General Reasoning Research Articles

Playful activities mitigate relations between parental mental health difficulties and child verbal outcomes.

This study examined the role of parental involvement in the home learning environment in the association between parental mental health and child cognitive performance. In a sample of 174 three- to five-year-old children (52% female, 97% White, 7% Hispanic, 2019-2022), playful activities moderated the relation between parental general depression and child verbal reasoning and acquired verbal knowledge. However, there was no evidence that parental involvement moderated the association between parental mental health and child spatial reasoning. These results improve our understanding of the pathways by which parental mental health, even in a non-clinical community sample, relate to child outcomes and raise the possibility of leveraging playful activities as one mechanism to alleviate the potential role of parental mental health difficulties.

The Rhetoric of Islamist Radical Organizations as a Method of Manipulating the Consciousness of Believers in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries

The article examines the influence of specific radical movements of Islam on their adherents through the linguistic attitudes. In the introduction, the author examines the general global reasons due to which a person in modern society is especially susceptible to various types of involvement in destructive cults. The main part of the article is devoted to the consideration of practical examples of verbal manipulations used by the Islamists. The paper also mentions extremist and terrorist organizations whose activities are prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation and discusses their distorted interpretations of classical theological texts. By analyzing specialized literature in Russian and Arabic, as well as empirically, the research reveals the ways to influence the personality of a believer through the language. The author of the publication personally held many meetings in pre-trial detention centers with those under investigation and accused on extremist and terrorist charges and collected a large amount of empirical material. A conclusion is drawn about the main linguistic manipulations of Islamist organizations.

Dementia Classification Approach Based on Non-Singleton General Type-2 Fuzzy Reasoning

Dementia is the most critical neurodegenerative disease that gradually destroys memory and other cognitive functions. Therefore, early detection is essential, and to build an effective detection model, it is required to understand its type, symptoms, stages and causes, and diagnosis methodologies. This paper presents a novel approach to classify dementia based on a data set with some relevant patient features. The classification methodology employs non-singleton general type-2 fuzzy sets, non-singleton interval type-2 fuzzy sets, and non-singleton type 1 fuzzy sets. These advanced fuzzy sets are compared with traditional singleton fuzzy sets to evaluate their performance. The Takagi–Sugeno–Kang TSK inference method is used to handle fuzzy reasoning. In the process, the parameters of the membership functions (MFs) and rules are obtained using ANFIS, and non-singleton MFs are optimized with PSO. The results demonstrate that non-singleton general type-2 fuzzy sets improve classification accuracy compared to singleton fuzzy sets, demonstrating their ability to model the uncertainties inherent in the diagnosis of dementia. This improvement suggests that non-singleton fuzzy systems offer a more robust framework for developing effective diagnostic tools in the medical domain. Accurate classification of dementia is of utmost importance to improve patient care and advance medical research.

Satisfaction Level of Medical Tourism Services Based on Classified Factors - A Discriminatory Approach

Medical tourism has the potential to promote high-class learning, well equipped human resources, flattering visa policies, nations’ charisma, and sound flourished infrastructure facilities available in the nation. Countries have recognized this opportunity as a means in support of overall communal and economic upliftment. More governments are valuing these advantages and developing plans and policies for the sector as a result, WTTC states that by means of the appropriate policies, guidance and regulation mechanisms, medical tourism can achieve sustainable growth among the developed and developing nations. With a sample of 600 respondents, the data related to satisfaction in the medical tourism services is directly observed at the hospitals from the International Patients in the six states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telungana, Andhrapradesh, and Pondicherry. Data collected are compiled for the analytical purpose and the hypothesis is framed with regard to the opinion of the patients regarding various facilities and services offered and their satisfaction level towards the medical tourism services. In this present study, the Canonical Discriminate statistics was successfully employed for identifying the satisfaction over various reasons for preferring the medical tourism services in India. The outcome of the study is the classification of different groups under the satisfaction derived from the medical tourism services of four continuous variables are assigned and they are general reasons, treatment reason, cost reason, and sources reason with all 600 respondents. Findings reveal that Treatment Factor is the strong reason contributing towards the construction of low satisfaction group, followed by general reasons. The study highlights that cost is the least reason for low level satisfaction and reveals that cost of medical tourism services are nominal in India.

A Logical Consequence Informed by Probability

There are two general conceptions on the relationship between probability and logic. In the first, these systems are viewed as complementary—having offsetting strengths and weaknesses—and there exists a fusion of the two that creates a reasoning system that improves upon each. In the second, probability is viewed as an instance of logic, given some sufficiently broad formulation of it, and it is this that should inform the development of more general reasoning systems. These two conceptions are in conflict with each other, where the root issue of contention is the proper abstraction of the concept of logical consequence. In this work, we put forth a proposal on this abstraction based on an extension of the subset relation through the use of projections, which in turn, allows for the formalization of valid inferences to more general settings. Our proposal results in a formalism that encompasses probability and classical logic, and importantly, does so with minimal machinery. This formalism makes assertions about the relationship between these two systems that are explicit, and suggests a path forward in the development of alternatives to them.

Self-Care in Diabetes as perceived by diabetic patients – A Systematic Qualitative Approach

Background: India is one of several developing nations where diabetes mellitus has grown to be a severe global public health concern. The individual, medical staff, and healthcare system are all subject to a heavy burden of care. As a result, there is a huge need of self-care practices in a variety of domains, such as nutrition, exercise, foot care, and blood sugar monitoring. Objectives: To determine perceptions regarding self-care management among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus following up at rural field practice areas of a tertiary care institute in Mangaluru. Materials and methods: Qualitative study using systematic technique by free listing approach was carried out on a total of forty patients confirmed type 2 Diabetes. By consecutive sampling 20 patients each from 2 field practice areas of a Tertiary medical institute were taken. Results: The general reason leading on to the diagnosis of diabetes stated was tiredness which had a composite salience of 0.48. The composite salience for self-care practice was 0.48. Participants stating that diabetes can be controlled had a composite salience of 0.3. Conclusion: Perception regarding self-care included diet, foot care, stress reduction and exercise with majority mentioning that diabetes can be controlled by these self -care mechanisms.

Non-adherence to follow-up care in persons with spinal cord injury within 10 years after initial rehabilitation.

This study aimed to describe the temporal dynamics of and risk factors for non-adherence to outpatient follow-up care in the first 10 years after spinal cord injury. Retrospective single-centre cohort study using data from medical records and municipal resident registers. Patients admitted to a specialized spinal cord injury centre in Switzerland discharged between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 (n = 225). Time-to-event analysis was used to investigate the timing of the first non-adherence event, its association with spinal cord injury, and sociodemographic characteristics. 36% of patients were adherent to annual follow-up appointments; 2% formally transferred to another SCI centre; 44% were non-adherent for general reasons (patient's will to discontinue care [12%] or unknown reasons [32%]); and 18% were non-adherent due to death. Risk factors for non-adherence included older age, lack of long-term partner, and more than 2 h of travel time to the clinic. In the youngest age group (18-30 years), 55% were non-adherent after 10 years. A relevant proportion of individuals with spinal cord injury were lost to annual follow-up care. A holistic approach to patient engagement integrating solutions such as telemedicine and involvement of support networks could reduce the risk of non-adherence.

Сепаратизм в политике и религии: сравнительный анализ

Scientific positions regarding the nature of political and religious separatism are analyzed. The general reasons for the emergence of separatist movements in the religious and political environment are identified. Separatism is considered not only from the point of view of the negative connotations inherent in this concept in the media environment, but also as a constructive phenomenon - a direct consequence of the active development of social relations. It must be recognized that separatism is a complex, multilayered phenomenon in religion and politics, and can have both constructive and destructive effects, leading to internal strife and social upheaval. Because of the close interaction between religion and politics, political and religious separatism have much in common. As a result, a specific kind of separatism - religious and political - is emerging.

To give or not to give? Pandemic vaccine donation policy

ObjectivesThe purpose of this work is to characterize scenarios under which it may be in a donor country's own public health interests to donate vaccine doses to another country before its own population has been fully vaccinated. In these scenarios, vaccinating other countries can delay the evolution of new variants of the virus, decrease total deaths, and, in some cases, decrease deaths in the donor countries. Study designWe simulate the effects of different vaccine donation policies using an epidemiological model employing COVID-19 transmission parameters. MethodsWe use the epidemiological model of Holleran et al. that incorporates virus mutation to simulate epidemic progression and estimate numbers of deaths arising from several vaccine allocation policies (donor-first, non-donor-first, and vaccine sharing) across a number of scenarios. We analyze the results in light of herd immunity limits derived in Holleran et al. ResultsWe identify realistic scenarios under which a donor country prefers to donate vaccines before distributing them locally in order to minimize local deaths during a pandemic. We demonstrate that a non-donor-first vaccination policy can delay, sometimes dramatically, the emergence of more-contagious variants. Even more surprising, donating all vaccines is sometimes better for the donor country than a sharing policy in which half of the vaccines are donated, and half are retained because of the impact donation can have on delaying the emergence of a more contagious virus. Non-donor-first vaccine allocation is optimal in scenarios in which the local health impact of the vaccine is limited or when delaying the emergence of a variant is especially valuable. ConclusionIn all cases, we find that vaccine distribution is not a zero-sum game between donor and non-donor countries, illustrating the general moral reasons to donate vaccines. In some cases, donor nations can also realize local health benefits from donating vaccines. The insights yielded by this framework can be used to guide equitable vaccine distribution in future pandemics.

Blockchain jako nowoczesne narzędzie prawa pracy i zarządzania pracą – wymiar ogólnoteoretyczny i praktyczny

The article presents a theoretical and practical analysis of the application of blockchain in the field of labor law, also in connection with the branch of science, which is management. Therefore, adopting such a research objective made it necessary to analyze this issue in the axiological, praxeological, and practical dimensions, with reference to the sphere of management. Consequently, the chosen research method will not be a formal-dogmatic method, which mainly involves the analysis of legal norms, but a general theoretical analysis and reasoning.

Intersectional Disadvantage

ABSTRACT When people simultaneously occupy multiple social identities, ascriptions of disadvantage and advantage, as well as our reasoning with them, need to be handled with care. For instance, as various US-American courts have come to acknowledge, we cannot in general reason from the premise that someone has neither been discriminated against as a woman nor as a Black person to the conclusion that they have not been discriminated against as a Black woman. In this article, I show how, by systematising such qualified ascriptions of disadvantage (and advantage), as well as the patterns of reasoning involving them, we can articulate and defend central theses of intersectionality theory in remarkably general terms, and without having to commit to a particular metaphysics of intersectional identity.

Do cognitive abilities reduce eyewitness susceptibility to the misinformation effect? A systematic review.

The fact that memories can be distorted by post-event misinformation has cast considerable doubt over the dependability of eyewitness evidence in legal contexts. However, despite its adverse practical implications, the misinformation effect is likely an unavoidable distortion stemming from the reconstructive nature of episodic memory. Certain cognitive abilities have been reported to offer protection against misinformation, suggesting that mechanisms aside from episodic memory may also be underpinning this type of memory distortion. The purpose of this review was to collate findings of associations between eyewitness misinformation susceptibility and individual differences in cognitive ability in adults aged 18 and over. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria for this review, including 23 distinct associations. Using a narrative synthesis, three categories of cognitive ability were identified as influencing susceptibility to misinformation: general intelligence and reasoning, perceptual abilities, and memory abilities. Across almost all categories, higher levels of ability were associated with reduced susceptibility to misinformation. While there is no indication that any one trait provides total immunity to the misinformation effect, there is a reasonable amount of evidence to suggest that several cognitive abilities create variance in individual levels of susceptibility. Future research should investigate not only if but how these cognitive abilities protect against misinformation distortions, for example, by contributing to more detailed encoding of the memory, enhancing discrepancy detection in the face of post-event misinformation, or improving source-monitoring during an eyewitness memory test.

낙상 경험이 있는 지역사회 거주 노인의 반복 낙상 위험 요인

Objectives This study aimed to identify risk factors for recurrent falls among community-dwelling older adults who had experienced a fall in the past year. Methods This study performed secondary analysis using data from the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Data from 650 community-dwelling older adults with one or more fall experiences in the past year were utilized. To identify risk factors for recurrent falls, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted including general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and reasons for falls. Results The distribution of participants according to the number of falls in the past year was 435 (66.9%) people who had fallen once, 156 (24.0%) people who had fallen twice, and 59 (9.1%) people who had fallen three or more times. In the multinomial logistic regression analysis, the categorical number of falls (1, 2, and 3 or more) were considered as dependent variables, and the category of “1” was determined as the reference group. The findings of the analysis revealed that failure to perform a five-time-sit-to-stand test and depression were risk factors for the group that experienced falls twice. In addition, depression and physical reasons for falling were found to be risk factors in the group that experienced falls three or more times. Conclusions This study suggested that risk factors for recurrent falls among community-dwelling older adults comprehensively. Health care providers who provide screening and intervention to prevent recurrent falls need to consider mental problems such as depression along with the participants' balance disorder and physical problems.

A Critical Review on Some Recent Developments in Comparison of Biological Sequences

The present review highlights some of the very important contributions to non-alignment ways of comparing biological sequences, which may be genome sequences of nucleotides, protein sequences of amino acids, or sequences of protein secondary structures. The discussion centers around specific methods applicable to the comparison of three types of sequences. The methods of comparison of genome sequences are based on three pairs of biological groups of nucleotides; the same for protein sequences are based on either physio-chemical property values of amino acids or on classified groups of amino acids of different cardinalities obtained from the physio-chemical properties; the same for sequences of secondary structures of proteins are based on their sequential expressions of structure elements of cardinality three and four. Comparison is made in the time domain and also in the frequency domain. Different taxa of known phylogeny are considered for comparison. It tries to find out the specific method of comparison, which can show the exact phylogeny of the taxa. If a new sequence appears in the database, it becomes essential to know its phylogeny. For this purpose, a phylogenetic tree is drawn on the sequences of the known taxa together with this new sequence using the best possible method. If the species having this new sequence belongs to the old taxa, there is nothing to worry about. Otherwise, the species with the new sequence has to be studied separately. This is the general reason for the construction of a phylogenetic tree in any form of biological sequence comparison.

IJCM_163A: A qualitative analysis of awareness regarding type-2 diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in selected field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital in Mangaluru

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is high and growing worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. Over 25 million Indians are prediabetics while an estimated 77 million Indians over the age of 18 have the illness. More than half of the population will have health issues if diabetes is not detected and treated right away. Diabetes awareness, assessment, and practice on an individual basis are essential for early identification and efficient care. Objective: To assess the knowledge regarding diabetes among type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients in the field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital in Mangaluru and to explore their socio-demographic characteristics. Methodology: This is a facility-based, cross-sectional study among a minimum of 40 Type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients from the field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital in Mangaluru. Systematic qualitative method of free listing and pile sorting using interview guide is employed to assess the knowledge while a questionnaire is used to assess socio-demographic profile. Free listing analysis of transcribed data is done using Smith’s S or Salience Index while descriptive statistics is used to calculate the mean, standard deviation and the frequencies. Results: In this study, we found out that the majority of participants think the general reasons leading on to diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus are either tiredness/body ache or by blood/ doctor check-up and the reason for being diagnosed were mostly perceived to be unknown or due to tension or consumption of sugar/cool drinks. Significant proportion of participants were observed to show adherence to frequent follow-up of monthly once. Conclusion: In conclusion, though the considerable portion of Type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients adhere to regular follow-up, the knowledge regarding the reasons leading on to the diagnosis or perceived reason for being diagnosed is still lacking. Prompt initiatives are therefore needed to promote awareness towards diabetes among patients.

Причины стачечного движения на текстильных предприятиях Владимирской губернии в 1905–1907 годах

The article is devoted to the study of the reasons of the strike movement of textile workers in the Vladimir province in 1905-1907. This period of time was marked by the first Russian revolution, which determined the development of Russian history in the next few decades. During the two years revolutionary ideas were popularized in the working environment, making workers to join parties and seek their rights by means of struggle, which resulted in numerous strikes in all regions of the Russian Empire. This phenomenon hasn’t spared the Vladimir province, in particular, a large proportion of the strike movement falls on workers in the textile industry. This is due to the fact that this industry took the first place in terms of the number of enterprises in the province. Each of these enterprises had its own characteristics and problems, which, one way or another, could be the reasons of the strike movement among textile workers. Both general reasons that are characteristic of all enterprises, as well as specific ones that could only occur at individual enter-prises in the textile industry are considered in detail. The methods of synthesis and analysis were used as a research method in order to establish the relationship of all the causes of the strike movement among textile workers in the Vladimir province. It was revealed that the foundation for the emergence of all strikes was the difficult socio-economic situation in which not only the Vladimir province, but the whole country was then located.

Learning how to think like a linguist: Linguistic reasoning as a focal point in L1 grammar education

AbstractIn recent years, the gap between academic linguistics and language education has become increasingly apparent, hindering the effective transmission of linguistic knowledge to students. This paper presents an overview of recent empirical research (mostly originating in the Netherlands) that seeks to bridge this gap by teaching students how to think like linguists within the context of L1 grammar education. The paper takes Dielemans' and Coppen's pedagogical framework for linguistic reasoning as its starting point, relates this framework to comparable initiatives and shows how recent studies have empirically examined different aspects of linguistic reasoning, including general linguistic reasoning ability, the role of linguistic metaconcepts and developing an appropriate epistemic attitude. The paper concludes with some desiderata for future research into this emerging research field.

Obustava ovrhe zbog ovrhovoditeljevog nepoduzimanja radnji u postupku

At the end of 2020, the amended provision of Art. 72 of the Croatian Enforcement act entered into force, paragraph 3 of which now provides that enforcement shall be terminated ex officio if the party seeking enforcement did not perform a single legal action in the proceedings within one year. After the introduction which reflects on general and special reasons for termination of enforcement in general, the authors analyze the subject provision de lege lata. They point out the positive and negative effects of that provision, linking them with the original intent that the legislator had upon its enactment. In that part of the paper, the authors compare the subject provision with the provision of Art. 72 para 2 of the Enforcement act and point out its (in)existence in the legal orders of other European countries. Special attention in the analysis is given to the character i.e. to the content of the legal action that the party seeking enforcement has to undertake within a year in order to avoid termination of enforcement by application of the subject provision. The authors also point out the modalities in which domestic courts interpret the subject provision and it is also analyzed from the viewpoint of the right of access to a court. Finally, the authors warn about the problems that may appear because of egregious formalistic interpretation of the subject provision and they discuss de lege ferenda suggestions to limit its application exclusively to proceedings for enforcement of monetary claims.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Other Sexual Minority Adults in the United States and Their Unmet Medical Needs and Telehealth Use Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020

Sexual minority adults—including lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer/questioning, and other sexual minorities (LGBQ+)—face demonstrated barriers to employment, health insurance, and healthcare access. We sought to assess the association between sexual orientation, unmet medical needs, and telehealth use due to the COVID-19 pandemic using the National Health Interview Survey (2020). Using multivariable analyses, we assessed the likelihood of having unmet medical needs and telehealth use in LGBQ+ adults and heterosexual adults, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and clinical factors. We found that LGBQ+ individuals had a significantly higher likelihood of having any unmet medical needs or unmet non–COVID-related medical needs due to the pandemic compared with heterosexual individuals. The LGBQ+ individuals were more likely to use telehealth than their heterosexual counterparts—for both general and pandemic-related reasons. Our findings indicate that disastrous events such as the COVID-19 pandemic likely exacerbate existing healthcare access disparities faced by LGBQ+ individuals. This warrants further research to explore the interventional potential of telehealth for reducing healthcare access disparities, especially for those living in geographic regions lacking culturally competent providers.

INSTITUTIONS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE NORTH-EASTERN REGION OF INDIA

Entrepreneurship activities in a country are defined by the context of its environment, while this environment is dictated by the interplay of its formal and informal institutions. This study, therefore, aims to establish an extensive review of the literature on the role of institutions on entrepreneurship activity in the North-Eastern States of India. The study further assesses the status of entrepreneurship in the region using MSMEs data from recent government reports. The study reveals that the status of entrepreneurship in the region does not reflect the dynamism of entrepreneurship happening in the rest of the country. The general reason for this is often believed as lack of capital, lack of infrastructure, networking and access to market, etc. However, these are not the only factors that hamper entrepreneurship growth and economic development in the region. Besides these factors, institutional problems hinder growth of entrepreneurship and economic development in the region. The uncertainty and risk created by Institutions have had negative impact on entrepreneurial community. Besides, potential entrepreneurs are discouraged by weak formal institutions and unsupportive informal institutions in the region. To promote entrepreneurship activity there must be congruence between formal and informal institutions