Generator Of Time Translations Research Articles

Noncommutative spacetimes versus noncommutative spaces of geodesics

The aim of this contribution is twofold. First, we show that when two (or more) different quantum groups share the same noncommutative spacetime, such an ‘ambiguity’ can be resolved by considering together their corresponding noncommutative spaces of geodesics. In any case, the latter play a mathematical/physical role by themselves and, in some cases, they can be interpreted as deformed phase spaces. Second, we explicitly show that noncommutative spacetimes can be reproduced from ‘extended’ noncommutative spaces of geodesics which are those enlarged by the time translation generator. These general ideas are described in detail for the κ-Poincaré and κ-Galilei algebras.

Von Neumann algebra description of inflationary cosmology

We study the von Neumann algebra description of the inflationary quasi-de Sitter (dS) space. Unlike perfect dS space, quasi-dS space allows the nonzero energy flux across the horizon, which can be identified with the expectation value of the static time translation generator. Moreover, as a dS isometry associated with the static time translation is spontaneously broken, the fluctuation in time is accumulated, which induces the fluctuation in the energy flux. When the inflationary period is given by (ϵHH)-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\epsilon _H H)^{-1}$$\\end{document} where ϵH\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\epsilon _H$$\\end{document} is the slow-roll parameter measuring the increasing rate of the Hubble radius, both the energy flux and its fluctuation diverge in the G→0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$G \\rightarrow 0$$\\end{document} limit. Taking the fluctuation in the energy flux and that in the observer’s energy into account, we argue that the inflationary quasi-dS space is described by Type II∞\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_\\infty $$\\end{document} algebra. As the entropy is not bounded from above, this is different from Type II1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_1$$\\end{document} description of perfect dS space in which the entropy is maximized by the maximal entanglement. We also show that our result is consistent with the observation that the von Neumann entropy for the density matrix reflecting the fluctuations above is interpreted as the generalized entropy.

Third quantization for bosons: symplectic diagonalization, non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, and symmetries

Open quantum systems that interact with a Markovian environment can be described by a Lindblad master equation. The generator of time-translation is given by a Liouvillian superoperator acting on the density matrix of the system. As the Fock space for a single bosonic mode is already infinite-dimensional, the diagonalization of the Liouvillian has to be done on the creation- and annihilation-superoperators, a process called ‘third quantization’. We propose a method to solve the Liouvillian for quadratic systems using a single symplectic transformation. We show that the non-Hermitian effective Hamiltonian of the system, next to incorporating the dynamics of the system, is a tool to analyze its symmetries. As an example, we use the effective Hamiltonian to formulate a -‘symmetry’ of an open system. We describe how the inclusion of source terms allows us to obtain the cumulant generating function for observables such as the photon current.

Quasinormal Modes in Extremal Reissner\u2013Nordstr\xf6m Spacetimes

We present a new framework for characterizing quasinormal modes (QNMs) or resonant states for the wave equation on asymptotically flat spacetimes, applied to the setting of extremal Reissner–Nordström black holes. We show that QNMs can be interpreted as honest eigenfunctions of generators of time translations acting on Hilbert spaces of initial data, corresponding to a suitable time slicing. The main difficulty that is present in the asymptotically flat setting, but is absent in the previously studied asymptotically de Sitter or anti de Sitter sub-extremal black hole spacetimes, is that L^2-based Sobolev spaces are not suitable Hilbert space choices. Instead, we consider Hilbert spaces of functions that are additionally Gevrey regular at infinity and at the event horizon. We introduce L^2-based Gevrey estimates for the wave equation that are intimately connected to the existence of conserved quantities along null infinity and the event horizon. We relate this new framework to the traditional interpretation of quasinormal frequencies as poles of the meromorphic continuation of a resolvent operator and obtain new quantitative results in this setting.

A model problem for quasinormal ringdown of asymptotically flat or extremal black holes

We consider a wave equation with a potential on the half-line as a model problem for wave propagation close to an extremal horizon or the asymptotically flat end of a black hole spacetime. We propose a definition of quasinormal frequencies (QNFs) as eigenvalues of the generator of time translations for a null foliation, acting on an appropriate (Gevrey based) Hilbert space. We show that this QNF spectrum is discrete in a subset of C, which includes the region {Rs>−b,Is>K} for any b > 0 and some K = K(b) ≫ 1. As a corollary, we establish the meromorphicity of the scattering resolvent in a sector args<φ0 for some φ0>2π3 and show that the poles occur only at quasinormal frequencies according to our definition. Finally, we show that QNFs computed by the continued fraction method of Leaver are necessarily QNFs according to our new definition. A companion to our paper (arXiv:1910.08481), which deals with the QNFs of the wave equation on the extremal Reissner–Nördstrom black hole.

A note on the Hamiltonian as a polymerisation parameter

In effective models of loop quantum gravity, the onset of quantum effects is controlled by a so-called polymerisation scale. It is sometimes necessary to make this scale phase space dependent in order to obtain sensible physics. A particularly interesting choice recently used to study quantum corrected black hole spacetimes takes the generator of time translations itself to set the scale. We review this idea, point out errors in recent treatments, and show how to fix them in principle.

The κ-(A)dS noncommutative spacetime

The (3+1)-dimensional κ-(A)dS noncommutative spacetime is explicitly constructed by quantizing its semiclassical counterpart, which is the κ-(A)dS Poisson homogeneous space. This turns out to be the only possible generalization of the well-known κ-Minkowski spacetime to the case of non-vanishing cosmological constant, under the condition that the time translation generator of the corresponding quantum (A)dS algebra is primitive. Moreover, the κ-(A)dS noncommutative spacetime is shown to have a quadratic subalgebra of local spatial coordinates whose first-order brackets in terms of the cosmological constant parameter define a quantum sphere, while the commutators between time and space coordinates preserve the same structure of the κ-Minkowski spacetime. When expressed in ambient coordinates, the quantum κ-(A)dS spacetime is shown to be defined as a noncommutative pseudosphere.

The Pauli Objection

Schroedinger's equation says that the Hamiltonian is the generator of time translations. This seems to imply that any reasonable definition of time operator must be conjugate to the Hamiltonian. Then both time and energy must have the same spectrum since conjugate operators are unitarily equivalent. Clearly this is not always true: normal Hamiltonians have lower bounded spectrum and often only have discrete eigenvalues, whereas we typically desire that time can take any real value. Pauli concluded that constructing a general a time operator is impossible (although clearly it can be done in specific cases). Here we show how the Pauli argument fails when one uses an external system (a "clock") to track time, so that time arises as correlations between the system and the clock (conditional probability amplitudes framework). In this case, the time operator is not conjugate to the system Hamiltonian, but its eigenvalues still satisfy the Schroedinger equation for arbitrary Hamiltonians.

Quantum mechanics of a photon

A first-quantized free photon is a complex massless vector field A=(Aμ) whose field strength satisfies Maxwell’s equations in vacuum. We construct the Hilbert space H of the photon by endowing the vector space of the fields A in the temporal-Coulomb gauge with a positive-definite and relativistically invariant inner product. We give an explicit expression for this inner product, identify the Hamiltonian for the photon with the generator of time translations in H, determine the operators representing the momentum and the helicity of the photon, and introduce a chirality operator whose eigenfunctions correspond to fields having a definite sign of energy. We also construct a position operator for the photon whose components commute with each other and with the chirality and helicity operators. This allows for the construction of the localized states of the photon with a definite sign of energy and helicity. We derive an explicit formula for the latter and compute the corresponding electric and magnetic fields. These turn out to diverge not just at the point where the photon is localized but on a plane containing this point. We identify the axis normal to this plane with an associated symmetry axis and show that each choice of this axis specifies a particular position operator, a corresponding position basis, and a position representation of the quantum mechanics of a photon. In particular, we examine the position wave functions determined by such a position basis, elucidate their relationship with the Riemann-Silberstein and Landau-Peierls wave functions, and give an explicit formula for the probability density of the spatial localization of the photon.

An effective Hamiltonian approach to quantum random walk

In this article we present an effective Hamiltonian approach for Discrete Time Quantum Random Walk. A form of the Hamiltonian for one dimensional quantum walk has been prescribed, utilizing the fact that Hamiltonians are the generators of time translations. Then an attempt has been made to generalize the techniques to higher dimensions. We find that the Hamiltonian can be written as the sum of a Weyl Hamiltonian and a Dirac comb potential. The time evolution operator obtained from this prescribed Hamiltonian is in complete agreement with that of the standard approach. But in higher dimension we find that the time evolution operator is additive, instead of being multiplicative \cite{Chandrasekhar:2013SREP08229}. We showed that in case of two-step walk, effectively the time evolution operator can have multiplicative form. In case of a square lattice, quantum walk has been studied computationally for different coins and the results for both the additive and the multiplicative approaches have been compared. Using the Graphene Hamiltonian the walk has been studied on a Graphene lattice and we conclude the preference of additive approach over the multiplicative one.

Invariant Cones in Lie Algebras and Positive Energy Representations and Contractions of Conformal Algebras

We recall some important results, due to Kostant and others, about invariant convex cones in Lie algebras and positive energy representations. We apply these results to a study of positive energy representation of the conformal groups in n dimensions, and we present a proof of the converse of a theorem attributed to I.E. Segal, which relates positive energy representations to positivity of the action of the generator of time translations for representations of the n-dimensional conformal group.We also discuss related notions of deformation and contractions of Lie algebras and describe a deformation of the Poincaré subalgebra of the conformal algebra which generalizes the usual treatment. We consider the positive energy representations of the anti-deSitter subalgebras in the physically important four dimensional case, and apply this generalization to argue that the singelton representations cannot have nontrivial contractions to representations of the Poincaré algebra. We believe that our results represent a sharpening of the meaning of "kinematical confinement", introduced by Flato, Fronsdal and their coworkers.

The spectrum and the phase transition of models solvable through the full interval method

The most general exclusion single species reaction–diffusion models with nearest-neighbor interactions on a one-dimensional lattice are investigated, for which the evolution of full intervals are closed. Using a generating function method, the probability that n consecutive sites be full is investigated. The stationary values of these probabilities, as well as the spectrum of the time translation generator (Hamiltonian) of these are obtained. It is shown that, depending on the reaction rates, the model could exhibit a dynamical phase transition.

Gauge-invariant hydrogen-atom Hamiltonian

For quantum mechanics of a charged particle in a classical external electromagnetic field, there is an apparent puzzle that the matrix element of the canonical momentum and Hamiltonian operators is gauge dependent. A resolution to this puzzle is recently provided by us in [2]. Based on the separation of the electromagnetic potential into pure gauge and gauge invariant parts, we have proposed a new set of momentum and Hamiltonian operators which satisfy both the requirement of gauge invariance and the relevant commutation relations. In this paper we report a check for the case of the hydrogen atom problem: Starting from the Hamiltonian of the coupled electron, proton and electromagnetic field, under the infinite proton mass approximation, we derive the gauge invariant hydrogen atom Hamiltonian and verify explicitly that this Hamiltonian is different from the Dirac Hamiltonian, which is the time translation generator of the system. The gauge invariant Hamiltonian is the energy operator, whose eigenvalue is the energy of the hydrogen atom. It is generally time-dependent. In this case, one can solve the energy eigenvalue equation at any specific instant of time. It is shown that the energy eigenvalues are gauge independent, and by suitably choosing the phase factor of the time-dependent eigenfunction, one can ensure that the time-dependent eigenfunction satisfies the Dirac equation.

Non-linear Liouville and Shrödinger equations in phase space

Unitary representations of the Galilei group are studied in phase space, in order to describe classical and quantum systems. Conditions to write in general form the generator of time translation and Lagrangians in phase space are then established. In the classical case, Galilean invariance provides conditions for writing the Liouville operator and Lagrangian for non-linear systems. We analyze, as an example, a generalized kinetic equation where the collision term is local and non-linear. The quantum counter-part of such unitary representations are developed by using the Moyal (or star) product. Then a non-linear Schrödinger equation in phase space is derived and analyzed. In this case, an association with the Wigner formalism is established, which provides a physical interpretation for the formalism.

Moyal dynamics and trajectories

We give first an approximation of the operator δh: f → δhf ≔ h*ℏf − f*ℏh in terms of ℏ2n, n ⩾ 0, where , is a Hamilton function and *ℏ denotes the star product. The operator, which is the generator of time translations in a *ℏ-algebra, can be considered as a canonical extension of the Liouville operator Lh: f → Lhf ≔ {h, f}Poisson. Using this operator we investigate the dynamics and trajectories of some examples with a scheme that extends the Hamilton–Jacobi method for classical dynamics to Moyal dynamics. The examples we have chosen are Hamiltonians with a one-dimensional quartic potential and two-dimensional radially symmetric nonrelativistic and relativistic Coulomb potentials, and the Hamiltonian for a Schwarzschild metric. We further state a conjecture concerning an extension of the Bohr–Sommerfeld formula for the calculation of the exact eigenvalues for systems with classically periodic trajectories.

Quantum mechanics of Proca fields

We construct the most general physically admissible positive-definite inner product on the space of Proca fields. Up to a trivial scaling this defines a five-parameter family of Lorentz invariant inner products that we use to construct a genuine Hilbert space for the quantum mechanics of Proca fields. If we identify the generator of time translations with the Hamiltonian, we obtain a unitary quantum system that describes first-quantized Proca fields and does not involve the conventional restriction to the positive-frequency fields. We provide a rather comprehensive analysis of this system. In particular, we examine the conserved current density responsible for the conservation of the probabilities, explore the global gauge symmetry underlying the conservation of the probabilities, obtain a probability current density, construct position, momentum, helicity, spin, and angular momentum operators, and determine the localized Proca fields. We also compute the generalized parity (P), generalized time-reversal (T), and generalized charge or chirality (C) operators for this system and offer a physical interpretation for its PT-, C-, and CPT-symmetries.

Central charge contribution to noncommutativity

AbstractIn the presence of antisymmetric Kalb‐Ramond field Bμν Dp‐brane, to which string endpoints are attached, is a noncommutative manifold. Adding linear dilaton field, Φ(x) = Φ0 + aμ xμ, the coordinate in the direction of dilaton gradient, xc = aμ xμ, becomes commutative, while the world‐sheet conformal factor F is a new noncommutative variable. In this article we demonstrate different approach to realization of quantum conformal invariance. We introduce Liouville action in such a way that world‐sheet conformal factor F does not spoil quantum conformal invariance and theory depends on arbitrary parameter, central charge c. Particular relations between background fields produce local gauge symmetries, which transform some of the Neumann into the Dirichlet boundary conditions decreasing the dimensionality of Dp‐brane.We introduce one methodological improvement regarding derivation of boundary conditions. Canonical Hamiltonian as a time translation generator must have well defined derivatives in coordinates and momenta. From this requirement we obtain boundary conditions directly in terms of canonical variables.

Quasi-Linear Quantum Field Theories for Maps to Groups and Their Quotients

I describe a functional integral for maps from \(\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}^{\rm n}\) to a Lie group or its quotient which has a simple renormalization that leads to a quantum field theory for maps from \(\mathbb{R}^{\rm n}\) into the Lie group or its quotient whose Hamiltonian is the time translation generator for a unitary action of the n+1 dimensional Poincare group on the quantum Hilbert space. I also explain how the renormalization provides a functional integral for maps from a Riemann surface to a compact Lie group or its quotient that exhibits many conformal field theoretic properties.

Thermodynamics of binary black holes and neutron stars

We consider compact binary systems, modeled in general relativity as vacuum or perfect-fluid spacetimes with a helical Killing vector ${k}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}},$ heuristically, the generator of time translations in a corotating frame. Systems that are stationary in this sense are not asymptotically flat, but have asymptotic behavior corresponding to equal amounts of ingoing and outgoing radiation. For black-hole binaries, a rigidity theorem implies that the Killing vector lies along the horizon's generators, and from this one can deduce the zeroth law (constant surface gravity of the horizon). Remarkably, although the mass and angular momentum of such a system are not defined, there is an exact first law, relating the change in the asymptotic Noether charge to the changes in the vorticity, baryon mass, and entropy of the fluid, and in the area of black holes. Binary systems with $M\ensuremath{\Omega}$ small have an approximate asymptopia in which one can write the first law in terms of the asymptotic mass and angular momentum. Asymptotic flatness is precise in two classes of solutions used to model binary systems: spacetimes satisfying the post-Newtonian equations, and solutions to a modified set of field equations that have a spatially conformally flat metric. (The spatial conformal flatness formalism with helical symmetry, however, is consistent with maximal slicing only if one replaces the extrinsic curvature in the field equations by an artificially tracefree expression in terms of the shift vector.) For these spacetimes, nearby equilibria whose stars have the same vorticity obey the relation $\ensuremath{\delta}M=\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\delta}J,$ from which one can obtain a turning point criterion that governs the stability of orbits.

Covariance properties of a multifermion Hamiltonian with pairwise, massless vector-boson exchange

We investigate the Poincare covariance of the Hamiltonian of aN-fermion system, in which the two-body interaction is produced by the exchange of a massless vector boson with a nonconstant form factor at vertices. The relativistic separation of center-of-mass and internal-motion variables is performed by exploiting an approach developed some years ago by Krajcik and Foldy. It is shown that, in order to ensure that theN-fermion Hamiltonian (expanded up to the order 1/c2) is the time-translation generator of the Poincare algebra, one requires a correct treatment of the form factor at the order considered, and, for noncommuting particle «charges», the inclusion in the potential of three-body terms, whose expression is explicitly derived. A preliminary analysis of the effect of such terms is given for baryons and deuterium in the framework of the constituent quark model.