Generation Migrants Research Articles

The gaps between policy design and peasant migrants' intention of citizenization: The study of China's Guangdong Province

The citizenization of peasant migrants is key to understanding China's long-term urban-rural imbalance and ongoing rural transformations. The majority of existing literature focused on structural/institutional or agentive/subjective factors, while an integrated perspective examining both structural and agentive factors related to the citizenization process is rarely seen. Borrowing theories from the strategic-relational approach, this paper unfolds the matching and mismatching mechanisms between the policy design and peasant migrants' intentions of citizenization. Drawing on a case study in China's Guangdong Province, this study finds that: (1) citizenization policies prefer to offer citizenship to the new generation of peasant migrants, which matches the age structure of peasant migrants; (2) although municipal governments are prone to attract young peasant migrants with high educational level and strong competitiveness, peasant migrants generally have a relatively low educational level and weak professional training; (3) the high threshold of citizenization in mega-metropolitan and metropolitan cities mismatches peasant migrants' preference towards the first-tier cities. This paper describes the matching and mismatching mechanisms between structure and agency associated with the citizenization of peasant migrants. The policy reflections proposed by this study point towards enhancing nearby urbanization and in situ urbanization, so as to increase the attraction of young peasant migrants by ordinary cities. Besides, this paper calls for the promotion of rural-urban co-governance, making rural revitalization an alternative and supplement to the urbanization driven by rural-urban migration.

Educational Quizz Platforms for Romanian as a Foreign Language: A Case Study of Kahoot

The present paper is centred around the educational platform Kahoot and the assessment of its use as a teaching and learning aid at the lectures of the Romanian language for foreign students. With the advance of modern technology, teachers (belonging to the generation of digital migrants) face the necessity of adapting to the new type of thinking characteristic of the contemporary generation of students (digital natives) – the so-called clip thinking, which imposes the elaboration of new tools, mechanisms and strategies of teaching. Thus, today’s educational system sees the appearance of a great number of new digital products, some of which prove highly useful and even necessary when correctly implemented and exploited in language teaching. One of such resources is Kahoot – a quizz platform that can be used by language teachers to both reinforce and assess students’ knowledge and skills. The aim of this article is to look at this platform more closely, to analyse its advantages and disadvantages from the viewpoint of modern pedagogy by means of applying the criteria of the assessment of digital curricular products put forward by Constantin Cucoș, and, last but by no means least, to offer recommendations concerning its use in the real practice of teaching Romanian as a foreign language.

Зовнішня міграція українців до та після повномасштабної агресії (порівняльний аналіз)

The paper compares external migration features before and after the start of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. The authors analysed the main reasons and circumstances of migration in each period, the impact of migration on the daily life of migrants, the realisation of the right to work, living conditions, the situation in communities and communities in which migrants live, and the attitude towards them. The problems of caring for children in migrant families and the peculiarities of realising children’s right to education are considered. The most common issues that arise in communications and relationships in migrant families are analysed. Recommendations are offered for improving the situation of migrants, realising their needs and interests, and ensuring compliance with their rights and that of their children. The authors compare features of external migration before the beginning of 2022 and with the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine on February 24, 2022, and reveal the common features and differences between these two stages of migration. The main reasons and circumstances of external migration in the pre-war period and after the full-scale invasion are determined. It is noted that before the beginning of the armed aggression of Russia, the departure of Ukrainians abroad had clearly defined signs of labour migration, and with the beginning of the war, the main argument in favour of leaving Ukraine became the desire to ensure security for themselves and their children. Three stages of the migration process are distinguished and characterised: the stage of relocation (evacuation), the stage of adaptation and the stage of integration. The authors analyse the leading causes and circumstances of migration in each period, the impact of migration on the daily life of migrants, the realisation of the right to work, living conditions, access to medical services, the situation in communities and communities in which migrants live, and attitudes towards them. Approaches to the segmentation of migrants are proposed depending on the circumstances of their departure from Ukraine, family status and the situation in the host countries. The peculiarities of the employment of Ukrainians abroad in the pre-war period and after the beginning of the war are given and the geographical, professional, gender and other parameters of labour activity of migrants are analysed. The specifics of the education and upbringing of migrant children, the peculiarities of children’s right to education were analysed, the problems of education, interpersonal relations between different generations of migrants, the impact of migration on the psychological state of children and their socialisation processes were considered. The level of information and legal awareness of migrants was studied, and the lack of systematic knowledge of Ukrainian and foreign legislation regulating migration was recorded among many migrants. A list of the most urgent needs of migrants and their family members is given. Typical differences between migrants and their family members in their perception and planning of their future are analysed. Recommendations are offered for improving the situation of migrants, realising their needs and interests, and ensuring compliance with their rights and that of their children.

Comment se dé-construit le plurilinguisme d’adolescent∙e∙s primo-arrivant∙e∙s ? Regard sur l’évolution de quelques répertoires linguistiques en migration

I discuss the role heritage languages courses play in the development of the multilingual language repertoires of migrant teenagers I interviewed for my doctoral research. Surprisingly, almost none of my participants know that heritage language courses are provided in their home language, but some of them mention studying other languages. I argue that heritage classes do not seem to suit first generation migrants but rather second-generation individuals who wish to discover or develop their parent’s language (or sometimes another language). I also argue that school does not play its role in valorizing heritage languages even though heritagelanguage learning objectives are mentioned in the curricular.

Alien at birth: Chinese migrants in post-colonial Assam (1947-1962)

ABSTRACT This article investigates the relationship of a migrant community with the state in a borderland. The relationship between the Indian state and Chinese-origin migrants in post-colonial Assam can be characterised by two themes: control and resilience. On the one hand, the state tried to control the community through strict bureaucratic procedures. On the other hand, the Chinese community showed resilience by adhering to or negotiating with the control mechanisms. This article also seeks to understand the nationality and citizenship issues of community members, in particular the second and third generations of migrants. In this article, I argue that ambiguities of citizenship status, and the state’s reluctance or negligence in resolving their citizenship issues, had grave consequences for the community as they had to struggle for their fundamental rights. This issue of ambiguous citizenship caused severe unrest in the region in the later decades, which could also have been avoided.

Muslim Diasporas: An Examination of the Issues of the Second and Third Generation Muslims in Europe

This article studies the issues of the emerging second and third generations of post-war Muslim migrants in Europe. There has always been some presence of Muslims in Europe, but immigrants who came in the post-Second World War (WWII) period represent the majority of today's Muslim diasporas in Europe. They are referred to as the ‘first generation’. This division is made to distinguish between those who had moved permanently to a country other than their country of birth, from the second/third-generation immigrants referring to those who were born in Europe. This article explores issues of second and third-generation Muslims in Europe, contrasting and comparing them with their parents’ experiences. Family socialisation has significant effects supporting the effective transmission of religious identification, belief and practices to the next generation. The younger generations may receive a ‘transmitted package of heritage’ from the first generation, but they are not born in a vacuum, rather are exposed to a different mainstream cultural identity coming from the media, non-Muslim (The term non-Muslim refers to anyone who does not define himself as belonging to or practising the Islamic faith.) friends and educational institutions in the new environments. They are not expected to be just passive recipients. They try to relate to both heritages and negotiate in such a way as to maintain relations with family and achieve full European citizenship. For the younger generations in Europe, greater contact and exchange between the races and cultures is the key towards the future even if it is contested within their own community.

Public attitudes towards sexual behavior-Results of the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD).

Population-level data on predictors for attitudes towards sexual behavior are missing for Germany. The current study investigated sexual attitudes in the German population with regard to sociodemographic and sociocultural factors. Data originated from the German Health and Sexuality Survey (GeSiD; N = 4,955) carried out from October 2018 to September 2019. Computer-assisted face to face interviews were conducted with a large self-administered component due to the sensitive topics of the survey. Public acceptance towards several aspects of sexual behavior (extramarital sex, abortion, same sex sexual activities, sex work, promiscuity, sex without love) was investigated. Age, gender, education, religious aspects and migration background were introduced as predictors into logistic regression analyses. Overall, respondents rather rejected promiscuity (61%) and extramarital sex (81%) and rather supported same sex sexual activities (63-70%). Male respondents more likely rejected same sex sexual activities and abortion. Higher education was associated with more acceptance towards the sexual behaviors whereas first generation migrants, Muslim faith and religious devoutness were associated with less acceptance. Results indicate that gender is relevant in terms of sexual attitudes with male respondents tending to have more traditional and heteronormative gender role values. Furthermore, education, culture and religion play an important role concerning the liberality towards sexual behaviors. Acculturation processes of second generation migrants may lead to an adaptation of values. Comprehensive and culturally sensitive sex education may focus on differences concerning sexuality-related norms and values.

Difference in dependence on forest resources between first generation migrants and their descendants in southern Shan State, Myanmar

Forest resources have the potential to act as a safety net for those who live in or migrate to rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the difference in dependence on forest resources between first generation migrants and their descendants in a village in the southern Shan State of Myanmar that includes different ethnic groups and has experienced population growth. Their perceptions of collective action for sustainable forest resource management were also analyzed. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with households, interviews with key informants, and focus group discussions. The first generation had a greater diversity of income sources than the second generation; in addition, households that earned income from non-timber forest products (NTFPs) were found to have a lower total annual income than those that did not, across the generations. This result demonstrates the function of NTFPs as a safety net for rural migrants whose livelihood is dependent on forest resources. Furthermore, participation by first and second generation migrants in collective action for sustainable forest resource management was found to be low. Rather, the heterogeneity of villagers should be taken into consideration by policy makers and implementing agencies for sustainable forest resource governance.

Migrants are the city: commentary on “London: diversity and renewal over two millennia” by Anthony Heath and Yaojun Li

ABSTRACT By querying the social connections that underlie Heath’s and Li’s overview of the peopling of London over the millennia, it becomes clear that London was made as people from elsewhere settled, maintained multiple networks of connection and created local forms of sociability. Generations of migrants built London, as those in power extracted wealth from colonies around the world through the African slave trade, theft of land from native peoples, indentured labour from South Asia, and the dispossession and cultural subordination of Irish, Scottish, Welch and English rural classes. To trace the history of London must be to explicate the intertwined processes of racialization, women’s subordination, Orientalism and the cultural hierarchies of difference. As all comprehensive urban histories can do, if they address the relationships between migrants and city making, Heath and Li’s account of London teaches us that underneath politically constructed migrant non-migrant divides, over time migrants become the city.

Od języka podstawowej komunikacji do języka edukacji szkolnej - zarys procesu nabywania polszczyzny w warunkach szkolnych na przykładzie nastoletnich chińskich uczniów

The article presents the reflection and the data gathered for the Ph.D. thesis “Chinese students in the Polish educational system – from basic communication to cognitive academic language proficiency skills” presents the specificity of teaching Polish as a second language to young people (12–13 years old) who come from the distant culture and countries. The first part is a brief outline of the Chinese migration in Poland, with particular emphasis on the youngest generation of migrants. The second part of the paper showed the methodology and analysis of the conducted research with conclusions that enabled to answer the research questions. The article the examples of suggestions that may presumably enforce the process of teaching Polish in school conditions by students with experience of migration.

Inferring inter-colony movement within metapopulations of yellow-footed rock-wallabies using estimates of kinship

Understanding the exchange of individuals between wildlife populations, particularly those with naturally fragmented habitats, is important for the effective management of these species. This is of particular consequence when the species is of conservation concern, and isolated populations may be lost due to pressures from predation or competition, or catastrophic events such as wildfire. Here we demonstrate the use kinship and population structure analysis to show potential recent movement between colonies in metapopulations of yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus Gray 1854) at two sites in the Grey Range of Queensland, and at four sites in the Gawler Ranges of South Australia. These colonies are also compared to a single colony from the Flinders Ranges, a connected landscape of rock-wallaby habitat. Using reduced representation next-generation sequencing, we acquired and filtered a set of ~ 17,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to examine population genetic variation, structure and relationships within populations, and also identify putative migrants. Initial STRUCTURE analysis re-confirmed each population should be considered separately. Tests of population genetic variation identify several colonies appearing to be experiencing genetic erosion, also with low calculated effective population sizes (Ne = 4.5–36.6). Pairwise comparisons of individual relatedness (relatedness coeffiecients; r) implied several contemporary movement events between colonies within both the Gawler and Grey Ranges (r > 0.125), which was then affirmed with tests for putative first generation migrants. These results are of particular note in South Australia, where threat abatement (management of key predators and competitors) may facilitate dispersion. Additionally, in Queensland, colonies are separated by anthropogenic barriers: predator exclusion fencing designed to exclude dingoes (Canis familiaris) from grazing land, which may hinder dispersal. This work highlights the usefulness of population genetics to inform management outcomes in wildlife, in this case, highlighting the need for threatened species management at the landscape level.

Migrant associations, other social networks of Portuguese Diaspora, and the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens

Portuguese emigration has a long global history and, in recent decades, has increased substantially and diversified its range of destinations. Recent emigration, predominantly to the European Union and Lusophone countries in Africa, complemented the traditional 19th to twentieth centuries’ waves of emigration to the Americas. The Portuguese Diaspora is multigenerational and globally distributed, although diverse. How are those generations of migrants organized within the local spaces of the Diaspora? Based on an innovative survey of more than 500 Portuguese Diaspora organisations, this paper shows how migrant engagement policies and practices are evolving and dealing with the new types of Diaspora relations, organisations and institutions. The main output of this research is an exploratory typology of the contemporary apparatuses of these Portuguese Diaspora systems and their nodes. This typology characterises the modern political engagement of non-resident citizens through their participation in associations and other social networks. With this pioneering paper, we intend to open a discussion regarding the means and forms available to mobilise current and past emigrant groups within a meaningful Diaspora policy.

The vulnerability of in-between statuses: ID and migration controls in the cases of the ‘Windrush generation’ scandal and Brexit

ABSTRACT In this article, I argue that identity documents (ID) and migration statuses are both tools of population control and subjectivities that individuals have an interest in holding. I use documentary analyses and interviews with 31 EU27 citizens in the UK, 21 UK citizens in Belgium and the UK and with nationality bureaucracies in the two countries. States create legitimate, illegitimate and in-between statuses, and in-between statuses show how being exempt from certain ID and migration controls can create paradoxical vulnerabilities. Windrush generation migrants in the UK were exempt from migration controls but then in some cases were treated as irregular migrants because of the lack of proof of status. EU citizens were free from many migration controls, but can have difficulties in naturalization and dealing with new requirements brought about by Brexit because the procedures can require proof of rights usually produced through the migration controls they were exempt from.

An Albanian Ethnolect of Modern Greek? Testing the Waters Perceptually

Ethnolects have been defined as varieties linked to particular ethnic minorities by the minorities themselves or by other ethnic communities. The present paper investigates this association between ethnic groups and language varieties in the Greek context. I seek to answer whether there is an association made (by Albanians or Greeks) between Albanian migrants in Greece and a particular variety that is not their L1, i.e., Albanian, and if so, whether this is an Albanian ethnolect of Greek. I show experimentally that, in fact, there is a variety of Greek that is linked with listeners’ perceptions of Albanian migrants. However, that criterion is not enough in itself to designate the variety as an ethnolect as the acquisition of this variety by the second or subsequent generations of migrants is not evidenced. Rather, those generations are undergoing language shift from Albanian to Greek. Therefore, the classification of Albanian Greek as an Albanian ethnolect of Greek is not possible despite the association between the variety and the particular minority in Greece. Classification as an L2 Greek variety or a Mock Albanian Greek (MAG) variety is instead argued.

Intersections of climate change, migration, and health: experiences of first-generation migrants from Latin America to the Atlanta-metropolitan area

ABSTRACT Climate change is an important driver of migration, but little research exists on whether migrant communities in the U.S. identify climate change-related factors as reasons for migrating. In 2021, we conducted a multidisciplinary, collaborative project to better understand the nexus of climate change and immigrant health in the Atlanta area. This paper presents one arm of this collaboration that explored both the role of climate change in decisions to immigrate to Georgia and the ways that climate change intersects with other possible drivers of migration. First generation migrants from Latin America were recruited primarily through CPACS Cosmo Health Center and were invited to participate in an intake survey and an in-depth interview. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings suggest that while participants may not have explicitly identified climate change as a primary reason for migration, in both surveys and in-depth interviews, participants reported multiple and intersecting social, economic, political, and environmental factors that are directly or indirectly influenced by climate change and that are involved in their decisions to migrate. The narratives that emerged from in-depth interviews further contextualised survey data and elucidated the complex nexus of climate change, migration, and health.

Differences in political trust between migrants and non-migrants in pandemic times

Political trust is one aspect that might be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the strict government-implemented measures to fight the virus. Previous studies report an increase in political trust at the onset of the pandemic in several European countries, followed by a marginal decline over the further course of the pandemic. However, it is unclear how political trust changes among first and second generation migrants in Germany compared to natives throughout the pandemic. To address this question, we use data from the adult cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) at one measurement point before, and two during the pandemic. Consistent with previous studies, our data show that pre-pandemic, political trust is higher among first generation migrants than among second generation migrants and natives. We examine how these previous differences evolve throughout the pandemic. Our results indicate that political trust increases significantly only for natives and second generation migrants, but not for first generation migrants at the beginning of the pandemic. Later in the first year of the pandemic, political trust is higher than pre-pandemic for all groups. Neither vulnerabilities nor sociodemographic control variables can explain the differences between the groups.

Differences in political trust between migrants and non-migrants in pandemic times (Online-Appendix)

Political trust is one aspect that might be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the strict government-implemented measures to fight the virus. Previous studies report an increase in political trust at the onset of the pandemic in several European countries, followed by a marginal decline over the further course of the pandemic. However, it is unclear how political trust changes among first and second generation migrants in Germany compared to natives throughout the pandemic. To address this question, we use data from the adult cohort of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) at one measurement point before, and two during the pandemic. Consistent with previous studies, our data show that pre-pandemic, political trust is higher among first generation migrants than among second generation migrants and natives. We examine how these previous differences evolve throughout the pandemic. Our results indicate that political trust increases significantly only for natives and second generation migrants, but not for first generation migrants at the beginning of the pandemic. Later in the first year of the pandemic, political trust is higher than pre-pandemic for all groups. Neither vulnerabilities nor sociodemographic control variables can explain the differences between the groups.

Introduction: Fertility and Social Inequalities in Migrant Populations: a Look at the Roles of Selection, Context of Reception, and Employment

This paper is the introduction to the Special Issue on “Fertility and social inequalities in migrant populations.” The Special Issue contains twelve empirical papers that deal with both international migrants and internal migrants, both women and men, both older migrant populations spanning several generations as well as recent immigrant groups, such as refugees, and include analyses of both behavior and intentions. The data used comprise macro indicators and individual-level data as well as qualitative material. Regional contexts include classical immigration countries in Europe and Oceania as well as relatively recent destinations. The papers draw on several comparative perspectives—migrants at destination, emigrants and stayers at origin, migrants with different numbers of children upon migration, and different migrant generations—to address three large questions. Six papers explore the role of time and sequencing in migrant fertility, in relation to both period effects and sequencing of births in the life course, as well as the role selection into migration plays in female and male migrants’ fertility behavior. Four papers focus into how regional variation in the receiving contexts shapes fertility behavior, highlighting the role of migrant type, human capital, and social capital. Two papers look at how childbearing is associated with different degrees of economic assimilation, i.e., maternal employment. Overall, this Special Issue demonstrates the large heterogeneity in fertility among migrant and ethnic minority groups. Social inequalities shape fertility differentials, which in turn influence subsequent life courses of migrants and ethnic minority group members. Future research on migrant assimilation should pay more attention to variation in demographic behavior.

The Transformation of Family Memory of Migrants in the Light of Intergenerational Dynamics: on the Example of the Lipetsk Region

The article is based on the results of questioning and interviewing representatives of the first, one and a half and second generations of migrants in the Lipetsk region. On the basis of praxeological and transnational approaches, the family memory of migrants was considered as a configuration of relevant narratives and practices that simultaneously take into account the historical cultures of the country of origin and the host society. Family commemorations play an important role in the construction of the identity of migrant communities in the Russian provinces. The study revealed the persistence of the factor of family and compatriot relations as the main reason for choosing the place of resettlement. Analysis of the results of the survey and interviewing indicates a high level of openness of the first, one and a half and second generations of migrants in relation to the Russian language and secular holidays in Russia. At the same time, migrants continue to consider the religious holidays of the country of origin and belonging to the diaspora as markers of their identity. The study showed that migrants continue to actively oppose the images of the host society and the country of origin, which indicates the coexistence of communities of memory of local residents and migrants as "parallel" to each other. Significant differences between the generations of migrants in assessing the change in lifestyle after migration, in the level of involvement in the religious traditions of the country of origin, in the subject of nostalgia were revealed.

Parental occupation and students’ STEM achievements by gender and ethnic origin: Evidence from Germany

Research has documented a positive association between parents’ background in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and children’s achievement and participation in STEM. Yet it is unclear whether girls and boys with and without migration background benefit equally from having STEM-affiliated parents, and whether this relationship varies depending on the educational stage. Using nationally representative data from standardized assessment tests, we explore gender and ethnic differences in the association of parental STEM occupation and students’ achievement in STEM at two educational stages (fourth and ninth grade) in Germany. Results show that parents’ STEM occupation is associated only with girls’ math competencies in fourth grade and boys’ math and science competencies in ninth grade. After controlling for parental socio-economic status, no significant variation in this relationship can be reported by migrant generation status and ethnic origin. Eastern European students (irrespective of parents’ background) perform better in STEM fields than other immigrant groups at both educational stages. • Parental transmission of STEM achievement varies by gender and educational stage • Parental STEM occupation benefits girls in fourth grade and boys in ninth grade • No variation in the effect of parental STEM occupation by migrant generation status • Some ethnic differences among boys, but not statistically significant • Lower STEM achievement among girls and immigrants than boys and natives