Generation Wireless Technology Research Articles

Dynamic Spectrum Access for Internet-of-Things Based on Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning

The explosive growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications such as smart cities and Industry 4.0 have led to drastic increase in demand for wireless bandwidth, hence motivating the rapid development of new techniques for enhancing spectrum utilization needed by new generation wireless communication technologies. Among others, dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is one of the most widely accepted approaches. In this paper, as an enhancement of existing works, we take into consideration of inter-node collaborations in a dynamic spectrum environment. Typically, in such distributed circumstances, intelligent dynamic spectrum access almost invariably relies on self-learning to achieve dynamic spectrum access improvement. Whereas, this paper proposes a DSA scheme based on deep reinforcement learning to enhance spectrum and access efficiency. Unlike traditional Q-learning-based DSA, we introduce the following to enhance the spectrum efficiency in dynamic IoT spectrum environments. First, deep double Q-learning is adopted to perform local self-spectrum-learning for IoT terminals in order to achieve better dynamic access accuracy. Second, to accelerate learning convergence, federated learning (FL) in edge nodes is used to improve the self-learning. Third, multiple secondary users, who do not interfere with each other and have similar operation condition, are clustered for federated learning to enhance the efficiency of deep reinforcement learning. Comparing with the traditional distributed DSA with deep learning, the proposed scheme has faster access convergence speed due to the characteristic of global optimization for federated learning. Based on this, a framework of federated deep reinforcement learning (FDRL) for DSA is proposed. Furthermore, this scheme preserves privacy of IoT users in that FDRL only requires model parameters to be uploaded to edge servers. Simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of theproposed FDRL-based DSA framework.

A Macroeconomic Model of Federal and Commercial Spectrum Usage

ABSTRACT A Macroeconomic Model of Federal and Commercial Spectrum Usage introduces a methodology to assess the macroeconomic impact of electromagnetic spectrum decisions and provides general results on a case study of the economic impact of shifting from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G) wireless technology. This article provides a summary introduction to this new research tool.

Impact of 5G on IOT Implemented Devices

As the IOT is gaining popularity there is a requirement for a technology which can support large amounts of data transmission efficiently and at very high bandwidth. The near-term future i.e. the next generation of IOT devices one of the primary needs or goals that need to be met are greater capacity, a higher speed of data transfer, and decreased latency. The development of next generation wireless mobile communication technology namely, 5G which promises to fulfil the needs of complex IOT architectures. This paper focuses on the requirements which can be fulfilled by 5G and enlightens architecture, merits and demerits of 5G network. A detailed survey on 5G enabled IOT devices, the research on this type of network have been conducted in various places around the globe.

Cellular Telephone Use and the Risk of Brain Tumors: Update of the UK Million Women Study.

BackgroundThe ongoing debate of whether use of cellular telephones increases the risk of developing a brain tumor was recently fueled by the launch of the fifth generation of wireless technologies. Here, we update follow-up of a large-scale prospective study on the association between cellular telephone use and brain tumors.MethodsDuring 1996-2001, 1.3 million women born in 1935-1950 were recruited into the study. Questions on cellular telephone use were first asked in median year 2001 and again in median year 2011. All study participants were followed via record linkage to National Health Services databases on deaths and cancer registrations (including nonmalignant brain tumors).ResultsDuring 14 years follow-up of 776 156 women who completed the 2001 questionnaire, a total of 3268 incident brain tumors were registered. Adjusted relative risks for ever vs never cellular telephone use were 0.97 (95% confidence interval = 0.90 to 1.04) for all brain tumors, 0.89 (95% confidence interval = 0.80 to 0.99) for glioma, and not statistically significantly different to 1.0 for meningioma, pituitary tumors, and acoustic neuroma. Compared with never-users, no statistically significant associations were found, overall or by tumor subtype, for daily cellular telephone use or for having used cellular telephones for at least 10 years. Taking use in 2011 as baseline, there were no statistically significant associations with talking for at least 20 minutes per week or with at least 10 years use. For gliomas occurring in the temporal and parietal lobes, the parts of the brain most likely to be exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from cellular telephones, relative risks were slightly below 1.0.ConclusionOur findings support the accumulating evidence that cellular telephone use under usual conditions does not increase brain tumor incidence.

Security Requirements and Challenges of 6G Technologies and Applications.

After implementing 5G technology, academia and industry started researching 6th generation wireless network technology (6G). 6G is expected to be implemented around the year 2030. It will offer a significant experience for everyone by enabling hyper-connectivity between people and everything. In addition, it is expected to extend mobile communication possibilities where earlier generations could not have developed. Several potential technologies are predicted to serve as the foundation of 6G networks. These include upcoming and current technologies such as post-quantum cryptography, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), enhanced edge computing, molecular communication, THz, visible light communication (VLC), and distributed ledger (DL) technologies such as blockchain. From a security and privacy perspective, these developments need a reconsideration of prior security traditional methods. New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. In addition, new security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy. This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks. Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified. This paper introduces the 6G security architecture and improvements over the 5G architecture. We also introduce the security issues and challenges of the 6G physical layer. In addition, the AI/ML layers and the proposed security solution in each layer are studied. The paper summarizes the security evolution in legacy mobile networks and concludes with their security problems and the most essential 6G application services and their security requirements. Finally, this paper provides a complete discussion of 6G networks’ trustworthiness and solutions.

A miniaturised Ka/V dual band millimeter wave antenna for 5G body centric network applications

Body centric Networks (BCNs) are the most important and attractive part of the next generation (5G and beyond) wireless technologies having a plethora of applications in day to day life. However the design of antennas for BCNs is a challenging task. Such antennas should have small size, light weight, higher gain and larger bandwidth besides having a stable radiation pattern under the influence of human body effects. This paper presents a miniaturised Ka/V dual band mmWave microstrip antenna for 5G BCN applications. The antenna has very small dimensions of 2.28 × 3.06 × 0.14 mm3 and operates at 33.5 GHz (Ka band) and 60.8 GHz (V band). The performance of the antenna is examined for “Off-body, On-body and In-body” BCN application scenarios. The radiation pattern, return loss, peak gain and −10 dB bandwidth results reveal that the antenna performs quite well at all interested frequencies. A comparative study with state of art mmWave antennas also shows the effectiveness of the proposed antenna.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Improvement against Jammers for Video Applications Using Riverbed Modeler (v17.5)

MANETs (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) had become the most important next generation wireless network technologies. It is made up of self-configurable mobile nodes, Intruders mieght decrease MANET functionality due to the dispersed and wireless nature of MANETs, and therefore they were vulnerable to numerous attacks at different levels. The important challenges for MANET were the security and routing protocols. This paper examined the impact of Jammer which it was a kind of DoS attack which interfere with the normal operation of network and show how the Jammer increased the delay and data dropped and decreased the throughput which they were the important parameters for the measurements of network performance. This performance could be improved using routing protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR and GRP). Riverbed Modeler Academic Edition (17.5) was utilized for this study in number of modeled scenarios for video applications. The results address the impact of Jammers and show that the MANET's Routing Protocols could improve the throughput and data dropped of the network but on the expense of increasing the delay.

An Overview of Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for Handover Management in 5G Ultra-Dense Small Cell Networks

The fifth generation (5G) wireless technology emerged with marvelous effort to state, design, deployment and standardize the upcoming wireless network generation. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques are well capable to support 5G latest technologies that are expected to deliver high data rate to upcoming use cases and services such as massive machine type communications (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (uRLLC). These services will surely help Gbps of data within the latency of few milliseconds in Internet of Things paradigm. This survey presented 5G mobility management in ultra-dense small cells networks using reinforcement learning techniques. First, we discussed existing surveys then we are focused on handover (HO) management in ultra-dense small cells (UDSC) scenario. Following, this study also discussed how machine learning algorithms can help in different HO scenarios. Nevertheless, future directions and challenges for 5G UDSC networks were concisely addressed.

6G Cloud-Native System: Vision, Challenges, Architecture Framework and Enabling Technologies

Every generation of wireless technologies needs to bring a set of new system capabilities to enable future applications and services, the sixth generation mobile system (6G) is no exception. This paper provides an overview of the technology transformation from the communication-centric the forth generation mobile system (4G) and the fifth generation mobile system (5G) to the compute-centric 6G with the cloud-native system framework as the foundation of the next generation technologies. We explain what 6G plans to achieve, the fundamental reasons for this technology transformation, the architecture framework and enabling technologies to achieve 6G cloud-native technology objectives. This paper intends to provide a technical deep dive on the 6G cloud-native system to trigger more discussions, innovations and bring the technology transformation from concept to reality.

Milestones of Wireless Communication Networks and Technology Prospect of Next Generation (6G)

Since around 1980, a new generation of wireless technology has arisen approximately every 10 years. First-generation (1G) and second-generation (2G) began with voice and eventually introduced more and more data in third-generation (3G) and became highly popular in the fourth-generation (4G). To increase the data rate along with low latency and mass connectivity the fifth-generation (5G) networks are being installed from 2020. However, the 5G technology will not be able to fulfill the data demand at the end of this decade. Therefore, it is expected that 6G communication networks will rise, providing better services through the implementation of new enabling technologies and allowing users to connect everywhere. 6G technology would not be confined to cellular communications networks, but would also comply with non-terrestrial communication system requirements, such as satellite communication. The ultimate objectives of this work are to address the major challenges of the evolution of cellular communication networks and to discourse the recent growth of the industry based on the key scopes of application and challenges. The main areas of research topics are summarized into (i) major 6G wireless network milestones; (ii) key performance indicators; (iii) future new applications; and (iv) potential fields of research, challenges, and open issues.

Simulation and Field Trial Results of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in 5G Networks

Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are considered as a strong candidate for next generation wireless technologies, thanks to its advantage of being able to configure the wireless propagation environment in a cost-effective and energy-efficient way. Many literature study the theoretical aspects of RIS-assisted communication while prototyping and field trials are relatively scarce. A key step towards the standardization and commercialization of RISs is to complete comprehensive field trials in cellular networks, such as the 5th generation (5G) network. There are several typical deployment scenarios in 5G networks such as indoors, outdoors and mixed indoors and outdoors, where RISs can provide coverage to weak reception areas, enhance transmission robustness, fix coverage holes and increase the maximum available data rate. In this paper, a variety types of RIS prototypes are fabricated and tested with off-the-shelf 5G user equipments (UEs) and 5G base stations (BSs) to validate the performance gain introduced by RISs to typical deployment scenarios of 5G at different working frequencies. Some system-level simulations are also conducted for several typical scenarios to be used as a baseline to verify that the test results are theoretically correct. All test parameters and signals are selected according to 5G standards to reflect the performance of RISs in real-world 5G networks. The experimental results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of RISs to solve coverage issues in 5G networks across different frequency ranges.

Applications of a “Carry-Over” Enhanced DSBM Intertemporal Technical Efficiency Model on the Taiwanese 5G Industry

Abstract Taiwan has proven itself successful at both inventing the key technologies leading to the development of 5G (fifth generation wireless technology)-related industries and serving as an indispensable link in the burgeoning 5G-industrial global supply chain. This study analyzes the current state of Taiwan’s 5G industry via the utilization the purpose of this study is to the Dynamic Slacks-Based Measure (DSBM). To achieve this purpose, a dynamic-data production process model was developed to analyze the 5G industry’s overall relative efficiency. Results indicate that (1) key chip-producing companies typically experience increased efficiency following 5G R&D industry development investment, and that said companies’ relative efficiency is, indeed, affected positively by R&D investment; and (2) key chip companies’ relative increases of efficiency were higher than those of brand terminal and downstream-industry-category companies, while companies with higher levels of R&D investment exhibited relatively higher and more significant levels of efficiency. Finally, it was discovered that the relative efficiency of Taiwan's 5G-related industries’ R&D investment was, indeed, statistically significant in terms of the Taiwanese government’s industrial policies regarding 5G R&D investment. Keywords: Dynamic Slacks-Based Measure (DSBM), 5G Industry, R&D Inputs.

Happy New Year 2022!

In 2021, IEEE Wireless Communications has made tremendous achievements again thanks to the great contributions of readers, authors, reviewers, editors, and the publications staff. In 2021, we published nine special issues and feature topics, with special topics on full duplex communications, edge intelligence, e-health applications, IoT applications, aerial computing, AI-assisted wireless communications, and intelligent surfaces for 5G and beyond. We received 302 submissions and published 71 high-quality articles in those nine special issues and feature topics. In addition, we received 274 open call submissions in 2021 and published 72 excellent articles in the six issues in 2021. Moreover, we also published special column articles in Scanning the Literature, Book Reviews, Industry Perspectives, and Spectrum Policy and Regulatory Issues in each of the six issues in 2021, thanks to the contributions of the column editors. I am very happy to announce that IEEE Wireless Communications received better bibliometrics in the 2020 edition of the Journal Citation Reports. The new impact factor is 11.979, the eigenfactor is 0.01575, and the article influence score is 2.829. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the people again who have made significant contributions to this magazine! In the new year 2022, IEEE Wireless Communications will continue to meet the new challenges and serve our community in developing next generation wireless technologies.

A Survey On Wireless Communications : 6g And 7g

One of the fastest growing sectors is wireless technology, which is evolving in all areas of mobile and wireless communications. Wireless technology has increased greatly in the last decade. 7.5 Generation (G) represents the history of wireless technology today. With 6G and 7G, data transmission rates will be higher over Future Generation wireless technology. With new technologies emerging in all fields of mobile and wireless communications, wireless technology continues to emerge as one of the hottest sectors with a high rate of development. Currently, 5G mobile communications systems are just getting started. Our current infrastructure supports a number of technologies, including voice over IP (VoIP), broadband data access over wireless, and more. This paper discusses several generations of wireless technologies from 0G to 7G. Wireless technology is important and beneficial to society. In this paper, we compare all of the generations and explain how each generation uses technology in its execution, application, and usage.

Wireless signal modulation identification method based on RF I/Q data distribution

Electromagnetic spectrum detection is the basis of the next generation wireless communication technology. Wireless signal identification is an important part of electromagnetic spectrum detection and management activities. This paper proposes to extract the distribution features of different modulated signals from the signal I/Q data. A two-dimensional gradient matrix is used to describe the characteristics of the signal classification. The minimum gradient cumulative distance (GCD) estimate between the sample and the model is used as the decision criterion for the signal classification. According to the result of the confusion matrix, the weight of the model is adjusted. Experiments show that the recognition rate of the modulated signal mentioned in this paper can reach 82.75%. The I/Q data sample was extracted under actual engineering conditions involving random noise, and the recognition rate dropped to approximately 79%. Based on the initial model gradient matrix, a reasonable algorithm is set to adjust the weight of the model, which can effectively improve the recognition rate of the modulated signal.

Theoretical Analysis and Performance Comparison of Multi-carrier Waveforms for 5G Wireless Applications

Fifth generation (5G) wireless technology is a new wireless communication system that must meet different complementary needs: the high data rate for mobile services, low energy consumption and long-range for connected objects, low latency to ensure real-time communication for critical applications and, high spectral efficiency to improve the overall system capacity. The waveforms and associated signal processing present a real challenge in the implementation of each generation of wireless communication networks. Different research works have discussed this topic; but, these works are limited to the Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC), and Filtered Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (F-OFDM) waveforms. In this work, we review the technical basics of the physical layer for the LTE system which uses, OFDM modulation for the downlink and the single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) technique for the uplink. Besides, this paper presents the diverse waveforms candidate for 5G systems, including, FBMC, UFMC, and F-OFDM, and compares these techniques with Constant Envelope-OFDM (CE-OFDM), which is an advantageous form regarding power consumption, especially for battery-powered devices. Simulations are carried out to compare the performance of the OFDM, CE-OFDM, F-OFDM, UFMC, and FBMC in terms of power spectral density (PSD) and Bit Error Rate (BER). It has been demonstrated that (CE-OFDM) constitutes a more efficient solution in terms of energy consumption than the other technics. By comparison with the other technics, the CE-OFDM scheme performances, in terms of BER and PSD, are controllable by the values of its parameters (M, h, and J). This advantage gives designers of the system to consider the mutual choice between spectral efficiency and the BER. Moreover, the (F-OFDM), (UFMC), and (FBMC) schemes could constitute a more efficient solution in terms of power spectral density. It can be concluded from this paper that CE-OFDM wave form gives the best performance in terms of power consumption by reducing the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) associated with the OFDM system and FBMC is an efficiency technique to reduce the inter-carrier interference (ICI).

The governance of 5G infrastructure: between path dependency and risk-based approaches

Abstract The fifth generation (5G) wireless technology promises a powerful, reliable and fast infrastructure to match artificial intelligence and Internet of Things developments. But its rollout has stirred strong political tensions around the prominent role that Chinese providers might be allowed to play in building the new networks. Between 2018 and 2020, a few countries have banned—partially or totally—the use of networking equipment produced by Huawei and ZTE, while others have mandated technical and security reviews to mitigate the risks associated with Chinese-origin components in the national 5G infrastructure. This article provides a thematic analysis of the security arguments and policy options emerging in the early days of the 5G debates. Based on key high-level statements, parliamentary debates and legislative acts published from mid-2018 to 2020, we examine perceived risks and threats surfacing in the public discourse, as well as the main regulatory directions emerging in seven countries. Our analysis shows policy alignment across multilateral commitments such as the European Union (EU) or the Five Eyes intelligence alliance. While selected EU member states lean towards risk-based governance and adaptive policies, Five Eyes nations opt for pre-emptive bans of 5G Chinese vendors, revealing path-dependent strategies for the sector. We conclude by discussing the policy reversal experienced by the UK in 2020 and the consolidation of new governance approaches for 5G infrastructure.

Next-G Wireless: Learning from 5G Techno-Economics to Inform Next Generation Wireless Technologies

A new generation of cellular technology has been deployed every decade since the 1980s. We are presently amid the global commercial deployment by Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular technology; and concurrently, a flurry of research is engaged in designing the next generation (6G). This offers an opportune time to assess the techno-economics research literature over the past decade that informed 5G’s development lifecycle from standardization to deployment. Our goal is to provide a retrospective review of this literature and offer recommendations for how the methodologies employed in this style of model-based research (theoretical and empirical) may be improved to best contribute to the design of Next Generation (Next-G) wireless technologies. Our review categorizes the prior research into eight key research themes including use cases, technologies, modeling techniques, financial metrics, open science practices, business model evaluation, spatial focus and data visualization. Our review of the prior literature leads us to conclude that the quality and impact of techno-economic assessment studies directed at designing Next-G (or 6G) technologies would be improved if researchers are: (i) more transparent about network quality of service assumptions, (ii) openly share input data, code, and results, (iii) focus on total cost analysis, with special attention paid to (iv) ensuring the affordability of 6G technologies, and, (v) actively take account of developments emerging from other modeling efforts to maximize the potential for mutual benefits.

A Macroeconomic Model of Federal and Commercial Spectrum Usage

All wireless communication depends on effective and efficient access to the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectrum is a critical national resource that enables both national and economic security. Demand for spectrum is growing, while its supply is practically limited. A Macroeconomic Model of Federal and Commercial Spectrum Usage is one of multiple research projects on the topic of Spectrum Innovation for the Whole-of-Nation. This research is developing innovative toolsets and capabilities to help meet the United States (U.S.) objective of using electromagnetic spectrum as efficiently and effectively as possible while balancing economic, national security, and other national goals now and in the future. The project team built a capability to conduct objective and transparent macroeconomic analysis of the impact of spectrum decisions on the U.S. economy. The initial proof-of-concept model addressed the questions: What value does spectrum bring to the U.S. economy based on a shift from fourth generation (4G) to fifth generation (5G) wireless technology? What is the marginal value of additional spectrum to 5G? This spectrum macroeconomic model estimates the impact of spectrum decisions on U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The model consists of three components: a wireless network infrastructure model that estimates the relative costs of 4G and 5G services, a 5G use case model that estimates industry level impacts on cost and demand, and a tailored a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that estimates economy-wide, impacts. This research required a diverse team with multi-disciplinary expertise in economics, modeling, electromagnetic spectrum, wireless communications, wireless network infrastructure, operations research, systems engineering, and policy. The team developed new methodologies and integrated data sets across multiple domains including: 4G and 5G wireless gross and network demand, wireless network cell sizes and throughput, demand over geographic coverage areas, downlink allocation and efficiency, mobile network operators, channelization, cost of production for 4G and 5G wireless services (capital, labor, other intermediate goods), operating expenses, network buildout strategies, total factor of productivity assumptions, depreciation rates, useful life of capital, residual value of assets, national income product account data, and Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis data on population, labor supply, GDP components, inflation indices, and exchange rates. This novel research tailored a best-in-class CGE model to the spectrum domain. In addition to building the model, the team examined relationships between parameters and variables of the different models to test the overall sensitivity and developed initial results and key findings. The research can be used to inject objective data and optimization into decision-making processes. Applications of the model could inform Federal spectrum sharing/allocation policies, 5G and sixth generation (6G) network evolution strategies, and balancing Federal/Non-Federal spectrum value. This research contributes to addressing spectrum issues with an impartial, transparent, consistent methodology across stakeholders, in the public interest, and as a Whole-of-Nation.

Interface-engineered barium magnetoplumbite–wide-bandgap semiconductor integration enabling 5G system-on-wafer solutions for full-duplexing phased arrays

Transition from fourth to fifth generation wireless technologies requires a shift from 2.3 GHz to Ka-band with the promise of revolutionary increases in data handling capacity and transfer rates at greatly reduced latency among other benefits. A key enabling technology is the integration of Ka-band massive multiple input–multiple output (m-MIMO) antenna arrays. m-MIMO array elements simultaneously transmit and receive (STAR) data providing true full duplexing in time and frequency domains. STAR requires, as a central component, the circulator. However, conventional circulators are bulky and prohibit the engineering of Ka array lattices. A necessary innovation calls for the integration of device-quality Ka-ferrites with wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductor heterostructures allowing for system-on-wafer solutions. Here, we report results of a systematic study of pulsed laser deposited (PLD) barium magnetoplumbite (BaM) films on industrial compatible WBG semiconductor heterostructures suitable for operation in Ka-band circulators. We demonstrate successful PLD growth of BaM films on WBG semiconductor heterostructures. BaM films that show device quality performance in structure, epitaxy, and magnetic properties were realized for BaM/MgO/AlN/SiC(X). Film properties include bulk-like values of magnetic anisotropy field, Ha ∼16.5 kOe, and saturation magnetization, 4πMs ∼ 4.2 kG. Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth values are competitive and comparable with device design goals for insertion loss. Only heterostructures where SiC substrates have Si-polar surface showed superior properties. These results define a path for integration of magnetodielectric materials on wide bandgap heterostructures for self-biased devices essential to implementing millimeter-wave m-MIMO array and the enormous potential it offers to 5G technologies.