General Self-Efficacy Scale Scores Research Articles

Effectiveness of nursing Intervention on anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy among elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention: An observational cohort study.

The aim of the present study is to investigate effect nursing intervention on anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy among elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention, and the correlation between patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy and nursing intervention.One hundred thirty six patients with acute coronary intervention were randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 68) and the control group (n = 68). The experimental group received nursing intervention measures, and control group received routine nursing. We measured the depression, anxiety score of the 2 groups before and after nursing and multiple regressions was to analysis the correlation between patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy and nursing intervention.The nursing intervention effect of the 2 groups after intervention were improved before intervention (P < .05), and the Hospital Anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in the was decreased than that of the control group after psychological intervention. The general self-efficacy scale scores of experimental group were obviously improved after receiving the intervention, and the scores in the experimental group were much higher than the control group after receiving the intervention, namely (P < .05). Furthermore, Single regression analysis showed that single (Marital status) (r = 0.367, P < .001), divorced or separated (Marital status) (r = 0.338, P < .001), Widowed (Marital status) (r = 0.458, P < .001), nursing intervention (r = 0.431, P < .001) and Length of hospital stay (r = 0.276, P = .003) showed a significant correlation with patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy. Multiple regression analysis showed that Length of hospital stay (P = .001) and nursing intervention (P < .001) were significantly correlated with patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy.Nursing intervention maybe significantly improve patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy, and nursing intervention was significantly correlated with patients’ anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy. Considering the limited number of studies analyzed, large sample-size clinical trials are necessary to verify the effect nursing intervention on anxiety, psychology and self-efficacy among elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Improving Clinical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Dysfunctions in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Neurofeedback Randomized Control Trial.

Objectives The aim of this study was to use neurofeedback (NF) training as the add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia to improve their clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial condition. The study, thanks to the monitoring of various conditions, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was supposed to give an insight into mechanisms underlying NF training results. Methods Forty-four male patients with schizophrenia, currently in a stable, incomplete remission, were recruited into two, 3-month rehabilitation programs, with standard rehabilitation as a control group (R) or with add-on NF training (NF). Pre- and posttherapy primary outcomes were compared: clinical (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)), cognitive (Color Trails Test (CTT), d2 test), psychosocial functioning (General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS)), quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), auditory event-related potentials (ERPs), and serum level of BDNF. Results. Both groups R and NF improved significantly in clinical ratings (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)). In-between analyses unveiled some advantages of add-on NF therapy over standard rehabilitation. GSES scores improved significantly, giving the NF group of patients greater ability to cope with stressful or difficult social demands. Also, the serum-level BDNF increased significantly more in the NF group. Post hoc analyses indicated the possibility of creating a separate PANSS subsyndrome, specifically related to cognitive, psychosocial, and BDNF effects of NF therapy. Conclusions Neurofeedback can be effectively used as the add-on therapy in schizophrenia rehabilitation programs. The method requires further research regarding its clinical specificity and understanding mechanisms of action.

Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on nurses working in tertiary women's and children's hospitals from Sichuan, China: A cross-sectional study

The evolving COVID-19 pandemic is placing unprecedented pressures on health systems. Accumulative studies suggest that nurses were more likely to develop negative psychiatric outcomes following a public health disaster than other medical staffs, due to their more frequent and closer contact with patients. We examined the psychological status of nurses working in the tertiary women's and children's hospitals in Sichuan, China, in order to explore the possible effect of the COVID-19. The cross-sectional survey was conducted at the peak period of COVID-19 among 1971 nurses. Their anxiety, depression and self-efficacy were assessed by the seven-item anxiety scale (GAD-7), the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES), respectively. 1934 valid questionnaires were returned with a response rate of 98.1%. We found that 29.3% and 22.7% of the nurses were identified with anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. The median score of GSES was 30, which was at the upper middle level among all populations. Nurses having longer working years and cold-like symptoms, those who were at work during breakout period and working in pediatric ward were significantly associated with the presence of anxiety and depression. Findings suggest that the epidemic of COVID-19 does not necessarily affect the psychological health of nurses working in women's and children's hospitals in Sichuan. The results of this study could serve as valuable suggestions to direct the promotion of psychological well-being among targeted nurses.

Effect of Vocational Rehabilitation Training Camp on Patients with Spinal Cord InjuryReturning to Society

Objectives:To investigate the therapeutic effect of vocational rehabilitation training camp on patients with spinal cord injury(SCI)returning to society.Methods:A total of 34 patients with spinal cord injury who were hospitalized and received rehabilitation treatments in Xiangya Boai Rehabilitation Hospital from October 2017 to October 2019 were recruited and randomly divided into control group(16 cases)and observation group(18 cases)according to the random number table method.The control group received conventional rehabilitation treatment(including basic training,daily life activity training,traditional Chinese medicine therapy,etc.)for 6 hours a day,5 days a week,for 12 weeks.The observation group added 2 weeks of vocational rehabilitation training camp on the basis of conventional rehabilitation treatment,10 hours a day,5 days a week,for 2 consecutive weeks,a total of 14 weeks.Patients in two groups were evaluated using general self-efficacy scale(GSES),community integration questionnaire(CIQ),and the lam assessment of stages of employment readiness(LASER)before and after treatment.The statuses of returning to work of patients were followed up by telephone six months after discharge.Results:There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in GSES scores and CIQ scores before treatment(P>0.05).There were statistically significant differences in GSES scores(20.89±4.86∶31.44±3.42),CIQ-family integration scores(4.39±1.24∶10.50±1.72),CIQ-social integration scores(2.78±0.94∶8.06±1.86),CIQ-production activity scores(0.50±0.62∶3.06±0.80)and LASER scores of the observation group before and after treatment(P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences in GSES scores(22.06±5.53∶28.63±4.54),CIQ-family integration scores(4.69±1.14∶6.69±1.49),CIQ-social integration scores(3.75±0.93∶6.19±1.17),CIQ-production activity scores(0.75±0.68∶2.13±0.62)and LASER scores of the control group before and after treatment(P<0.05).After treatment,there were statistically significant differences in GSES scores(31.44±3.42∶28.63±4.54),CIQ-family integration scores(10.50±1.72∶6.69±1.49),CIQ-social integration scores(8.06±1.86∶6.19±1.17),CIQ-production activity scores(3.06±0.80∶2.13±0.62),and LASER scores between the two groups(P<0.05).Six months after discharge,the rate of returning to work of SCI patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Vocational rehabilitation training camp can significantly improve the general self-efficacy,community integration,willingness to work and the rate of returning to work of patients with spinal cord injury.

Application of Motivational Interview Combined with Staged Nursing in Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease Patients

To investigate the effect of motivational interview combined with staged nursing on blood pressure control, general self-efficacy scale score and compliance behavior of coronary heart disease patients. From March 2017 to June 2019, 143 coronary heart disease patients from Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center were selected and divided into combined group and routine group by random number table. The routine group received routine nursing, while the combined group received motivational interview combined with staged nursing. Comparison was made between the two groups in terms of blood pressure control effect, general selfefficacy scale score, self-management capability and compliance behavior. 6 mo after discharge, the combined group had systolic blood pressure of (119.76±15.38) mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of (78.43±10.08) mmHg, which were significantly lower than the routine group (125.63±16.81) mmHg and (82.75±11.14) mmHg (p<0.05). 6 mo after discharge, the combined group had general self-efficacy scale score of (31.58±4.76) points and coronary self-management scale score of (78.52±8.64) points, which were significantly higher than the routine group (26.72±5.83) points and (71.33±9.06) points (p<0.05). The combined group had higher compliance rate in reasonable diet, exercise, quitting smoking and drinking, medication on time, mental relaxation than the routine group (p<0.05). Motivational interview combined with staged nursing can help to improve the effect of blood pressure control in coronary heart disease patients, enhance their self-efficacy and self-management capabilities and effectively improve their compliance behavior.

Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Surrogate Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale.

Surrogate decision making for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) can have negative physical and emotional health consequences for the decision-maker. Improving confidence and self-efficacy may reduce these consequences, but a valid instrument is necessary for reliable measurement. Using a cross-sectional design, the current study aimed to translate the Surrogate Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (SDM-SES) into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties for surrogate decision-makers (SDMs) of patients in the ICU. The English version of the SDM-SES was translated into Chinese according to Brislin's translation guidelines and tested in 107 Chinese SDMs of patients in the ICU. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.86, and a confirmatory factor analysis yielded acceptably high goodness-of-fit. Scores of the Chinese version of the SDM-SES were positively correlated with General Self-Efficacy Scale scores and 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale scores. This study indicates that the Chinese version of the SDM-SES has sufficient psychometric properties for assessing self-efficacy of SDMs for patients in the ICU. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 14(1), 17-23.].

Factors associated with the mental health status of medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Japan

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on university students, including those in medical schools, with disruption in routine education causing significant psychological distress. The objective of this study was...

Resilience and diabetes self-management among African-American men receiving primary care at an urban safety-net hospital: a cross-sectional survey

ABSTRACT Background Resilience is the ability to adapt to adverse life events. Studies that explore diabetes self-management interventions integrating resilience in African-Americans with diabetes include few African-American men, who have higher diabetes-related mortality and complication rates compared to African-American women. Design We conducted a cross-sectional study of African-American men with uncontrolled diabetes living in diabetes hotspots. We measured resilience levels using the General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), and incarceration history by phone survey. We categorized participants as higher or lower resilience level and higher or lower adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the relationship between resilience and adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. Our model accounted for potential confounders, including age, incarceration history, and socioeconomic factors. Results Of 234 patients contacted by mail and phone, 94 (40.2%) completed the survey. Mean age was 60.6 years, 59.5% reported an annual household income of less than $20,000, and 29.8% reported a history of incarceration. The mean unadjusted GSES score was 25.0 (sd 5.2; range: 0–30, higher scores indicate greater resilience), and the mean DSMQ score was 7.34 (sd 1.78; range: 0–10, higher scores indicate greater adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors). In multivariable analyses, higher levels of resilience were associated with higher adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors (aOR = 9.68, 95% CI 3.01, 31.12). History of incarceration was negatively associated with higher adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors (aOR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.06, 0.81). Conclusions Resilience and personal history of incarceration are associated with adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors among African-American men residing in diabetes hotspots. Future interventions should incorporate resilience training to improve diabetes self-management behaviors. At a societal level, social determinants of health that adversely affect African-American men, such as structural racism and mass incarceration, need to be eliminated.

Anxiety of Nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 Epidemic and its Correlation With Work Stress and Self-efficacy.

We aimed to investigate the anxiety of nurses who are supporting Wuhan in fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and explore relevant influencing factors. The COVID-19 outbreak poses a major threat to public health worldwide. Nurses play an important role in this epidemic. However, available data on the mental health among these nurses are limited. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was performed. An online questionnaire was completed by 200 nurses who went to Wuhan to help to fight against COVID-19 from another province. Data collection tools include the Chinese version of the Stress Overload Scale (SOS), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Descriptive, single-factor correlation and multiple regression analyses were used in exploring related influencing factors. Reporting followed the STROBE guidelines. The scores of SAS, SOS and GSES range from 20 to 80, 22 to 110 and 10 to 40, respectively, and the SAS (31.79±7.32) and SOS (40.19±12.92) and GSES scores (24.83±6.60) were obtained. Anxiety was positively correlated with stress (r=.679, p<.001) but negatively correlated with self-efficacy (r=-.326, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that professional qualification, sleep, stress and self-efficacy were the main factors affecting nurse anxiety (p=.006, <.001, <.001, .039, respectively). Nurses who are supporting Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 were under a low level of anxiety. The current study suggests work stress reduction might be a key factor in reducing anxiety and maintaining mental health to support nurses who are fighting against COVID-19 infection.

Are the Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Interpersonal Interaction of Junior College Students Related to the Solitude Capacity?

Background: Studies on the solitude capacity of university students have been extremely limited and failed to clearly illustrate the correlation of solitude capacity with internal psychological variables and the favorability of interpersonal relationships. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of college students’ solitude capacity with scores for self-esteem, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationships. Method: A cross-sectional study was adopted for this study. Data were collected from a university in southern Taiwan using a structured questionnaire, the content of which included demographic data and scores from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Interpersonal Relationship Scale (IRS), and the Solitude Capacity Scale (SCS). Results: The final sample comprised 562 participants (mean age = 17.51 ± 1.27 years). Adjustment of the demographic variables yielded a significantly positive correlation in the total RSE and SCS (p < 0.01) scores and that in the total GSE and SCS (p < 0.01) scores. Moreover, the relationship with family (IRS subscale) and total SCS score (p < 0.05) exhibited a significant positive correlation. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that solitude capacity is significantly correlated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and the favorability of family relationships.

Effectiveness of a Peer-Led Web-Based Intervention to Improve General Self-Efficacy in Using Dating Apps Among Young Adults: Randomized Clustered Trial.

BackgroundOnline dating apps are popular platforms for seeking romance and sexual relationships among young adults. As mobile apps can easily gain access to a pool of strangers (“new friends”) at any time and place, it leads to heightened sexual health risks and privacy concerns.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led web-based intervention for online dating apps to prepare Chinese college students so that they have better self-efficacy when using dating apps.MethodsAn open clustered randomized controlled trial was conducted among students from three colleges (The University of Hong Kong, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, and Yijin Programme of Vocational Training College) in Hong Kong. Students aged 17 to 27 years who attended common core curriculum or general education were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention material, developed with high peer engagement, included four short videos, an interactive scenario game, and a risk assessment tool. An existing website promoting physical activities and healthy living was used as a control. Using the information, motivation, and behavioral skills (IMB) approach to design the evaluation, questionnaires covering participants’ sociodemographics and dating app characteristics, as well as the general self-efficacy scale (GSE) as the primary outcome and the risk propensity scale (RPS) as the secondary outcome were administered before, immediately after, and at 1 month after the intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was adopted, and between-group differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. A post-hoc multiple linear regression model was used to examine the correlates of the GSE and RPS.ResultsA total of 578 eligible participants (290 in the intervention group and 288 in the control group) participated in the study with 36 lost to follow-up. There were more female participants (318/542, 58.7%) than male participants in the sample, reflecting the distribution of college students. Over half of the participants (286/542, 52.8%) reported the following reasons for using dating apps: being curious (170/498, 34.1%), trying to make new friends (158/498, 31.7%), and finding friends with similar interests (121/498, 24.3%). Overall, the participants in the intervention group reported favorable experiences when compared with the finding in the control group. There was significant improvement in the GSE score and reduction in the RPS score (P<.001) in the intervention group. University of Hong Kong students were more susceptible to risk reduction after the intervention when compared with students from the other two institutions.ConclusionsThe online intervention was effective in improving general self-efficacy and reducing risk tendency among young students. Future work is needed to determine if this approach is cost-effective and such behavioral change is sustainable.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03685643; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03685643.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-3167-5

Coronavirus Disease-19 Quarantine Experience in the Middle East Region: Emotional Status, Health Patterns, and Self-efficacy Survey

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic can provoke anxiety, stress, sadness, and fear; therefore, the timely assessment of individual psychological health status is urgently necessary for society.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), functional health patterns, and self-efficacy among individuals from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia during the home quarantine experience associated with COVID-19.&#x0D; METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional research design was applied to a convenience sample that included 704 participants from Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Data collection was performed in April 2020, using a self-administered questionnaire that consisted of a sociodemographic data sheet, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), a functional health pattern survey, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES).&#x0D; RESULTS: Overall, the sample was found to have mild-level DASS scores, with significantly higher scores identified for Egyptian participants compared with those from other countries. In contrast, participants from Egypt presented significantly reduced GSES scores than those from other countries. Higher mean DASS scores were identified among females, participants who reported inappropriate housing conditions and participants who were unemployed, young, widowed, and school-educated. A high mean DASS score was significantly associated with reported disturbances in sleep, sexuality, and social communication, work schedule changes, the inability to concentrate on positive thoughts, the inability to empty their brains of daily thoughts, and not caring about regular interactions with family. Increased mean GSES scores were significantly associated with males, participants who reported appropriate housing conditions, participants who live alone, are older, married, hold higher education degrees, and who are employed with sufficient incomes, whereas lower mean GSES scores were significantly associated with participants who reported engaging in regular exercise, experiencing disturbances in sexuality and social communications, and reduced appetites. However, a significant inverse correlation was detected between the mean DASS and GSES scores, with significant positive correlations among the DASS.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 quarantine was associated with a mild level of depression stress and normal anxiety levels, with higher psychological distress and lower self-efficacy identified among participants from Egypt. The emotional status of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic should be explored further, and awareness programs, designed to address the psychological effects of quarantine, should be promoted, through mass media and other means, with consideration of the effects on the general population, COVID-19 cases, individuals with close contacts with COVID-19 cases, and health-care professionals.

Effect of general self-efficacy on promoting health-related quality of life during recovery from radical prostatectomy: a 1-year prospective study.

The decline of health-related quality-of-life (QOL) during the year after radical prostatectomy is severe. General self-efficacy (GSE) is an effective psychological factor for long-term regulation of patient behavior and emotions. GSE is expected to facilitate enhanced health-related quality of life. We evaluated changes in GSE and analyzed the relationship between GSE and prostate cancer-specific and general health-related QOL. We conducted a longitudinal survey with 104 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and administered the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES), Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), and SF8 Health Survey (SF-8). ANCOVA was performed to compare EPIC and SF-8 between GSES high and low-medium groups. GSES scores increased significantly after 6months. Regarding EPIC urinary summary scores, high GSES group was significantly higher than low-medium group at 1month (mean score difference [MSD], 7.3; 95% CI 1.1-13.2, P = 0.016), 3months (MSD, 6.8; 95% CI 0.7-12.8, P = 0.028), and 6months (MSD, 6.3; 95% CI 0.9-11.7, P = 0.022). High GSES group had significantly higher SF-8 physical component summary score at 6months (MSD, 3.2; 95% CI 1.4-5.0, P = 0.001), and significantly higher SF-8 mental component summary score at 1month (MSD, 2.6; 95% CI 0.4-4.9, P = 0.022), 3months (MSD, 2.7; 95% CI 0.8-4.6, P = 0.007), and 6months (MSD, 2.8; 95% CI 1.0-4.6, P = 0.003). This study suggests that high GSE was associated with better prostate cancer-specific and general health-related QOL after radical prostatectomy.

Face-to-Face Exercises Performed by Instructors to Improve the Mental Health of Japanese in the Community-A Randomized Control Trial.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects on the mental health of face-to-face exercise performed by an instructor (lesson-style Group: Group L) and exercise using machines (program-style Group: Group P) by randomized control trial. Materials and Methods: Among 120 subjects, 117 subjects were allocated to two groups with stratified randomization by sex (Group P: 58 subjects; Group L: 59 subjects). A 60-min health exercise class was held once per week for 12 consecutive weeks. The measurement items were mental health as a primary evaluation item and self-efficacy as a secondary evaluation item. Physical fitness was also measured using a new physical fitness test used in Japan. The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to measure mental health and the general self-efficacy scale (GSES) was used to measure self-efficacy. Results: After the intervention, 102 subjects were analyzed. The changes in mental health evaluated by GHQ-12 scores were significantly lower in Group L −0.7 (95% CI, −1.2 to −0.3) than Group P −0.1 (95% CI, −0.4 to 0.2) (p = 0.03). The changes in self-efficacy evaluated by GSES scores were significantly higher in Group P 5.3 (95% CI, 3.1 to 7.5) than Group L 1.3 (95% CI, −0.4 to 3.1) (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Compared with program exercises mainly using machines, face-to-face exercises performed by instructors improved mental health.

Factors associated with the burden of family caregivers of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThis study aimed to study the factors associated with caregiver burden among caregivers of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on a non-probabilistic sampling of 183 elderly postoperative patients (aged 65 years or older) with femoral neck fracture who were hospitalized in the orthopedic center in our hospital and their family caregivers. Data were collected from January 2016 to June 2019. Patients and family caregivers completed the sociodemographic questionnaire. The Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), and the Chinese version of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) were used to evaluate social support, self-efficacy, and caregiver burden, respectively. By analyzing the clinical data of patients and family caregivers and combining the factors that affect the caregiver burden in parallel studies, we selected the factors that affected the caregiver burden in this study and conducted a multivariate analysis of these factors. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe observed 176 caregivers aged 69.28 ± 7.19 years old, among whom 52.3% were male, 58.0% lived in the city, 84.0% were spouses of the patients, and 67.0% had a primary school educational background. The ZBI score of the family caregivers was 37.8 ± 8.9, and 82.7% of the caregivers were under a moderate to severe burden. The patient’s functional status, Harris score, and pain score and the caregiver’s SSRS scores, GSE scores, and the ratio of medical expenses to monthly income per capita were factors that affected the caregiver burden.ConclusionsMost family caregivers of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture are subject to a considerable care burden, and social support and self-efficacy intervention are conducive to reducing the caregiver burden.

The General Self-Efficacy of Older Adults Receiving Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and ObjectivesGeneral self-efficacy (GSE) encourages health-promoting behaviors in older adults. It is unsurprising then that older adults receiving health care services are reported to have a greater risk of low GSE than older adults who are not. Despite this, there is currently limited evidence investigating whether the effect differs based on the environment in which care is received. This review aims to determine whether the GSE of older adults is affected by the receipt of health care services and whether GSE varies based on the setting in which care is received.Research Design and MethodsIn accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration number CRD42018092191), a systematic search was undertaken across 7 databases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and mean General Self-Efficacy Scale scores, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were pooled for meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 40 studies were identified, they consisted of 33 population cohorts that were included in the meta-analysis. Older adults receiving health care services were found to be at greater risk of having lower GSE than those who do not (SMD = −0.62; 95% CI: −0.96 to −0.27, p < .0001). Following identification of sources of heterogeneity, older adults receiving acute inpatient care were more likely to have lower GSE than those receiving care in other health care settings.Discussion and ImplicationsOlder adults receiving inpatient care have a greater risk of lower GSE, and consequently, poorer health-promoting behaviors. Further research is recommended that focuses on the GSE of older adults and health outcomes following discharge from inpatient care.

Exploring learning needs for general practice based pharmacist: Are behavioural and influencing skills needed?

Background: Embedding pharmacists in general practice has been shown to create cost efficiencies, improve patient care and free general practitioner capacity. Consequently, there is a drive to recruit additional pharmacists to work within general practices. However, equipping pharmacists with behaviour and influencing skills may further optimise their impact. Key elements which may enhance behaviour and influencing skills include self-efficacy and resilience.&#x0D; Objective: This study aimed to: 1) Assess general practice pharmacists’ self-efficacy and resilience. 2) Explore differences primarily between pharmacists reporting lower and higher self-efficacy, secondarily for those reporting lower and higher scores for resilience.&#x0D; Methods: All 159 NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde general practice pharmacists were invited to complete an online survey in May 2019. The survey captured anonymised data covering: demographics; professional experience; qualifications, prescribing status and preferred learning styles. Unconscious learning needs for behavioural and influencing skills were assessed using validated tools: the new general self-efficacy scale (GSES) and short general resilience scale (GRIT). Participants’ responses were differentiated by the lowest quartile and higher quartiles of GSES and GRIT scores, and analysed to identify differences.&#x0D; Results: The survey was completed by 57% (91/159) of eligible pharmacists; mean age 38 (range 24-60) years; 91% were of white ethnicity and 89% female. The median time qualified was 14 (1-38) years and 3 (1-22) years working in general practices. Overall pharmacists scored well on the GSES, mean 25 (SD 3; 95%CI 24.4-25.6), and GRIT, mean 30 (SD 4; 95%CI 29.6-30.4), out of a maximum 32 and 40 respectively. A significant positive correlation between GSES and GRIT scores was found (Pearson’s r=0.284, p=0.006). However, no significant differences were identified between pharmacists scoring in the lower and upper quartiles by GSES or GRIT. Overall respondents reported their preferred learning styles were activists (46%) or pragmatists (29%). The majority (91%) preferred blended learning methods as opposed to 38% or less for a range of online methods.&#x0D; Conclusions: General practice pharmacists on average scored highly for self-efficacy and resilience. Higher scores did not appear to be associated with demographic, years of practice, professional or educational experience. Prospective interventions to support those with lower scores may enhance and optimise pharmacists’ effectiveness in general practice.

Investigation of relationship between levels of self-care agency and self-efficacy in nursing students

Purpose: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to determine the level of self-care agency and self-efficacy of nursing students and relationship between self-care agency and self-efficacy. Methods: The population of this research consisted of 432 nursing students at Adiyaman University School of Health in Adiyaman, Turkey. The sample consisted of 210 nursing students. The data were collected by using student introduction form, The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Self-care power scale. The scales and form were distributed and collected by the researchers in classrooms. Data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods. The relationship between the scales was determined by pearson correlation analysis. Results: It was determined that 62.4% of the students were women, 33.3% were in 4th class, 58.1% were high school graduates, 63.3% preferred the nursing department of their own will. The mean score of self-care agency of students was found to be 93.03 ± 20.62. The mean score of total GSES was 82.60±12.83. There was statistically significant relationship between the total self-efficacy scores and Self care agency (r=0.494, p=0.000).Conclusion: It was concluded that nursing students had upper of medium level self-care agency and self-efficacy. It was seen that there was a positive moderate relationship between self-care agency and self-efficacy levels of nursing students.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs): Influence of Motor Tasks and Psychosocial Factors on FAAM Scores in Foot and Ankle Trauma Patients

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) are being increasingly used as a quality of care metric. However, the validity and consistency of PROMS remain undefined. The study sought to determine whether Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores improve after patients complete motor tasks evaluated on the survey and to examine the relationship between depression and self-efficacy and FAAM scores or change in scores. We conducted a prospective comparison study of adults with isolated foot, ankle, or distal tibia fractures treated operatively at level I trauma center. Twenty-seven patients completed the FAAM survey at the first clinic visit after being made weightbearing as tolerated (mean 3 months). Patients then completed 6 motor tasks queried on FAAM (standing, walking without shoes, squatting, stairs, up to toes), followed by a repeat FAAM and General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) instruments. FAAM scores before and after intervention; GSE and PHQ-2 scores compared with baseline FAAM and change in FAAM scores. Performing motor tasks significantly improved postintervention scores for squatting (P = .044) and coming up to toes (P = .012), the 2 most strenuous tasks. No difference was found for the remaining tasks. Higher depression ratings correlated with worse FAAM scores overall (P < .05). Higher self-efficacy ratings correlated with increase in FAAM Sports subscale postintervention (P = .020). FAAM scores are influenced by performing motor tasks. Self-reported depression influences baseline FAAM scores and self-efficacy may influence change in FAAM scores. Context and patient factors (modifiable and nonmodifiable) affect PROM implementation, with implications for clinical care, reimbursement models, and use of quality measure.

Application of acceptance and commitment therapy in young and middle-aged patients with maintenancehemodialysis

Objective To explore the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-efficacy and post-traumatic growth among young and middle-aged patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Methods From February 2018 to February 2019, we selected patients with maintenance hemodialysis at the Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang as subjects by convenience sampling. All of patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group with the method of random number table, 42 cases in each group. Control group carried out routine nursing. On the basis of that, experimental group implemented acceptance and commitment therapy. The effects were compared with the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) between two groups. Results There were 41 cases finishing the research in experimental group and 42 cases in control group, except for one case of the experimental group withdrawing from the research. Six weeks after intervention, the scores of GSES and PTGI of patients in experimental group were (30.85±3.12) and (67.89±8.43) respectively higher than those in control group with statistical differences (t=12.254, 10.002; P<0.05) . Conclusions Acceptance and commitment therapy can improve post-traumatic growth as well as self-efficacy among young and middle-aged patients with maintenance hemodialysis. Key words: Dialysis; Maintenance hemodialysis; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Posttraumatic growth; Self-efficacy