencies of the DSEG) emerged for basic- and advanced-level educators. Although several key findings were expected, this descriptive analysis study prioritized the competencies of basic- and advanced-level distance simulation educators. It also provided insight into how the DSEG could be applied in the real world. Further research is recommended for these preliminary findings.

In situ simulation-based team training and its significance for transfer of learning to clinical practice—A qualitative focus group interview study of anaesthesia personnel

BackgroundAnaesthesia personnel are an integral part of an interprofessional operating room-team; hence, team-based training in non-technical skills (NTS) are important in preventing adverse events. Quite a few studies have been done on interprofessional in situ simulation-based team training (SBTT). However, research on anaesthesia personnel’s experiences and the significance for transfer of learning to clinical practice is limited. The aim of this study is to explore anaesthesia personnel’s experience from interprofessional in situ SBTT in NTS and its significance for transfer of learning to clinical practice.MethodsFollow-up focus group interviews with anaesthesia personnel, who had taken part in interprofessional in situ SBTT were conducted. A qualitative inductive content analysis was performed.ResultsAnaesthesia personnel experienced that interprofessional in situ SBTT motivated transfer of learning and provided the opportunity to be aware of own practice regarding NTS and teamwork. One main category, ‘interprofessional in situ SBTT as a contributor to enhance anaesthesia practice’ and three generic categories, ‘interprofessional in situ SBTT motivates learning and improves NTS’, ‘realism in SBTT is important for learning outcome’, and ‘SBTT increases the awareness of teamwork’ illustrated their experiences.ConclusionsParticipants in the interprofessional in situ SBTT gained experiences in coping with emotions and demanding situations, which could be significant for transfer of learning essential for clinical practice. Herein communication and decision-making were highlighted as important learning objectives. Furthermore, participants emphasized the importance of realism and fidelity and debriefing in the learning design.

THE HETEROGENEITY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY AS A FACTOR IN THE SYSTEMATIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION

The article examines the question of the concept of business activity. It is concluded that this conceptcovers various types of human activity that cannot be reduced to entrepreneurship. The category «businessactivity» is not used in the Russian civil legislation, which is its significant drawback. In general, jurisprudencepays little attention to this generic category. In this regard, the main type of this activity is not fullyunderstood — entrepreneurial activity. There is no clarity as to the whole variety of business activity;there is no criterion in the legislation that allows in law enforcement practice to confidently distinguishentrepreneurship from other types of business activity. Based on the analysis of domestic pre-revolutionaryliterature on commercial law and modern foreign trade codifications, proposals were made to improveRussian legislation. In particular, it is proposed to distinguish between entrepreneurial and other types ofactivities according to such a criterion as the professional implementation of activities.

Health care professionals’ experiences of supporting persons with metabolic risk factors to increase their physical activity level – a qualitative study in primary care

Objective To be regularly physically active is of major importance for the health of people with metabolic risk factors. Many of these persons are insufficiently active and in need of support. This study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators perceived by health care professionals’ within Swedish primary care in their work to support persons with metabolic risk factors to increase their physical activity. Design A qualitative design with focus group discussions was used. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis with a manifest, inductive approach. Setting Primary health care in five Swedish healthcare regions. Subjects Nine physiotherapists, ten physicians and five nurses participated in six digital focus group discussions including two to six participants. Results Barriers and facilitators to supporting persons with metabolic risk factors to increase their physical activity were found within four generic categories, where the barriers and facilitators related to each generic category: ‘Patient readiness for change’, ‘Supporting the process of change’, ‘The professional role’, and ‘The organisation of primary care’. Conclusion The findings suggests that barriers and facilitators for supporting patients with metabolic risk factors can be found at several levels within primary care, from individual patient and the health care professionals to the organisational level. In the primary care setting, this should be highlighted when implementing support to increase physical activity in people with metabolic risk factors. KEY POINTS Health care professionals within primary care are in a position to support people with metabolic risk factors to increase their physical activity. Barriers and facilitators to support the patients should be addressed at several levels within primary care. The study highlights factors on multiple levels such as professional responsibility, organisational prioritisation and resources, and the challenge to motivate behaviour change.

Close, but No Cigar

Close, but No Cigar

“What Do You Expect?”: A Qualitative Content Analysis Study to Explain the Expectations of the Families of Patients Undergoing Surgery

Background: Surgery is one of the most frequent healthcare events worldwide. Individuals have different expectations of surgery. As most adult patients have a family member beside them and the family presence is important, this study was aimed to explain the expectations of the families of patients undergoing surgery. Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using the conventional content analysis method. A purposive sample of the family members of patients undergoing surgery was recruited with maximum variation from hospitals in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. The sampling method was purposive sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data collection was continued until the categories were saturated. In total, 29 interviews were conducted with 25 family members, 3 nurses, and 1 surgeon. Results: Overall, 29 interviews were conducted. A total of 811 primary codes without overlap, 446 primary codes with overlap, 36 subcategories, and 11 generic categories were extracted. Finally, four main categories were obtained, named endless confusion, giving the family a share in care, exaggerated focus on obvious behaviors, and accepting the existence of the family. Conclusions: Families come apart at the seams. Their expectations and needs might not be met and are usually considered unimportant. They need to be seen, heard, considered, understood, and, most importantly, accepted by healthcare providers, especially nurses.

The symphony of open-heart surgical care: A mixed-methods study about interprofessional attitudes towards family involvement

ABSTRACT Purpose The overall aim of this study was to describe the attitudes towards family involvement in care held by nurses and medical doctors working in open-heart surgical care and the factors influencing these attitudes. Methods Mixed-methods convergent parallel design. A web-based survey was completed by nurses (n = 267) using the Families’ Importance in Nursing Care-Nurses Attitudes (FINC-NA) instrument and two open-ended questions, generating one quantitative and one qualitative dataset. Qualitative interviews with medical doctors (n = 20) were conducted in parallel, generating another qualitative dataset. Data were analysed separately according to each paradigm and then merged into mixed-methods concepts. Meta-inferences of these concepts were discussed. Results The nurses reported positive attitudes in general. The two qualitative datasets from nurses and medical doctors resulted in the identification of seven generic categories. The main mixed-methods finding was the attitude that the importance of family involvement in care depends on the situation. Conclusions The dependence of family involvement on the situation may be due to the patient’s and family’s unique needs. If professionals’ attitudes rather than the family’s needs and preferences determine how the family is involved, care runs the risk of being unequal.

Marking Time: Marshall's Search for Narrative Explanatory Coherence

Abstract It is well known that Marshall had great difficulty in organizing his work after the Principles. The promised second volume never came, and for the books that eventually were published, Industry and Trade (1919) and Money, Credit, and Commerce (1923), Marshall was at pains to find the right mode of expression for his research. In the introduction to the Principles, Marshall had explained his reliance on partial equilibrium analysis and, more generally, ceteris paribus reasoning as the natural method of the economist, for which his method of diagrams was an excellent fit. But already while working on his Principles Marshall had moved closer to economic history. In a letter of June 1879 to Jevons, he had praised Jevons's statistical work as an important step in “‘real’-ising” the abstract theories of economists, in which he promised to follow suit. However, while Jevons tried to flesh out mathematical relations that captured the economic causalities hidden in statistical data, Marshall started to explore a different strategy, a strategy that explains his criticism of “mathematico-statistics” and the waning away of his initial enthusiasm for the method of diagrams as an engine of discovery. Instead of relying on the ceteris paribus method, which would examine one causal factor at a time, Marshall searched for an approach that captured the causalities in the economy as an encompassing whole. A shorthand for this approach is his famous epigraph to Industry and Trade: “The many in the one, the one in the many.” Moving away from the opposition between abstract theory and economic facts, Marshall tried to develop a strategy that mediates between the generic categories of the economist and the specific events of history that are the domain of the economic historian. In contrast with the ceteris paribus strategy Marshall embraced in his Principles, in which an incomplete analysis is improved by adding causal factors, Marshall explored what this article calls a narrative strategy, in which he tried to work out how to integrate a manifold of heterogeneous causal factors into a unified whole, thus providing causal coherence to a complete chronology of events. The purpose of my contribution to this issue is to explore the development and substance of this narrative strategy. This article will use Jevons's and Marshall's different cartographies of time as an entry point to understand Marshall's narrative take on the causal explanation of the facts of history.

Orientalist representation of Iranian women in three American newspapers

Abstract This article explores three famous American newspapers as an attempt to find out how Iranian women are depicted in these three American newspapers. Three national newspapers (The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post) were consulted as authority to gain information about Iranian women. Two hundred and thirteen headlines about Iranian women were identified in these three newspapers published over a period of 10 years. Through qualitative corpus analysis, we noticed that Iranian women are represented with regard to five generic categories (patterns): Ethics and Dress Coding (EDC); Political Activism (PA); Political System (PS); Social Condition and Trends (SCT); and Praising Comments (PC). The patterns identified in these three newspapers regarding Iranian women indicate that material culture (physical aspect of culture) is highlighted by the American press when referring to Iranian women. The article also concludes that these three newspaper agencies manifest a pseudo-logical representation of Iranian women, which fails to acknowledge the dynamic life of Iranian women, and ignores local identities at the expense of globalization.

Nurse anesthetist students' experiences of peer learning in clinical education - A qualitative study.

As part of an interprofessional operating team, nurse anesthetists need to be skilled in collaboration, problem solving, attentiveness, independent decision-making and knowledge of anesthesiology nursing. Factors that are vital for nurse anesthetist students' future profession. The educational model peer learning, characterized by collaboration and learning through social interaction between individuals, may support nurse anesthetist students' development in such skills. The aim of the study was to explore nurse anesthetist students' perceptions of their experiences of peer learning as an educational model during their clinical education in a Swedish context. The approach was a qualitative descriptive design. Seven nurse anesthetist students from four different universities were interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed with content analysis. Three generic categories revealed a description of the phenomenon: Increased independence, Holistic view and Expansive learning process. A main category brought together the content of the generic categories and shows the overall finding of the study: Peer learning promotes nurse anesthetist students' personal and professional development. Peer learning as an educational model during nurse anesthetist students' clinical education might facilitate preparation for their coming profession.

Patients’ experiences regarding severe leg wound infection associated with coronary artery bypass grafting: A qualitative study

IntroductionCoronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most common cardiac surgery throughout the world. The most commonly used graft is the saphenous vein. Wound healing complications related to saphenous vein harvesting are common, with reported surgical site infection rates ranging from 2% to 20%. Surgical site infection can be long-lasting, and the wound healing can be difficult and also presumably troublesome for the patient. CABG patients’ experiences of severe infection in the harvesting site have not been studied before. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients’ experiences associated with acquiring a severe infection in the harvesting site after CABG. MethodA qualitative study with descriptive design was conducted at the department of vascular and cardiothoracic surgery in a Swedish university hospital from May to December 2018. Patients diagnosed with a severe surgical site infection in the harvesting site following CABG were included. Data from 16 face-to-face interviews were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis. ResultThe main category, varying impact on body and mind, was the core of the patients’ experiences of severe wound infection in the harvesting site after CABG. Two generic categories were identified: physical impact and thoughts about the complication. The patients described experiencing different degrees of pain, anxiety, and limitation in daily life. ConclusionThese findings indicate that a severe infection in the harvesting site after CABG was experienced as an important issue with varying impact. Overall, the participants experienced pain, anxiety, and limitations in daily life. However, most of them were satisfied with the outcome after the wound had healed. Patients should be advised to seek care at an early stage if symptoms of infection occur. Improved individual pain management is needed for those with severe pain, and varied experiences imply a need for person-centred care.

Some Aspects of Determining the Legal Status of Taxpayers Who Carries Out Independent Professional Activities

Problem setting. The issue of the legal status of taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity deserves special attention and has repeatedly been the subject of scientific research due to its ambiguous regulation in the Tax Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Collection and Accounting of a Single Contribution to mandatory state social insurance», judicial, law-enforcement and rule-making practices, as well as the views of scientists Analysis of recent researches and publications. Тhe following scientists paid attention to this issue O.O. Dmytryk, V.A. Ryadinska, L.V. Tovkun, N.A. Maryniv, O.O. Golovashevych, T.B. Vilchik, O.O. Jaburiya, N.M. Bakayanova and others. Target of the research is to characterize the legal status of taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity, to indicate the shortcomings of its legal regulation and ways to eliminate them. Article’s main body. The article analyzes aspects of determining the legal status of taxpayers who carries out independent professional activities. When determining the legal status of taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity, it is first of all necessary to take into account its legal regulation. At the same time, it is worth proceeding from general approaches to establishing the legal status of taxpayers. A systematic analysis of the norms of the Tax Code allows us to state that the concept of a taxpayer who conducts independent professional activity is specific to such a generic category as a self-employed person, so the legal status of such an entity acquires specificity, compared to the general legal status of a taxpayer. At the same time, the legislator designates special, specific types of activity, the receipt of income from which is subject to a different, than the usual, taxation procedure. As can be seen, this aspect once again emphasizes that the legal status of the designated persons as taxpayers has its own characteristics, compared to the general legal status of taxpayers. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The legal status of taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity through the prism of the elements of tax liability in the broadest sense. It was established that currently the Tax Code of Ukraine enshrines such a category of taxpayers as a self-employed person. The approach proposed by the legislator delineates the following types of entities: natural persons-entrepreneurs and natural persons engaged in independent professional activity. According to the norms of the PC of Ukraine, these two types of self-employed persons are currently marked as mutually exclusive. At the same time, the legislation provides for the possibility to be registered with the regulatory bodies for such subjects as an individual entrepreneur with a sign of independent professional activity. This indicates a contradictory normative regulation of the legal status of taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity. Attention is drawn to the fact that taxpayers engaged in independent professional activity as self-employed persons, fulfilling their tax obligations, are limited in their ability to choose a taxation system (general or special), unlike the second type of self-employed persons individual entrepreneurs. The specified two types of self-employed persons are not in an equal (unified) state, which discriminates against natural persons engaged in independent professional activity and indicates the need to improve the normative consolidation of the status of such subjects.

Associations between emotions expressed in internet news and subsequent emotional content on twitter

We report on the first investigation of large-scale temporal associations between emotions expressed in online news media and those expressed on social media (Twitter). This issue has received little attention in previous research, although the study of emotions expressed on social media has bloomed owing to its importance in the study of mental health at the population level. Relying on automatically emotion-coded data from almost 1 million online news articles on disease and the coronavirus and more than 6 million tweets, we examined such associations. We found that prior changes in generic emotional categories (positive and negative emotions) in the news on the topic of disease were associated with lagged changes in these categories in tweets. Discrete negative emotions did not robustly feature this pattern. Emotional categories coded in online news stories on the coronavirus generally featured weaker and more disparate lagged associations with emotional categories coded in subsequent tweets.

The Object of Anticorruption Criminological Security: Key Research Directions

Ensuring the protection of the person, the society and the state against corruption threats and dangers is one of the key directions of state policy in the sphere of corruption counteraction. Anticorruption activities require a fundamental scientific basis, the search for which has been ongoing in recent decades, while the potential of criminology for corruption counteraction is still being researched. The concept of anticorruption criminological security could act as an ideological basis for new systemic approaches to counteracting crimes of corruption because it incorporates the strategy of influencing not only the crimes of corruption, but also the objects of anticorruption criminological security. The latter are a new ideal object, the identification of relevant theoretical and methodological aspects whose research is crucial for developing the concept of anticorruption criminological security and ensuring anticorruption activities. A promising area for researching the object of anticorruption criminological security is studying its substantive content as well as determining its place in the existing system of scientific knowledge. Studying the contents of the object of anticorruption criminological security as a new criminological category made it possible to single out the objects of anticorruption criminological protection and the objects of anticorruption criminological defense. In turn, studying approaches to understanding the object of criminal law protection and the object of crime makes it possible to begin the research of the contents of the object of criminological protection that acts as a generic category for the object of anticorruption criminological protection. The conducted study allowed the authors to demonstrate the value of researching anticorruption criminological security and to outline the key vectors for the development of theoretical views on the object of anticorruption criminological security.

Spacetimes Categories and Disjointness for Algebraic Quantum Field Theory

An algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) may be expressed as a functor from a category of spacetimes to a category of algebras of observables. However, a generic category $\mathsf{C}$ whose objects admit interpretation as spacetimes is not necessarily viable as the domain of an AQFT functor; often, additional constraints on the morphisms of $\mathsf{C}$ must be imposed. We introduce disjointness relations, a generalisation of the orthogonality relations of Benini, Schenkel and Woike (arXiv:1709.08657). In any category $\mathsf{C}$ equipped with a disjointness relation, we identify a subcategory $\mathsf{D}_\mathsf{C}$ which is suitable as the domain of an AQFT. We verify that when $\mathsf{C}$ is the category of all globally hyperbolic spacetimes of dimension $d+1$ and all local isometries, equipped with the disjointness relation of spacelike separation, the specified subcategory $\mathsf{D}_\mathsf{C}$ is the commonly-used domain $\mathsf{Loc}_{d+1}$ of relativistic AQFTs. By identifying appropriate chiral disjointness relations, we construct a category $\chi\mathsf{Loc}$ suitable as domain for chiral conformal field theories (CFTs) in two dimensions. We compare this to an established AQFT formulation of chiral CFTs, and show that any chiral CFT expressed in the established formulation induces one defined on $\chi\mathsf{Loc}$.

Health as expanding consciousness: Change of psychological situation in nursing students.

This study aims to explore the mind of Chinese nursing students transitioning to online education in the pandemic using health as expanding consciousness (HEC) as methodology. A qualitative, descriptive study based on interviews. This qualitative study was conducted from September to November 2021 by students in the Guangzhou university of Chinese medicine. Thirteen participants were recruited using purposive sampling. A questionnaire containing two sections with demographic information, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)-10 was collected to explore the health of participants. A total of 13 participants were enrolled in the study (69% female). Students ranged in age between 19 and 24 years and the mean age was 22 years. All students lived with their families. Five participants (38%) had a master's degree in nursing, three (23%) were in fourth year of college, four (30%) were in third year of college and one (7%) was in their second year of college respectively. More than half of the participants had high levels of mental toughness and self-efficacy. Four generic categories were identified form a unitary-transformative paradigm perspective. The respondents reported three health pattern phases: Curriculum Transformation, Curriculum adaptation and Curriculum expansion. This research backs up Newman's hypothesis, and supports the theoretical framework. HEC explains well the psychology of nursing students during the epidemic. More research is needed in the future to develop comprehensive, targeted emotional regulation therapies for nursing students.

The Diversity Requirement; or, The Ambivalent Contingency of the Asian American Student Teacher

Abstract “The Diversity Requirement” takes on anti-neoliberal criticisms of the post-2008 US university as emblematized by quit lit, the essay genre in which tenure-track hopefuls announce that they are leaving academia, as deracinated yet totalizing theories that ignore how racism structures institutional contingency and academic precarity, even when the diversity requirement is a norm. This article responds by turning to the Asian American campus novel, a generic category not readily deployed because of the recurrence of universities in literary and lived model minority narratives. Taking Asian American institutional racialization as representative of the ambivalence that subtends contingency, “The Diversity Requirement” connects the author’s experience as contingent faculty and as staff of the campus diversity requirement to readings of Karen Tei Yamashita’s I Hotel (2010) and Weike Wang’s Chemistry: A Novel (2017) through the figure of the Asian American student teacher, the apt pupils within liberal whiteness who lack expertise or experience and yet are tasked with teaching responsibilities for diversity without full access to institutional power. In doing so, this article theorizes ambivalent contingency—a mitigated agency and constrained privilege from within institutional contingency that reflects contradicting intersections of power within and beyond the individual—as a strategy for surviving the institution without reproducing its logics of exclusion.

Perceived human factors from the perspective of paramedics – a qualitative interview study

BackgroundThe work environment in prehospital emergency medical care setting is dynamic and complex and includes many stressors. However, little is known about the perceived human factors from the perspective of paramedics. In this study, we investigated, from the perspective of paramedics, what are the human factors, and how are they linked to prehospital emergency medical care?MethodsData were collected through semi-structured interviews (n = 15) with Finnish paramedics. The material was analyzed using inductive content analysis.ResultsThree main categories of human factors were identified. The first main category consisted of factors related to work which were divided into two generic categories: “Challenging organizational work environment” and “Changing external work environment.” The second main category comprised factors related to paramedics themselves and were divided into three generic categories: “Issues linked to personality,” “Personal experiences”, and “Factors resulting from personal features.” The third main category described that paramedics have difficulties in understanding and describing human factors.ConclusionThis study revealed numerous factors that can affect paramedics’ work in the EMS setting. Increased knowledge about human factors in the EMS setting provides organizations with the opportunity to develop procedures that can support paramedics’ cognitive and physical work. Human factors in different situations can be addressed to improve occupational and patient safety.

Phylogenetic Analyses Support the Monophyly of the Genus Lispe Latreille (Diptera: Muscidae) with Insights into Intrageneric Relationships.

Lispe Latreille (Diptera: Muscidae) are a widespread group of predatory flies that inhabit semi-aquatic environments. Previous studies on this genus have mainly focused on morphological classification, so molecular data are entirely lacking, and there has been no attempt at a phylogenetic placement of the genus or the resolution of intragenic relationships. To address the phylogenetic placement of Lispe and to fill its gap in the Tree of Life Web Project, 58 Lispe spp. (covering 11 out of 13 acknowledged Lispe species groups) were selected to reconstruct a phylogeny using Maximum likelihood (ML) estimates, Maximum Parsimony (MP) analyses, and Bayesian inference (BI) based on two mitochondrial protein-coding genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COXI) and cytochrome b gene (CYTB)) and one nuclear gene (a fragment of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase region of the CAD gene). The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the monophyletic Lispe is the sister group of the monophyletic Limnophora, together forming the tribe Limnophorini under the subfamily Coenosiinae. Three generic categories are proven obsolete: Chaetolispa Malloch, Lispacoenosia Snyder, and Xenolispa Malloch. Within the genus, the validity of 11 species groups is clarified by both molecular and morphological data. This study provides a sound basis for continuing intergeneric and intrageneric research into this fascinating and widespread genus.

Subculture wars: The struggle for the vape industry.

Drawing on a 2-year study, I argue that the UK vape industry is engaged in a classificatory struggle between a subcultural industry and its "other", the mainstream industry. I build on Thornton's analysis of club culture to characterize the subcultural vape industry as a community of taste built round a masculine aesthetic and a commitment to authenticity and DIY practice. Its attachment to complex systems and masculine spaces risked excluding customers without specialist knowledge or interest. The mainstream industry included tobacco companies which promoted vaping as a complementary category to smoking, linking their own vaping products to historic meanings of the cigarette as a lifestyle product. This task was hampered by the toxic legacy of combusted tobacco and its increasing reversion to a generic category rather than a branded product. Finally, the success of the price-focused vaping industry has been largely overlooked, but suggests that for most consumers, electronic cigarettes are still a contrasting category to combusted tobacco and are purchased largely on price. I conclude that the exclusion of a feminized, classed "other" is a defining element of subcultural formation, itself an overwhelmingly male mechanism of group identity construction.