General Scientific Approaches Research Articles

Social Networks as a Tool for Promoting Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukrainian Regions (based on the materials of the information and communication content of Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art)

The purpose of the article is to comprehensively investigate the materials of the informational and communicative content of the Internet site and Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art and to reveal the essential aspects of the use of social networks in the conditions of a full-scale invasion as an effective tool for the presentation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia as a region of Central Ukraine. The research methodology consists of general scientific and specific cultural approaches, principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The systemic-structural approach was applied to the study of the organisational and methodological activities of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, aimed at popularising the intangible cultural heritage of the region. The internal connections and interaction of various components of the cultural and educational activity of the Centre for Cultural and Educational Activities, aimed at the presentation and popularisation of intangible cultural heritage in the conditions of a full-scale invasion, are revealed by the results of monitoring the materials of the Internet pages of the Centre (the Internet site and Facebook pages). Formal and comparative methods were used to analyse the institutional features of work in the Vinnytsia region as a region of Central Ukraine. The method of content analysis was used to generalise the publications of the Internet site and the information of the Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, dedicated to the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia, contributed to the objective determination of the main thematic trends related to the investigated problem. The scientific novelty consists in substantiating, revealing and proving the effectiveness of the use of social networks as a really effective tool for expanding the role of regional centres of folk creativity in the presentation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia in the information field, in particular in the conditions of a full-scale invasion. On the basis of a practical study of the materials of the informational and communicative content of the Internet site and Facebook page of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art, the traditional culture of Vinnytsia, which contains a preserved living folk artistic culture with a classical / traditional folklore paradigm. The interaction of the Vinnytsia regional centre of folk creativity with institutions, cultural institutions and the external environment in the matter of preservation and popularisation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia region was revealed. Conclusions. Summarising the positive experience on the materials of the information and communication content of the Vinnytsia Regional Centre of Folk Art (website and Facebook page) demonstrated concrete achievements in the presentation, popularisation and preservation of the intangible cultural heritage of Vinnytsia in the conditions of a full-scale invasion. It is argued that the digital representation of the content of the intangible cultural heritage of the regions of Ukraine, in particular Central Ukraine, in social networks is a really effective tool for popularising the intangible cultural heritage in the information field. It is concluded that the traditional culture of Vinnytsia contains a preserved living folk artistic culture with a classical / traditional folklore paradigm. It was noted that the employees of centres of folk creativity need to have the skills to work in the spheres of SEO and SMM, which requires constant improvement of professional qualifications and stimulation of scientific and creative approaches in this direction and is a continuously relevant requirement of the time.

Modern Approaches in Domestic Psychology: Unity in Diversity

A brief result of the analysis of modern approaches undertaken within the framework of the collective monograph “Scientific approaches in modern domestic psychology” (M., 2023) is presented. 27 chapters (of different approaches) were divided into general psychological (developing within psychological science), general scientific approaches in psychology (interdisciplinary, resource, environmental, network, etc.), specific psychological in the field of psychology (personality psychology, social psychology, speech psychology, professional activities, etc.) and scientific approaches in applied psychology. Four options for comparisons are considered: the possibility of integration (V.A. Mazilov, V.A. Yanchuk) or comparison of scientific approaches (E.A. Sergienko, A.V. Yurevich). Based on the analysis, guidelines were proposed in an attempt to present the space of psychological science as differentiated by different approaches, and interconnected through the openness of borders and the flexibility of conceptual structures. The leading concepts, specifying concepts, methodological principles and leading methods of approaches are identified. all four groups demonstrate interconnections and complementarities in the understanding of nature, multidetermination of the psyche, and the ability to solve new and complex problems on their basis. Many approaches incorporate concepts and principles of other approaches in psychology. General scientific approaches have generated not only new concepts in psychology (interdisciplinarity, psychological resources), but also new methodological principles. I would like to emphasize that the analysis demonstrated a significant expansion of the methodological principles of psychological sciences, which are explicit not only in general psychological and general scientific, but also specific scientific approaches. The principles of interdisciplinarity, uncertainty, anticipation, subjectivity, evolution, multi-determination and self-development were justified, along with confirmation of the principles of systematicity, the unity of consciousness and activity, the unity of being and consciousness. But even the principles traditional for psychology are filled with new content, excluding determinism, which fetters a person by universal laws, and indeterminism, where a person is lost in infinite degrees of freedom. The author’s approach to the analysis of scientific approaches in psychology is an attempt to compare them and highlight trends in the development of methodology, which involves discussions and discussions, new solutions, new analysis possibilities, which is necessary for the development of our science and the implementation of the idea of the opponent circle.

Стратегические перспективы развития отрасли цветных металлов: проблемы и задачи отечественных производителей

The non-ferrous metallurgy industry in Russia is undergoing profound changes due to geopolitical shifts, the transition to green energy, and the need to develop processing industries. Non-ferrous metals, as strategically important products, can play a decisive role in achieving the global goals of the Russian economy related to economic security, the development of domestic markets, the reconstruction of high-tech industries, the modernization of stably functioning industries, and the improvement of the quality of life for the population. The purpose of this research is to study the trends and risks affecting non-ferrous metal producers and to assess the opportunities and challenges for developing both external and domestic markets, ultimately aiming to ensure sustainable demand for the products of mining companies and metal producers. The primary research methods used include general scientific approaches such as comparative analysis, synthesis, and decomposition. This paper reviews the current state of Russia's non-ferrous metallurgy sector and explores its development prospects, with a specific focus on Norilsk Nickel, a key player operating in the Arctic. The main results of the study include an assessment of the current global market for non-ferrous metals, their role in the energy transition, and the formation of a low-carbon economy. The study also analyzes and summarizes the challenges facing domestic non-ferrous metallurgy and suggests potential directions for its development in the current economic context. A critical analysis of the Strategy for the Development of the Metallurgical Industry of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 reveals that several important aspects and issues are not adequately addressed in the document. For example, it lacks a strategic planning methodology and fails to consider the specific characteristics and potential of the Arctic’s non-ferrous mineral resource base. The practical significance of this study lies in clarifying the prospects for utilizing non-ferrous metals to support the revitalization of high-tech industries in the national economy.

ETHICAL AND AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF MASTERS IN THE HUMANITIES

The article investigates the topical scientific and empirical problem of professional training of masters in the humanities at Ukrainian universities based on cultural, personal, and integration paradigms with the use of methodological and technological tools of historical, pedagogical, and modern scientific approaches. The models and factors of training masters in the humanities at universities throughout the entire period of existence of these institutions are generalized; the concept and contextual and professional model of the system of such training on axiological principles are presented. As a result of a gradual elucidation of the prerequisites and factors of the value dimension of humanitarian education of masters in different models of European universities for the period from the time of their emergence (the lower boundary of the study is the IX century) to the present (the beginning of the XXI century), the essence of the concept of «axisphere of future masters in the humanities» (a set of values of the personality of specialists that determine their activity in teaching and research) is clarified. Their attitude to the world and their self-knowledge in the chosen field and specialty is clarified using analytical and methodological tools of historical and pedagogical general scientific and special pedagogical approaches; the need to develop and implement in practice the educational and research activities of modern universities of the humanities is explained. The technological and methodological support of the proposed model is updated. It is proved that the tendencies of internationalization, intensification, deepening of international cooperation, and building a context-oriented environment for training masters in the humanities in modern universities based on an integrative educational paradigm contribute to a powerful renewal of teaching, research, and provision of educational services; the values of multiculturalism of the personality of higher education students are determined as significant in the interdisciplinary scientific discourse (philosophy of education, sociology, psychology, pedagogy and education sciences, etc.) It is concluded that the main results of the study should be used for the further development of the system of professional training of masters in the humanities (historians, philosophers, religious studies, cultural studies, philology) on axiological principles in Ukrainian universities.

Некоторые аспекты развития функциональной грамотности обучающихся на уроках информатики

The article discusses some aspects of the development of functional literacy of students in computer science lessons. The author reveals the essence and content of functional literacy, the main components of functional literacy, and the signs of a functionally literate person. A solution to the problem of developing students' functional literacy within the framework of the implementation of the updated Federal State Educational Standard is proposed through the use of teaching methods and techniques, forms, tools, techniques and tasks aimed at developing students' functional literacy. This approach is possible when teaching computer science, since computer science is one of the subjects in which functional literacy can be most effectively developed. In computer science lessons, it is possible to use elements of a large number of educational technologies that make it possible to successfully develop the functional literacy of a future graduate who is able to adapt to the changing conditions of modern life. The purpose of the study is to identify opportunities for developing functional literacy of students in computer science lessons. The methodological basis of the article is a complex of general scientific, paradigmatic and instrumental approaches. The results obtained can be used as a resource for expanding the factual base in the application of various teaching methods for the development of functional literacy of students.

Integrating elements of innovative development of the region’s industrial complex into the overall management concept

Relevance. The modern development of science, technology, technology, digitalization of the economic space and the widespread introduction of IT solutions into business practice actualizes the topic of managing innovative development. At the same time, a priority in the strategic perspective and important in the tactical period is the innovative development of the industrial complex of regions that contribute to the development of Russian society and the state as a whole. This circumstance predetermined the choice of the topic of scientific research. At the same time, the issue of identifying elements of innovative development of the industrial complex of the region, as well as their integration into the overall management concept, remains important and insufficiently studied.Purpose. The main purpose of the study is to highlight the elements of innovative development of the regional industrial complex and their integration into the overall management concept.The objectives of the study are to substantiate the relevance of the problem being solved; studying the views of different scientists on the issues of identifying the main elements of innovative development of the industrial complex of the region; substantiation of the author's position regarding the key elements of innovative development of the industrial complex of the region; visualization of the author's idea of integrating key elements of innovative development of the region's industrial complex into one's own vision of the concept of managing the innovative development of the region's industrial complex.Methodology. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, juxtaposition and generalization of scientific approaches, methods of visualization and presentation of the results of the author's research.The results of the study are presented by visualization of the author's justification for integrating key elements of the innovative development of the regional industrial complex into his own vision of the concept of managing the innovative development of the regional industrial complex.Conclusions. The findings contain a conclusion about the author's vision of integrating elements of innovative development of the region's industrial complex into the overall management concept.

The general scientific approaches to the determination of the principles of civil law

The paper discusses general scientific approaches to determining the principles of civil law. The civil law of Ukraine is characterized by a number of factors, among which an important place is occupied by the principles unique to it. Ensuring stability, legality and justice in civil legal relations, the principles of civil law play an important role in the legal system of any legal state. They determine the essence of the relations themselves and their social orientation, without which uniform law enforcement is impossible. At the same time, those studying general scientific approaches to the definition of the principles of civil law should note that legal science has not developed a single name for this legal category (Ukrainian researchers use different terms: "principles of law", "legal principles", "fundamental ideas", " principles", "guidelines", etc.), nor a unified approach in the aspect of its interpretation of the concept. The principles of civil law in their general scientific context should be understood primarily as its guiding ideas, initial provisions. At the same time, in a narrow sense, the principles of civil law are the legally defined principles of civil legal relations (clearly prescribed in Article 3 of the Civil Code of Ukraine: inadmissibility of arbitrary interference in the sphere of a person's personal life; inadmissibility of deprivation of property rights, except in cases established by the Constitution of Ukraine and the law; freedom of contract; freedom of business activity, which is not prohibited by law; justice, good faith and reasonableness"), in general, the principles of civil relations, which are not only contained in legislation, but also developed by judicial practice and doctrine. We are supporters of the second approach. Since, in general, the principles are the main ideas that form a certain branch of law, reflect the needs and values of society, transform, interact with other legal phenomena, revealing a new law enforcement potential. These are the original guiding rules that in a concentrated form determine the essence of law, its content and purpose in society, express the direction of legal regulation and apply to all subjects of law.

Logistics transformation on grain and oilseeds markets during the war in Ukraine: Marketing approaches and strategies

The Russian military invasion has caused a collapse in food supplies from Ukraine to world markets. The transformation of Ukrainian export logistics has been carried out under critical conditions and extremely limited deadlines. This article evaluated the transformations in logistics in the grain and oilseeds markets due to the war, discussed the impact of international agreements on export and logistics supply chains, and proposed marketing strategies for the trade of grain, oilseeds, and related products during wartime. The authors employed various general scientific and special methods and approaches, including a systematic approach, abstract-logical and graphic methods, retrospective and comparative analysis, correlation-regression analysis, and forecasting methods. A periodisation of the export logistical transformation due to the war was used. It included the following stages: the collapse of logistics; the growth of exports due to the impact of international agreements; and the operation of an alternative Ukrainian maritime corridor with the support of international partners. The significant impact of production and sales transformations caused by the war on the growth of wheat export logistics costs for various supply bases was demonstrated. The authors concluded that the export logistics risks were primarily mitigated by low grain and oilseed prices for agricultural producers. An assessment of the grain, oil crops, and processing products export market in Ukraine was also provided. The development of effective marketing strategies was highlighted. The practical value of the study lies in the use of the research results for developing marketing strategies for enterprises and European cooperation development projects in the agrarian sector

Towards a Methodological Basis the Study of the «Fourth Power» as an Institution of the Political System within Modern Society

Introduction. This article considers the mass media as the «Fourth Power» in the political system of modern society with the aim of illuminating the place of mass media in the latter. The authors had attempted to achieve this goal in terms of structural-functional, institutional and other explanatory concepts. From a theoretical point of view, the media attract the attention of both political scientists and sociologists, philosophers, historians, journalists and public relations specialists. Research in this direction requires a multiparadigmal methodological approach, since all theoretical and empirical resources for such analysis are available in modern science. Methodology and sources. In the framework of these methodological positions (multiparadigmal methodological approach) “The Fourth Power” appears in various aspects, which also allows to study the latter as an institution of the political system of society, in which the media are not only an indicator of the development of civil society, but also indicate the degree of openness of the political elite and the ruling political class. As methodological sources, this article uses the works of such founders of the concept of “Fourth Power” as J. S. Mill, J. Bentam, J. Habermas, F. Siebert, T. Peterson, W. Schram, etc. Results and discussion. The article studies the possibilities of applying the basic provisions of general scientific and specialized approaches to the study of the concept of «Fourth Branch of Power» as an explanatory methodological approach in modern political and sociological researches. The authors made an attempt to theoretical interpretation of the basic categories and to highlight their conceptual analogues in modern science.Conclusion. The results of the work show that the mass media (“The Fourth Power”) definitely play an ever-increasing role in terms of control over public power and are one of the institutions of civil-political society. Although it is known that the use of the term “The Fourth Power” to denote this political role of the media may cause objections and be a reason for discussion.

Foresight of the development of rural tourism in Ukraine in the post-war period

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop alternative scenarios for the development of rural tourism through the foresight methodology. Methodology / approach. Theoretical interpretations were formed by general scientific methods and approaches. To assess the prospects for the development of revitalisation of rural tourism, the method of scanning the horizon was used, which demonstrated the main tendencies and trends of the market and consumer tourism needs. Empirical methods made it possible to work out the stressors of systemic national crises, the global COVID pandemic, a full-scale war, which threaten the subjects of rural tourism with extraordinary losses and critical destruction of the material and technical base, losses of tourist interest – that is, questioning the existence of business as a whole. Therefore, an important task today is to draw up foresight scenarios and tactics that will create modules of investment attractiveness and mechanisms for the rapid accumulation of financial, architectural and construction, infrastructural and social potentials for the recovery of the economy of territorial units and the country as a whole. Results. Since forecasting is based on three “whales” (actual state, business experience and prospects), the foresight methodology is represented by tools with appropriate characteristics and management competencies. Therefore, in order to avoid complications and contradictions in the foresight of rural tourism, it is suggested to think over and install profiles of investment proposals, foresight scenarios for realising the possibilities of its restoration. Reasoned positions reflect the relevance of foresight research for assessing future prospects and opportunities for the restoration of rural tourism in Ukraine. The results of the study shed light on opportunities for rural development and suggest interventions to create a fully sustainable ecosystem. The study provides actionable information for rural tourism actors, stakeholders and potential investors who can benefit from forecasting the prospects and expectations emerging in rural tourism in the post-war period. Originality / scientific novelty. The scientific value of the research lies in the evaluation of the prospects for the development of rural tourism as a direction of diversification of the agricultural economy of Ukraine in 2019–2023 and the post-war period. A model for forming the investment profile of a rural tourism subject is proposed for implementation. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the research lies in the fact that it can be used as a tool for building effective cooperation in the development of plans and programs aimed at partnership relations with rural communities of Ukraine, tourism subjects, estate owners, etc. The value of this study lies in the foresight of rural tourism development prospects, which determine the competitive advantage of rural areas, with an emphasis on a relatively new and controversial topic after the war in Ukraine, namely its positioning in the structure of the restorative mechanism of regional development and tourism.

Comprehensive social and medical security for Ukrainian migrant workers: Degree of protection

AbstractLabour migration is one of the features of the modern labour market. The development of transport infrastructure, the spread of non‐standard forms of employment, the globalization of all spheres of human activity and the growing unevenness of territorial development led to an increase in the mobility of the economically active population. In addition, various environmental disasters or military actions, such as the Russian Federation's war against Ukraine in February 2022, have an impact on the spread of migration. Labour migration undoubtedly contributes to the redistribution of labour and the efficiency of human capital. At the same time, like most other manifestations of a flexible labour market, labour migration poses a threat to weakening the social protection of workers, and therefore requires new, non‐standard approaches to the organization of social security. Several scientific methods were used to conduct the study, including general scientific approaches such as dialectic, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and analogy. In addition, specific legal methods were used, in particular, formal legal, comparative legal and systemic‐structural approaches. The purpose of this article is to study the current state of legislation and state policy on the social security of labour migrants. The aim is to identify existing problems and develop recommendations for their solution with the ultimate goal of improving the social protection of labour migrants.

Higher education and graduates' success in the labor market

This study reflects one of the aspects of social stratification; the relationship between education and economic remuneration is traced. The purpose of the study is to reveal the correlation of skills and competencies acquired during education and the graduates' employment. Over time, universities have begun to pay more attention to social and cognitive skills that are considered important for the modern labor market: critical thinking, teamwork, communication, problem solving without micromanagement. The data show the current state of affairs in higher education and in the labor market, where universities, to a greater extent, focus on competencies related to research and scientific activities, without relying on the opinions of employers. On the other hand, employers want to see graduates with a set of professional competencies that will allow them to perform their job duties without a long period of internal training. The work uses general scientific approaches to the study of the transformation of higher education, in particular, the method of institutional analysis was applied. The analyzed data allow us to take a look at the tasks that higher education faces at this stage. It was found that the link between diplomas and real skills, as well as economic rewards, is optional. Over time, universities have begun to pay more attention to social and cognitive skills that are considered important for the modern labor market: critical thinking, teamwork, communication, problem solving without micromanagement. At the same time, the problem of the slow response of higher education to the changing reality remains, in this regard, recommendations are given on monitoring feedback from graduates and employers (using quantitative and qualitative methods), so that universities will be able to adapt the courses taught more effectively. Especially important is the interaction of universities with public and private organizations that will immerse students in real work processes corresponding to the specialty.

Public Buildings in the Architecture of Ukrainian Modernism

Among the avant-garde monuments preserved in Kharkiv and creating its unique architectural character, the buildings of workers’ clubs occupy a special place. The construction of buildings with such a function began in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 20th century, but after the October Revolution, workers’ clubs became almost the main symbol of the era, because they symbolized the desire for a new life and the creation of a new person. In the works of avant-garde architects, the club became a favorite design theme. During the architectural competitions of the early and mid-1920s, a typology of club buildings was compiled and original compositional and artistic solutions formed, which reflected a creative discussion about the development of Ukrainian architecture: the struggle against the revival of baroque trends ended with the victory of a new direction — Modernism. The architecture of Kharkiv workers’clubs in the 1920s and 1930s reflects the development trends of Ukrainian modernism, but it has its own characteristics related to both regional features and the individuality of the masters who took part in their design. Kharkiv’s clubs reflect the diversity of views of, and approaches to, form-giving by architects with different views and experience, whose buildings constitute a unique architectural heritage. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristic features of Kharkiv workers’ clubs and determine their place in the general picture of Ukrainian modern architecture for the further development of a program for their preservation. The research uses the methods of historical-architectural, functional-structural and stylistic analysis, which includes traditional general scientific approaches. The material collected, analyzed and systematized in this article can be used for further scientific research in the field of the development of historic architecture, for the implementation of project proposals for the restoration and conservation of individual monuments, and in education.

Information and library services for library users: Innovative approaches and vectors modifications

The relevance lies in the in-depth analysis of the problems of development and transformation of library and information services, as well as in the changed user requests and information needs caused by the information development of society. The purpose is to explore the benefits of using the latest technologies and services in information services in the context of research by Ukrainian library professionals; to analyse the dynamics of library development and its modification in the system of user service. The study used general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalisation) and approaches: socio-cultural, socio-communicative, and systemic. The current challenges of informatisation of society and the rapid expansion of the volume and content of information resources raise the issue of revising the methods of work in the field of reference and bibliographic services for libraries. This requires the development of scientific principles of modern activities of reference and bibliographic services aimed at providing information to users and based on a systematic approach to the formation, organisation and use of reference and information resources. Also, in the study of trends in the use of cloud services as an innovative tool in libraries in the era of digitalisation, which has become an effective means of expanding the possibility of remote access to library collections, resources, promoting the storage and analysis of data for more convenient user service. The results of the study may be important for employees of methodological and bibliographic departments, Internet centers in libraries, and can also serve as a basis for a more detailed study of specific aspects of this topic by library practitioners, teachers and students studying in information and library specialty programs. They can also be useful for replenishing the information base on the organisation and development of reference and bibliographic services in libraries

Formation of all-Russian civil identity in the context of regional elites' activities (on the materials of the North Caucasus)

The general socio-political situation in the region is analyzed, the centrifugal and centripetal forces that determine the very nature of politics in the region through the prism of ethnic and civic forms of identity are considered. The emergence of new points of ethnopolitical and ethno-religious tension, chauvinistic tendencies, and anti-Semitic sentiments demonstrate a fairly high level of conflict potential and the severity of nationalist manifestations in the region. Such conflict behavior is most often provoked from the outside, including through the use of modern information resources, social networks, using manipulative technologies that have an impact on the masses. These processes indicate the existence of socio-cultural and religious grounds for the growth of discriminatory rhetoric and clashes. The study of these problems is an urgent scientific task in the context of transformation and transit of local identity features. The article also analyzes various forms and approaches of identity formation in the North Caucasus, highlights common and special factors, contradictions in the development of general civil attitudes. The national composition is considered, the role of regional actors in the political management and development of the region is highlighted separately. These issues carry elements of novelty and relevance. The work uses specialized political science techniques: the method of analyzing a specific situation - case-study, secondary analysis of sociological research data. Along with private scientific methods and approaches, general scientific methods and approaches are also used in the study: historical and philosophical methods and approaches (dialectics, the principle of historicism), the system integrative method, comparative studies. In conclusion, recommendations are presented aimed at solving the problems of forming the civil identity of the peoples of the North Caucasus, through the transition of ethnic forms of identity to all-Russian ones.

Pedagogical art of K. D. Ushinsky through the prism of historical reality

Introduction. The founder of Russian pedagogical anthropology K. D. Ushinsky connected the art of teaching with the need for interdisciplinary anthropological research into the process of transferring knowledge and a system of values to the younger generation. The article attempts to analyze the reasons for the long-term rejection at the state level of the principles of «the art of creating something that does not exist» as Ushinsky defined pedagogy, and to identify the main promising directions for possible current application.Materials and Methods. During the research, within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach, historical-biographical, historical-legal, historical-pedagogical methods, general scientific principles and approaches to scientific analysis were used.Results. As the purpose of the educational and pedagogical influence K. D. Ushinsky saw the formation of a generation of free, intellectually developed citizens capable of creation – the patriots of Russia. Due to certain circumstances of an ideological and administrative-political nature, his teaching was not fully accepted and did not become widespread during his lifetime. Only in the middle of 1930s the state turned to the legacy of K.D. Ushinsky. Later Soviet society failed to perceive the creative potential of the great teacher. Modern Russia should not miss this chance.Discussion and Conclusions. The conclusions presented in the article can be attributed to fundamental provisions, the implementation and development of which can give not only a short-term effect of optimizing teaching activities, but also serve as a strategic guideline for the development of modern society.

The problem of social inequality in the USA

The article explores the problem of social inequality in modern American society. The author draws attention to various aspects of this phenomenon, including economic inequality in terms of income, wealth, access to education and health care, age, racial-ethnic and gender aspects. In the USA the social in-equality level is one of the highest in the world. The article cites statistics and scientific papers that demonstrate the growing gulf between the rich and the poor. It also emphasizes how racial and gender discrimination affects social inequality, preventing individuals from realizing their full potential. The problem of social stratification has been shown. The article also focuses on the poverty rate and the phenomenon of the working poor. The author gives an illustration of social inequality by cities and states. Social inequality in the USA has a long history and an increasing trend, i.e. it is a chronic social inequality. General scientific methods, systemic and complex approaches were used. The article presents an overview of social inequality problem in the USA and suggests ways of its solution. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach and cooperation between different population groups to achieve a more just and equitable society.

Peculiarities of consideration of cases in the ECtHR regarding the protection of constitutional human rights related to the fourth generation of somatic rights

The issue of the emergence, development, and existence of the most relevant, but least doctrinally researched human rights, which constitute the so-called fourth generation of such rights, with the acquisition of their wide social prevalence, requires appropriate theoretical elaboration and legal regulation. Because the fourth group of human rights is quite controversial, the law as a system of norms should give a quick and adequate reaction to such drastic social changes through their normative consolidation, in particular, the transformation of the constitutional and legal status of a person. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights continues to acquire fundamental importance in the context of the study of modern standards of somatic human rights of the fourth generation, which we will dwell on in more detail in this study. The general scientific, group, and special scientific research approaches, methods, and techniques were the methodological basis of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to carry out a legal analysis of the issue of protection of somatic rights through the prism of the judicial practice of the ECtHR. Keywords: somatic

Систематизація та обґрунтування рекреаційних механізмів сміху в системі особистості

B a c k g r o u n d . A theoretical and methodological analysis of approaches to recreational laughter mechanisms is presented. Laughter is regarded as an individual psycho-physiological reaction to a certain unexpected situation that is formed based on emotionally colored personal senses and value ideas, shown in various expressions of joy. M e t h o d s . Given the multilevel phenomenon, the mechanisms of its influence on the individual are analyzed in the context of philosophical, theological, cultural, pedagogical, psychophysiological, and psychological (social) approaches. Theoretical research methods were used: analysis of scientific sources on the research topic, system analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific approaches, classification and specification of laughter mechanisms in the personality system. R e s u l t s . In the context of the restorative mechanisms of laughter, its connection with direct play and joy arising in the process and accompanied by release, relief, satisfaction, and relaxation, helping to go beyond the ordinary, is considered. It has been revealed that laughter is also one of the ways for the soul to realize and liberate itself through release from fears and mental tension. It has also been proven that laughter serves as a certain stimulator of brain activity, activates imagination and fantasy, that is, promotes creativity. It is substantiated that laughter is a necessary element of stress relief, has a restorative and regenerative effect on the physical and psycho-emotional state, acts on the physiological and hormonal levels, activates the frontal, motor lobes, brain stem and cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and limbic system. It is argued that during laughter a spastic effect is realized, it affects the regulation of breathing, unites the physical and mental principle. C o n c l u s i o n s . It was determined that laughter, as an important personal resource of interaction with other people, plays a special role in the prevention and correction of unwanted stress states of the individual. It has been found that it greatly helps a person to adapt to various unexpected situations, because laughter unites people, helps to free oneself from the influence of fears, anxieties and doubts and allows to manifest the true qualities laid down from birth, such as love, clarity of perception, compassion, joy, enthusiasm, gratitude and wisdom. Laughter can help you make good decisions and show kindness in your actions.

Военно-политическая борьба за землю вятичей в конце Х-первой половине ХII столетий

Introduction. The article examines the history of the inclusion of the Vyatichi tribal union into Rus‘. The stages of the integration of the Vyatichi land into the system of feudal statehood are highlighted, which are associated with a change in the subject composition of the holders of supreme state sovereignty. Materials and methods. Based on the results of the analysis of the Laurentian, Ipatiev and Trinity chronicles, generalization of scientific approaches and the latest achievements of areology, the author examines such periods as the time of the formation of the "Rurikovich power", the formation of the Chernigov Principality and the separation of the Olgovich domain in Novgorod-Seversky from its composition. Results. The prerequisites for strengthening the importance of the Upper Oka basin as a resource base, which was not actually affected by princely-boyar colonization until the beginning of the XII century, are determined. This is connected with the transformation of the Verkhneoksky volosts into the subject of long-term rivalry between the houses of Olgovich and Davidovich. Conclusion. The transformation of the Vyatich lands from a peripheral region into one of the epicenters of internecine confrontation can be associated with the conditions of feudal fragmentation. In the conditions of permanent dynastic competition, the smaller princely groups constantly needed to ensure their political claims by using the economic, communication and demographic potential of the territories of the Upper Oka.