Voltage Generator Research Articles

ZETA Converter as a Voltage Stabilizer with Fuzzy Logic Controller Method in The Pico Hydro Power Plant

The development of the use of renewable energy that is environmentally friendly has been widely carried out, one of which is the use of energy as a turbine drive in the Pico Hydro Power Plant. The main problem in using energy, especially water energy, is the flow of water which can affect the flow of water used to rotate the turbine, so that the voltage on the DC link cannot be kept constant. Therefore, in this paper, we will design and simulate the charging process for a lead acid battery with a DC-DC converter and a Pico Hydro Power Plant as the main source. The type of generator used in the Pico Hydro Power Plant is a DC generator. The output voltage of the DC generator is still fluctuating, so to keep the output voltage constant, a DC-DC converter is needed, namely the ZETA Converter, so that its efficiency will be better when compared to using other types of converters. The ZETA converter with a DC generator as a source will be used for the battery charging process using the Fuzzy Logic Controller so that the output voltage of the ZETA converter can be kept stable or constant. The results obtained in the close loop simulation test are that the output voltage is constant at 14.4 V and the output current is 6.64 A so that it can be used for the battery charging process that will be used for household lighting.

State-of-Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Residual Convolutional Neural Networks.

State-of-charge (SOC) is a relative quantity that describes the ratio of the remaining capacity to the present maximum available capacity. Accurate SOC estimation is essential for a battery-management system. In addition to informing the user of the expected usage until the next recharge, it is crucial for improving the utilization efficiency and service life of the battery. This study focuses on applying deep-learning techniques, and specifically convolutional residual networks, to estimate the SOC of lithium-ion batteries. By stacking the values of multiple measurable variables taken at many time instants as the model inputs, the process information for the voltage or current generation, and their interrelations, can be effectively extracted using the proposed convolutional residual blocks, and can simultaneously be exploited to regress for accurate SOCs. The performance of the proposed network model was evaluated using the data obtained from a lithium-ion battery (Panasonic NCR18650PF) under nine different driving schedules at five ambient temperatures. The experimental results demonstrated an average mean absolute error of 1.260%, and an average root-mean-square error of 0.998%. The number of floating-point operations required to complete one SOC estimation was 2.24 × 106. These results indicate the efficacy and performance of the proposed approach.

Solving EMC problems in the design of new HV test laboratory

The paper deals with solving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems in the design of a new, case study, industrial high voltage test laboratory, intended to be used for testing of transformers and other apparatus up to 550 kV rated voltage. Modern high voltage test facilities are equipped, apart from primary test devices like AC, DC and impulse voltage generators etc., also with sophisticated numerical measuring instruments and informatics technology. Since such devices are sensitive to transient overvoltages, the highest degree of EMC is to be secured. This can be achieved by proper earthing and screening of test laboratory, what shall be designed in a way to satisfy all requirements conditioned by building lightning protection, personal protection and system earthing, avoiding electromagnetic compatibility disturbances at the same time. One of the main tasks is solving electromagnetic compatibility problems caused by outdoor electromagnetic disturbances originating from various unknown sources. Those disturbances and interferences may seriously influence measuring accuracy and readings of test devices, what consequently leads to false results. The stated is especially relating to partial discharge measurements. As to avoid such disturbances, the laboratory shall be completely screened with a net forming optimally designed Faraday cage. On the other hand, at high voltage tests with impulse voltages, especially with chopped tail waves, steep transient overvoltages may be generated. As a consequence, high transient potential differences between particular points along the earth electrode may occur, what can even lead to flashovers between parts of it. Therefore is of utmost importance to provide proper earthing and low inductance current return path for impulse high voltage test equipment where high frequency transients are to be anticipated. Improper earthing and bonding may result, apart from mentioned flashovers, in severe induced voltages in secondary cables with consequential influence on test results, possible destruction of measuring instruments and hazardous touch voltages for personnel. For analyzing transient potential differences, it is important to model, with maximum accuracy, impulse test circuit (impulse generator, chopping spark gap, voltage divider, Faraday cage, fundament earth electrode, earthing strips, earthing rods etc.). Magnitude of transient potential difference between particular points is proportional to earth electrode inductance, i.e. low inductance of earth electrode will result in decrease of transient potential difference.

The Influence of Various Substrates on Power Generation in The Operation of Yeast Microbial Fuel Cells

Several carbon substrates were tried, including glucose commercial, pro analysis glucose, commercial sugar, and yeast extract - peptone - d glucose (YPD) medium to improve the efficiency of the single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The power production of various electron donors was investigated using baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Voltage and power density generation were used to establish the pattern of substrate use. In addition, electrochemical analysis of the anodic biofilm was performed. S. cervisiae was shown to successfully consume YPD medium by anode respiration with a higher power density of 18.40±1.98 mW/m2, followed by pro analysis glucose (9.41±1.15 mW/m2), commercial glucose (1.30±0.10 mW/m2), and commercial sugar (0.04±0.01 mW/m2). Furthermore, a clear relationship was established between power density generating rate and voltage output. Voltages produced were 0.16±0.02 V, 0.13±0.03 V, 0.03±0.01 V, 0.01±0.00 V for YPD medium, pro analysis glucose, commercial glucose, and commercial sugar, respectively in MFC. The weight of biofilm indicated that yeast attachment was significantly more common in YPD medium than in other MFC-operated media. This study discovered that the substrate type in the anodic compartment regulates the formation of anodic biofilm.

ФОРМУВАННЯ БІПОЛЯРНИХ ІМПУЛЬСНИХ СТРУМІВ У НАВАНТАЖЕННІ ЄМНІСНИХ НАКОПИЧУВАЧІВ ЕНЕРГІЇ ЕЛЕКТРОРОЗРЯДНИХ УСТАНОВОК

A method is proposed for stabilizing the transient discharge processes of capacitive energy storages (CESs) of electric discharge installations (EDIs) to a load whose electrical resistance can vary non-linearly and stochastically. The method is based on the use of one direct voltage generator (DVG) in the EDI, which carries out alternately an oscillatory charge of two CESs to the required voltage, as well as on the introduction of semiconductor switches into the charge circuit and discharge one of these CESs and the developed algorithms for switching them on, according to which bipolar discharge currents are formed alternately in the EDI load, regardless of the nature of the change in its electrical resistance. The frequency and duration of positive and negative discharge-pulse currents in the load can be the same or different, depending on the selected parameters of the elements of discharge circuits of the two CESs. The use of the developed method provides the formation of unipolar modes in the capacitors of each CES, which allows you to choose them for lower voltages, increase their life and reduce cost. In addition, with the same capacitance of the CESs, the total electric charge flowing in the load is practically zero after each even number of discharges. This significantly reduces the effect of electrochemical processes in the load, in particular the electrochemical destruction of the anode of the technological apparatus of the EDI, which inevitably occurs during the formation of unipolar pulse currents. The use of bipolar discharge currents in the EDI load also increases the stability of the discharge modes in the EDI due to the limitation of the duration of possible long aperiodic currents during the discharge of one of the CESs by the beginning of the counter current of the next discharge of the other CES. References 10, figures 3, table 1.

Simulation of protection functions in LV shipboard electrical power systems

The basic function of a shipboard electric power systems is to supply all consumers, both essential and non-essential, with electrical energy, as economically as possible and with an acceptable degree of quality. A shipboard electrical power system comprises three principal subsystems: generation (naval power plant-island mode plant), distribution and protection and automation. During operation all these subsystems may be affected by faults. In this aim all electrical installations on shipboards are to be protected against over-currents due to short- circuits or accidental overloads. The new ABB air circuit-breakers Emax 2 and Tmax T series can be used both as main circuit-breaker in low voltage generation and distribution systems. In addition to protection, the new air ABB circuit-breakers offer possibility of communication which are particularly suitable for automation, control, measurements, grid analysis, and energy savings. ABB Relays are high-performance electronic units for these circuit breakers. Their basic function is to monitor and protect the electric systems against fault current. The units also includes: measuring, data storage, communication, self-test, load control and zone selectivity functions for these circuit-breakers. This paper presents the analysis of protections and simulates how to trigger protections within shipboard power systems.

Graphene-Coated PVDF/PAni Fiber Mats and Their Applications in Sensing and Nanogeneration.

Forcespinning is a powerful technique to produce fiber systems with suitable properties for a vast array of applications. This study investigates the sensing and energy generation performance of PVDF/PAni fiber mat systems made by the forcespinning method with and without graphene coating. The developed fiber mats were coated with graphene nanoflakes by drop-casting. The graphene-coated nanocomposites show an average output voltage of 75 mV (peak-to-peak), which is 300% higher compared to bare fiber mats, and an output current of 24 mA (peak-to-peak) by gentle finger pressing. Moreover, graphene-coated PVDF/PAni showed a volume conductivity of 1.2 × 10-7 S/cm and was investigated as a promising system for temperature (5 times better sensitivity than normal fiber mat), vibration (2 times better voltage generation), and airflow sensing. The graphene-coated composite has been further investigated as a water tide energy harvesting piezoelectric nanogenerator, with the system generating ∼40 mV for a synthetic ocean wave with a flow rate of 30 mL/min. In the future, graphene-coated nanofiber mats can be a solution for low-powered sensors and to harvest blue energy and vibration energy.

Digital Twin Formation Method for Distributed Generation Plants of Cyber–Physical Power Supply Systems

The purpose of the study presented in the article was to develop a method for the formation of digital twins for distributed generation plants operating as part of cyber–physical power supply systems. A method of forming a digital twin for a system for automatic regulation of the voltage and rotor speed of a synchronous generator is considered. The structure of a digital twin is presented in the form of a multiply connected model using experimental data. The possibility of using a fuzzy inference system, artificial neural networks, and a genetic algorithm for solving the problem is shown. As a result of the research, neuro-fuzzy models of the elements of the distributed generation plant were obtained, which are an integral part of the digital twin. Based on the simulation results, the following conclusions were drawn: the proposed method for constructing an optimized fuzzy model gives acceptable results when compared with experimental data and shows practical applicability in constructing a digital twin. In the future, in order to simplify the model, it is necessary to solve the problem of optimizing the number of rules in the fuzzy inference system. It is also advisable to direct further research to the formation of a complete hierarchical fuzzy system that connects all elements of the digital twin.

High Gain, Low Noise and Power Transimpedance Amplifier Based on Second Generation Voltage Conveyor in 65 nm CMOS Technology.

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) based on a voltage conveyor structure designed for high gain, low noise, low distortion, and low power consumption is presented in this work. Following a second-generation voltage conveyor topology, the current and voltage blocks are a regulated cascode amplifier and a down converter buffer, respectively. The proposed voltage buffer is designed for low distortion and low power consumption, whereas the regulated cascode is designed for low noise and high gain. The resulting TIA was fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology for logic and mixed-mode designs, using low-threshold voltage transistors and a supply voltage of ±1.2 V. It exhibited a 52 dBΩ transimpedance gain and a 1.1 GHz bandwidth, consuming 55.3 mW using a ±1.2 V supply. Our preamplifier stage, based on a regulated cascode, was designed considering detector capacitance, bonding wire, and packaging capacitance. The voltage buffer was designed for low-power consumption and low distortion. The measured input-referred noise of the TIA was 22 pA/√Hz. The obtained total harmonic distortion of the TIA was close to 5%. In addition, the group delay is constant for the considered bandwidth. Comparisons against published results in terms of area (A), power consumption (P), bandwidth (BW), transimpedance gain (G), and noise (N) are were performed. Both figures of merit FoMs—the ratio √ (G × BW) and P × A—and FoM/N values demostrated the advantages of the proposed approach.

Anomalous Nernst Effect in an Antiperovskite Antiferromagnet

The anomalous Nernst effect (ANE), the generation of a transverse electric voltage by a longitudinal temperature gradient, has attracted increasing interest from researchers recently, due to its potential in thermoelectric power conversion and close relevance to the Berry curvature of the band structure. Avoiding the stray field of ferromagnets, the ANE in antiferromagnets (AFMs) has the advantage of realizing highly efficient and densely integrated thermopiles. Here, we report the observation of the ANE in an antiperovskite noncollinear AFM, ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}\mathrm{N},$ experimentally, which is triggered by the enhanced Berry curvature from Weyl points located close to the Fermi level. Considering that antiperovskite ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{Sn}\mathrm{N}$ has a rich magnetic phase transition, we modulate the noncollinear AFM configurations by the biaxial strain, which enables us to control its ANE. Our findings provide a potential class of materials to explore the Weyl physics of noncollinear AFMs as well as realizing antiferromagnetic spin caloritronics that exhibits promising prospects for energy conversion and information processing.

Characterization of a compact low cost 6.5kV Cockcroft voltage multiplier

Generation of high voltages is often necessary in Industrial, Medical, civilian and defense applications. One of the popular methods of generation of high voltage DC is using a Cockcroft voltage multiplier generator. Knowledge on characterization of the voltage multiplier circuit helps the designer to study the effect of various input parameters on output, saves lot of time and money. In this paper various methods of generation of high voltages, advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Design of five stage voltage multiplier circuit, fabrication and characterization of the 6.5kV voltage multiplier generator are presented. Simulation was carried using PSPICE software under different load conditions. Effect on the output voltage, ripple voltage with different values of load, frequency was studied. Experiments were carried out on the proposed prototype model and validated by comparing the values obtained from experimentation with the simulation and theoretical values

A Novel Common-Ground-Type Nine-Level Dynamic Boost Inverter

Recently, inverters with a common ac and dc ground are gaining significant interest due to their zero common-mode voltage that made them particularly attractive for the solar photovoltaic application. However, the dc source current of the existing topologies is discontinuous, and their voltage gains are limited. This article proposes a novel common-ground-type boost inverter that achieves continuous dc source current with significantly enhanced dynamic voltage gain. It consists of one boost inductor, four capacitors, nine power MOSFETs, and two power diodes. Voltage boosting and generation of nine-level ac voltage are achieved concurrently within a single-stage operation. The operation of the proposed CGT-9L-BI inverter is analyzed. Simulation and experimental results are presented for validation.

Deflection and stress analysis of piezoelectric laminated composite plate under variable polynomial transverse loading

Among many smart materials, piezoelectric materials have emerged as the most studied ones for practical applications. They owe their success to several factors, including low price, high bandwidth, availability in various formats, and ease of handling and implementation. The present study focused on the performance of piezoelectric laminated composite plate under various electromechanical loading conditions by utilizing the first-order shear deformation theory with the Newton–Raphson residual and iteration with Gauss integration point in Ansys. For the first time, the effects of electrical loading, circuit arrangement, voltage variation, and polynomial variable transverse loading are studied over piezoelectric composite plate (PCP). The effects of plate aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions, ply orientations, nature of loading conditions, and voltage variation are presented. The study also utilized open and close circuit arrangements as sensors and actuators to gauge the performance of PCP in the form of static bending analysis. The maximum OC (open circuit) output voltage is generated with the N4 type of loading compared with Ni (i = 1–4); on the other hand, the OC output voltage is minimum with N5. The combined effect of external load and voltage presented in the study will be useful for analyzing the deflection variation, and it can further be implemented in reducing deflection or vibration. It is noted that, with a higher piezoelectric to laminate thickness (t/h) ratio, the maximum OC output voltage is observed. In addition, the rate of voltage generation observed is the highest under the N4 loading condition and the lowest under the N5 type of load.

Microwave Spark Plug to Support Ignitions With High Compression Ratios

Upcoming gasoline engines should run with a larger number of fuels beginning from petrol over methanol up to gas by a wide range of compression ratios and a homogeneous charge. In this article, the microwave (MW) spark plug, based on a high-speed frequency hopping system, is introduced as a solution, which can support a nitrogen compression ratio up to 1:39 in a chamber and more. First, an overview of the high-speed frequency hopping MW ignition and operation system as well as the large number of applications are presented. Both gives an understanding of this new base technology for MW plasma generation. Focus of the theoretical part is the explanation of the internal construction of the spark plug, on the achievable of the high voltage generation as well as the high efficiency to hold the plasma. In detail, the development process starting with circuit simulations and ending with the numerical multiphysics field simulations is described. The concept is evaluated with a reference prototype covering the frequency range between 2.40 and 2.48 GHz and working over a large power range from 20 to 200 W. A larger number of different measurements starting by vector hot- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S_{11}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> measurements and ending by combined working scenarios out of hot temperature, high pressure and charge motion are winding up the article. The limits for the successful pressure tests were given by the pressure chamber. Pressures ranged from 1 to 39 bar and charge motion up to 25 m/s as well as temperatures from 30° to 125°.

Air Plasma Sterilizer Using a Parallel Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Air sterilizer is one of the essential components in combating the Covid-19. A wind tunnel model of the air sterilizer using a dielectric barrier discharge plasma is proposed to destroy the virus by direct contact with the plasma. Dangerous ozone production in the plasma reactor should be controlled to a safe level. Two parameters affecting the ozone concentration, i.e., electrical power and airflow, were investigated. The DBD reactor was a cell constructed from an array of alternate electrodes. The plasma was generated by an AC high voltage generator with a range of 2kV -3kV. The power and the high voltage were varied by controlling the DC input voltage of the generator. The airflow was varied by controlling the speed of an exhaust fan from 0.5 m/s to 3.0 m/s. The state was characterized using optical emission spectroscopy in the range of 200 nm – 1000 nm. The results showed that both parameters played a significant role in ozone concentration. The trend of the ozone is strongly correlated with the OH species, which reacts with oxygen. The highest ozone concentration of 4.51 ppm was observed at the DC voltage around 19 volts or the power of 34.2 watts. However, a decrease of the ozone concentration at a voltage higher than 19 volts related to 2.9 kV was observed. In general, the data showed that faster airflow decreases ozone concentration. A drastic decrease of the nitrogen species sustaining the plasma occurred at the airflow higher than 2 m/s.

Plasma Non Thermal Sebagai Sterilisasi Masker untuk Inaktivasi Virus Corona (COVID-19)

We used non-thermal plasma generators to sterilize textile materials, especially in personal protective equipment for masks, to inactivate viruses and bacteria attached to the mask material in this study. The design of the ozone generator utilizes the non-thermal plasma method of corona discharge using a high voltage generator with an output voltage of 3.,000 V. The sterilization process was carried out with variations in sterilization time (10,15 and 20 minutes) and an active electrode height of 3 cm. This research was carried out using CT RT-PCR testing to determine the cycle threshold value contained in the nucleic acid RNA of the COVID-19 virus before and after sterilization. Changes in CT values obtained after sterilization for 20 cycle threshold (CT) values were 37.07 for the N gene and 35,67 for the ORF. Based on the sterilization test results, no data stated that the virus was harmful. Based on these results, the increase in CT numbers is directly proportional to the length of time for sterilization so that the RNA content of the COVID-19 virus decreases. To determine the effect of the sterilization process on the hydrophilic properties of the maks, the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) test was carried out. The study results show that non-thermal plasma can sterilize masks from the coronavirus. This study concludes that the plasma method can be used to sterilize masks from the coronavirus

INVESTIGATING THE ELECTROLYTE MEDIUM FOR ELECTRIC GENERATION USING PROBIOTIC YOGURTS

Rationale: The importance of energy generation cannot be emphasized enough in every aspect. Even though the traditional electrical generation has been mainly focused on high voltage sources such as hydroelectric and nuclear power, the low-power sources of electrical acquisition are also essential, particularly in the era of digital technology. Batteries have been advanced as an integral component of electric devices for decades. The advent of digital technology leads us to the necessity of low-power energy sources. Electrolyte batteries consist of a pair of metal electrodes in an aqueous solution that facilitates electron transfer through the medium when a circuit is formed. New ideas for these low-power electrical generations have been tried around, even using potatoes, apples, and mud.&#x0D; Methods: This study investigated yogurt as the electrolyte medium using a metal pair of stainless steel and coiled magnesium electrode. A four-channel data acquisition system recorded the electric generation waveforms from the electrochemical battery cells changing the variables as examined, such as temperature, concentration, pH, stirring power, serial connection, and whole concentration. &#x0D; Results: The study confirmed that the pair of coiled Mg and stainless-steel electrodes produced the highest electrical potential, 25% higher among the metal pairs tested, while Chobani brand yogurt was the best electrolyte, 10% higher for electricity generation. The variables of temperature, concentration, pH, and stirring power were all highly linearly related to electricity generation. Serial combination with the 4 battery cell study demonstrated the feasibility of high voltage generation up to 7.8V.&#x0D; Conclusions: The highest electrical potential was acquired when used the whole yogurt of Chobani with stainless steel and coiled-type electrodes. The study demonstrated the superiority of probiotic yogurt electrolytes, which might need to elaborate for further detailed mechanisms.

Experimental investigation of phase change material energy storage system integrated with thermoelectric generator under transient heat loads

ABSTRACT Thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems are often exposed to unstable heat loads with transient temperature boundary conditions. TEG behavior recognition in thermal fluctuations is necessary to increase its efficiency and protection. This research deals with the experimental study of thermoelectric module’s performance under transient thermal boundary conditions. Therefore, three types of novel prototypes of transient heat loads including rectangular, triangular, and sinusoidal were suggested. Also, a phase change material (PCM) was applied inside an aluminum box on the hot side of the module. In the mentioned system, the effect of PCM on the module performance in the unstable heat loads was investigated. Applying PCM led to the protecting the module against temperature fluctuations, storing the energy, and generating effective voltage for a long time after turning the heat source off. Voltage generation lasted for 59.5 min with 90 W input power in 3-min periods in the rectangular heat load. Meanwhile, after switching the heaters off, 42.8- and 50-min voltages were received from triangular and sinusoidal loads, respectively, each with the power ranging from 0 to 90 W in four periods, lasted for 3 min.

Solution blow spun piezoelectric nanofibers membrane for energy harvesting applications

Energy harvesting systems have benefited from the use of one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanofibers. For example, the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy has paved the way for nanofibers to be used in a wide range of applications. PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) has long been regarded as a promising material for piezoelectric applications. Furthermore, the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique, with its simple setup, can mass-produce nanofibers with the required properties for applications needing great flexibility while also attaining high piezoelectricity. The aim of this research is to investigate how electric voltage can be generated from flexible piezoelectric materials such as SBS PVDF nanofibers. Meanwhile, the nanofibers mats have been integrated into a basic setup that stimulates the generation of DC voltage under mechanical pressure produced by footsteps. The work followed a morphological characterization using SEM and studying the β-phase of the fabricated fibers using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and it was found that β phase content for solution blow spun nanofibers reached 80% and the β-crystalline phase was enhanced due to the transformation from α to β phases. Our manufactured SBS nanofibers can create electric voltage under the influence of mechanical stresses, to simulate the foot step pressure, with varying amplitude and vibrational frequency, according to piezoelectric analysis.

Integrated Kineto-Voltaic Foot Platforms through Performance Evaluation and Feasibility of Voltage Generation in Valenzuela City People's Park

Integrated Kineto-Voltaic Foot Platforms through Performance Evaluation and Feasibility of Voltage Generation in Valenzuela City People's Park