General Motors Research Articles

An analytical study of relationship of selected anthropometric measurement and general motor ability to basketball playing ability

An analytical study of relationship of selected anthropometric measurement and general motor ability to basketball playing ability

Testosterone and Cognitive Impairment or Dementia in Middle-Aged or Aging Males: Causation and Intervention, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

To investigate the association between testosterone levels and the risk of dementia and to assess the effectiveness of testosterone supplement treatment in patients with cognitive impairment or dementia. We searched Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE on September 30, 2019. The risk factor portion of the review included 27 studies with 18 599 participants. Studies revealed inconsistent findings on the association between testosterone levels and the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer disease (AD). The result from our meta-analysis showed an increased risk of all-cause dementia with decreasing total testosterone (total-T, 4572 participants, hazard ratio: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.26). Some studies also found an increased risk of AD with a lower level of total-T, free testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone. Testosterone supplement treatment may improve general cognitive function and motor response in the short term as measured by the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (mean difference [MD]: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.20-7.59) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MD: 3.4, 95% CI: 0.83-5.97) and verbal memory as measured by story recall delay at 3 months (MD: 8.4, 95% CI: 0.49-16.3). Lower levels of testosterone may be associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia or AD. Testosterone supplement treatment may or may not improve general cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment/AD.

Comparative analysis of motor skills for boxers with different competitive level of the competition success in the Republic of North Macedonia

This research was conducted on a selected sample of 87 male respondents, boxers at the age of 18 to 33 years with the aim to determine if there are some differences in motor skills between boxers with different levels of competitive success. The sample is divided into three sub-samples according to the competitive success as follows: I category of 20 boxers who achieved the best sport results in the boxing from the Republic of North Macedonia, participating in the World, European and other international tournaments, II category of 25 of boxers who participated in international tournaments, domestic tournaments, Republican league and state championships and III category of 42 boxers who participated in international tournaments, domestic tournaments, Republican league and state championships but had not achieved significant sport results. For assessment of the motor skills a system of 21 motor tests was applied. The differences in the general motor tests between the boxers with different levels of competitive success are determined by the covariance analysis with the partition of weight and height. Based on the results it can be concluded that the significant basic motor skills which differentiate the boxers with different levels of competitive success is the coordination – agility, the strength of the muscles of the arms and the shoulder area, the speed of the frequency of upper extremities, the explosive strength of upper and lower extremities and the placement precision. The results from this research can help the coaches to properly plan and program the work with the boxers during the training process.

Influence of adaptive physical education on motor possibilities, behavior and quality of life of children with autism

The aim of the work is to establish the impact of adaptive physical education classes according to our proposed method on the motor abilities and behavior of children with autism spectrum disorders and on the quality of life of their families.
 Material and methods. Analysis and generalization of literature data on the peculiarities of psycho-motor development of children with autism, their behavior. Development of methods of adaptive physical education of children with autism, which includes exercises for the development of general and fine motor skills, imitation, coordination of movements and the development of physical qualities such as strength, agility, flexibility. Expert assessment of test exercises. Questionnaire of parents about the psychophysical condition of their children and the quality of life of families raising a child with autism. Methods of mathematical statistics.
 Results. It has been established that children with autism have significant impairments of motor activity and psychophysical condition, which significantly affects the quality of life of children and their families. There is a very low level of development of motor skills. Parents of children in the experimental group noted that from now on their children began to have fewer problems with movement, their movements became more coordinated and it became easier to move. In terms of self-care and self-care, the difficulties became less significant (average level), the usual daily activities also became easier, the phenomena of discomfort and anxiety decreased.
 Conclusions. Children with autism have significant deviations in motor development, arbitrariness of movements, understanding of expediency of movements, general motility of the body. Classes in adaptive physical education according to our proposed method allowed children with autism to overcome most motor disorders, which was a prerequisite for improving higher nervous activity and behavior. Significant improvement of psychophysical condition of children as a result of employment, and also growth of quality of life is established.

THE MAGNETIC FIELD ABOUT A THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLOCK NEODYMIUM MAGNET

AbstractNeodymium magnets were independently discovered in 1984 by General Motors and Sumitomo. Today, they are the strongest type of permanent magnets commercially available. They are the most widely used industrial magnets with many applications, including in hard disk drives, cordless tools and magnetic fasteners. We use a vector potential approach, rather than the more usual magnetic potential approach, to derive the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field for a neodymium magnet, assuming an idealized block geometry and uniform magnetization. For each field or observation point, the 3D solution involves 24 nondimensional quantities, arising from the eight vertex positions of the magnet and the three components of the magnetic field. The only unknown in the model is the value of magnetization, with all other model quantities defined in terms of field position and magnet location. The longitudinal magnetic field component in the direction of magnetization is bounded everywhere, but discontinuous across the magnet faces parallel to the magnetization direction. The transverse magnetic fields are logarithmically unbounded on approaching a vertex of the magnet.

AN INTRODUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES AND A BRIEF SURVEY

An autonomous car is also called a self-driving car or driverless car or robotic car. Whatever the name but the aim of the technology is the same. Down the memory line, autonomous vehicle technology experiments started in 1920 only and controlled by radio technology. Later on, trails began in 1950. From the past few years, updating automation technology day by day and using all aspects of using in regular human life. The present scenario of human beings is addicted to automation and robotics technology using like agriculture, medical, transportation, automobile and manufacturing industries, IT sector, etc. For the last ten years, the automobile industry came forward to researching autonomous vehicle technology (Waymo Google, Uber, Tesla, Renault, Toyota, Audi, Volvo, Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Nissan, Bosch, and Continental's autonomous vehicle, etc.). Level-3 Autonomous cars came out in 2020. Everyday autonomous vehicle technology researchers are solving challenges. In the future, without human help, robots will manufacture autonomous cars using IoT technology based on customer requirements and prefer these vehicles are very safe and comfortable in transportation systems like human traveling or cargo. Autonomous vehicles need data and updating continuously, so in this case, IoT and Artificial intelligence help to share the information device to the device. This review paper addressed what the technologies and strategies are used in autonomous vehicles by literature reviews and the gap between them.

APPLICABILITY AND ADOPTION OF IND AS BY STATE GOVERNMENT PSU’S IN ASSAM

Accounting practice gained its importance from the time of industrial revolution with the emergence of large business corporations like Du Pont (1802), General Motors (1908) etc. As a profession this function of business firms has got new direction and has found its modern shape in many countries with the establishment of professional accounting bodies making effort to standardise accounting, and for that matter, financial reporting. A combined effort was initiated for the development of accounting as a discipline and accounting as a profession at international level when International Accounting Standard Committee was set up in 1973. Formulation of International Accounting Standards (IAS) and thereafter International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by the International Accounting Standard Board considering globalisation of business activities bring a new development in financial reporting making these reports more transparent, reliable and useful for decision making.

The Anti-Diabetic Drug Metformin Rescues Aberrant Mitochondrial Activity and Restrains Oxidative Stress in a Female Mouse Model of Rett Syndrome.

Metformin is the first-line therapy for diabetes, even in children, and a promising attractive candidate for drug repurposing. Mitochondria are emerging as crucial targets of metformin action both in the periphery and in the brain. The present study evaluated whether treatment with metformin may rescue brain mitochondrial alterations and contrast the increased oxidative stress in a validated mouse model of Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurologic disorder of monogenic origin characterized by severe behavioral and physiological symptoms. No cure for RTT is available. In fully symptomatic RTT mice (12 months old MeCP2-308 heterozygous female mice), systemic treatment with metformin (100 mg/kg ip for 10 days) normalized the reduced mitochondrial ATP production and ATP levels in the whole-brain, reduced brain oxidative damage, and rescued the increased production of reactive oxidizing species in blood. A 10-day long treatment with metformin also boosted pathways related to mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defense in the brain of metformin-treated RTT mice. This treatment regimen did not improve general health status and motor dysfunction in RTT mice at an advanced stage of the disease. Present results provide evidence that systemic treatment with metformin may represent a novel, repurposable therapeutic strategy for RTT.

Excessive Screen Media Use in Preschoolers Is Associated with Poor Motor Skills

Excessive screen media use exposure is a robust childhood predictor of sedentary behavior. The association between excessive exposure to sedentary behaviors (e.g., screen media use) and motor skills and how this association differs across sociodemographic strata is an important knowledge gap that needs to be addressed. The study aims to investigate the association of motor skills and screen media use in preschool children, taking into account sociodemographic variables, physical activity, and sleep profile. A cross-sectional survey of 926 children from 27 preschools was performed. The main outcome was defined as motor skills assessed using the general motor quotient (GMQ). Independent variables included sociodemographic variables, screen media use, screen habits, physical activity, and sleep duration. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between the children's motor skills and each exposure factor. More than 55 percent of the children ate while watching television and 28 percent spent a long time watching television, playing video games, or using a computer, tablet, or cell phone. Excessive screen media use increased the risk of a low GMQ by 72 percent and inactivity in children increased the odds by 90 percent; sleep duration at night decreased the odds of a low GMQ by 51 percent and daytime sleep decreased the odds by 33 percent. Excessive screen media use has been associated with poor motor skills and increased physical inactivity in children, especially among those with prolonged exposure. Our findings can alert parents to the consequences of excessive screen media use and can motivate policymakers to encourage sports and other health-promotion strategies.

Richard von Mises’ work for ZAMM until his emigration in 1933 and glimpses of the later history of ZAMM

Richard von Mises’ work for ZAMM until his emigration in 1933 and glimpses of the later history of ZAMM

Prediction of output power with artificial neural network using extended datasets for Stirling engines

A Stirling engine is inherently complex in structure and manufacturing process, and its operating mechanism involves thermal-mechanic-electronic (electromagnetic) coupling and complicated nonlinear losses. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately predict the performances by theoretical analysis during the design of a Stirling engine. In the present study, the artificial neural network is used to predict the output power of Stirling engines. Using extended datasets including the isothermal analytical data and the experimental data, two accuracy-improved artificial neural network models that are able to predict the output power for two typical Stirling engine prototypes are developed using Matlab to improve the prediction ability of normal artificial neural network models only based on experimental data. Compared to the normal artificial neural network model, the two improved artificial neural network models achieve maximum improvements of over 50% and 20% in average prediction error for Ford 4-215 engine and General Motors 4L23 engine, respectively. The results also demonstrate that the two improved artificial neural network models have better robustness to the quality of experimental data samples. This research provides an effective approach based on the artificial neural network methodology to predict the performances of Stirling engines.

T136. NEURAL CORRELATES OF ALTERED COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY AND STABILITY FOR MOTOR CONTROL IN SCHIZOPHRENIA – JUST TWO SIDES OF THE SAME COIN?

BackgroundIt has been suggested that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in the use of prediction error signals resulting in disturbances of motor control. Alterations in fronto-striatal dopamine transmitter systems are regarded to contribute to these deficits. It is unclear whether the use of predictive strategies for motor control may be systematically related to impaired cognitive functions in patients. In healthy subjects, cognitive flexibility has been related to medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, while cognitive stability was related to lateral PFC integrity with both brain regions being modulated by striatal activity. Despite these findings, the interplay of cognitive flexibility and stability needed for motor control and its associations to alterations on the brain system level have not been investigated systematically in this patient group.MethodsWe assessed patients with schizophrenia (N=22) and healthy controls (N=22) on first, detection of relevant unexpected events (cognitive flexibility) and second, distractor resistance to irrelevant prediction errors (cognitive stability) using a serial prediction task including the digits 1-2-3-4. We applied an event-related design in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) environment (3T) to explore brain networks underlying cognitive flexibility and stability, respectively. In analyses, the minimum cluster extent was set to k > 20 and corrected using the false discovery rate (FDR) with p < 0.05. Since we were specifically interested in the role of the striatum, we applied small volume correction at p < 0.05 with the minimum cluster extent set to k > 5 in a region of interest analyses. Participants were also assessed on general cognitive function using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) battery and on motor symptoms using the Heidelberg Scale for Neurological Soft Signs (NSS).ResultsPatients detected less behaviorally relevant events (M(Pat) = 0.57 vs. M(HC) = 0.78, F(41,1) = 16.32, p < 0.001) and ignored less irrelevant events (M(Pat) = 0.87 vs. M(HC) = 0.93, F(41,1) = 11.78, p < 0.001) implying impairments of both cognitive flexibility and stability in patients. Motor symptoms (NSS) and cognitive deficits (BACS) in patients were exclusively related to cognitive flexibility, but not stability. Brain correlates of reduced flexibility in patients were found in a fronto-striato-thalamo network. More specifically, reduced striatal activation in patients was related to weaker event discrimination and reduced detection of unexpected relevant events. Additionally, exploratory follow-up analyses revealed reduced fronto-striato-temporal activation in patients associated with weaker distractor resistance during the stability task. Note, chlorpromazine equivalents as an indicator of antipsychotic dosage as well as positive and negative symptoms were unrelated to measures of cognitive flexibility and stability.DiscussionTogether, our findings provide evidence for distinctive neurobiological alterations underlying reduced cognitive flexibility and stability in schizophrenia with reduced flexibility being associated with general cognitive and motor impairments. Our main imaging results show reduced activation in a fronto-striato-thalamo network in response to relevant prediction errors in patients, while impaired cognitive stability may be rather related to alterations in a fronto-striato-temporal network. Reduced caudate activation during behavioral relevant events, which was associated with weaker event discrimination and detection of relevant prediction errors in patients, supports a model of striatal gating being essentially impaired in patients.

Objective Myopia: Why Executives Fail to Secure the Creation of Maximum Shareholder Value and Sustainable Profitability in the Passage of Time and Change in the Economic Environment

The shareholder wealth maximization theory has been widely considered as the primary objective and performance measure of executives and the business organization they run on behalf of its shareholders around the world and yet many executives’ understandings of the primary objective can be observed myopic. What has been myopically understood by many executives is the primary objective of the shareholders for which they financed the company: To secure the creation of maximum shareholder value and sustainable profitability or to make money as much as possible regardless of the product, service, business, industry or market the company may operate in the passage of time and change in the economic environment as long as the primary objective will be legally achieved. Why? Because as we have shifted the global economy from barter to the use of currency, we are rich or poor according to the degree in which we can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniences, and amusements of human life using money. As Alfred Sloan Jr., the legendary CEO of General Motors, explained the primary objective of the company in his own words “The strategic aim of business is to earn a return on capital, and if in any particular case the return in the long run is not satisfactory, then the deficiency should be corrected, or the activity abandoned for a more favorable one.” From Alfred Sloan Jr.’s perspective, it is very clear that the business activity or product is just one of the means to make money in the world economy and it should be abandoned for a better alternative if the return on capital is no longer satisfactory or if the deficiency cannot be corrected such as in the case obsolescence.

Complex Electronic Protection for Low-voltage Three-phase Induction Motors

Low-voltage three-phase induction motors are most often used in industrial electric drives. Electric motors must be protected by electric and/or electronic devices against: short-circuit, overloads, asymmetrical currents, two-phase voltage operation, under-voltage, and over-temperature. To design the electronic protection currents, voltages and temperature must be measured to determine whether they fall within normal limits. The electronic protection was design into low capacity PLC. The paper presents the designs and analysis of complex electronic protection for general purpose low-voltage three-phase induction motors. The electronic protection has Hall transducers and conversion electronic devices for AC currents to DC voltages, AC voltages to DC voltage, temperature to DC voltage, a low capacity PLC, switches, motor’s power contactors, and signalling lamps has been developed. Experiments with complex electronic protection, for different faults are presented. The proposed protection has the advantages of incorporating all usual protections future for the low-voltage three-phase induction motors.

Quick Thinking Turns out Low-Cost Ventilators.

As the number of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) cases in the United States began mounting in the early weeks of March, health care workers raised the alarm about a looming shortage of ventilators to treat patients. On March 30, 2020, Ford Motor Company announced plans to produce 50,000 ventilators in 100 days [1], and General Motors followed suit on April 8, stating that it would deliver out 6,000 ventilators by the end of May and another 24,000 by August [2].

Constraints on motor planning across the life span: Physical, cognitive, and motor factors.

Skilled adult movers plan for a comfortable end position even when this requires an uncomfortable start position (end-state-comfort effect). This ability declines in late adulthood and has been linked to age-related differences in cognitive functioning. Other factors, which may also drive difference in motor planning in later adulthood have not been systematically examined. These include perceptions of comfort and levels of motor imagery ability (one's ability to mentally simulate action/predict the outcome of action). Therefore, this study investigated the constraints on movement planning across the life span, including executive functions, general motor ability, physical constraints to movement and motor imagery ability. One hundred and twenty-two participants aged 20-81 years completed an end-state-comfort task with increasing levels of complexity. Individuals' executive functions, motor control, motor imagery ability, and perceived rotation span were also examined. Age-related decline was shown in planning for sequential movements but not in simple single-step movements. Motor planning demonstrated an age-related difference that was associated with an increasing number of constraints as age increased, and in older adults chronological age influenced the effect of each constraint on motor planning. Age-related difference in motor planning may reflect effective compensatory strategies in response to differing constraints in motor imagery ability, executive functions, perceived rotation span, and general speed and accuracy of movement as we age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

What is the threshold dose of upper limb training for children with cerebral palsy to improve function? A systematic review.

Neuroplasticity is harnessed through high-intensity or high-dose training. Given the costs and time burden for families of children with cerebral palsy (CP), it is important to quantify which rehabilitation training approaches and doses confer the largest clinical gain. The main objective of this systematic review was to determine any threshold dose of upper limb training needed for children with CP to achieve clinically significant functional improvements. This systematic review included studies if they were as follows: randomised controlled trials; participants had a diagnosis of CP or brain injury; mean age of participants was 0-18years; and intervention was an active upper limb training intervention. Two raters independently extracted data. Data were pooled and analysed using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and odds ratios to investigate the dose of practice that led to clinically significant gains. A total of 74 trials were included in this review. Quantitative analyses included 25 studies (707 participants; age range 18months to 21years) for motor function (Assisting Hand Assessment) and 20 studies (491 participants; age range 3months to 17years) for individual goal achievement (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure). ROC curve analyses found that approximately 40hr of practice is needed to improve upper limb motor ability in the unilateral population. For all typographies of CP, individual goals were achieved at a lower dose (14-25hr) of practice when goal-directed interventions were provided. To improve individual goals, children need to practice goals for more than 14-25hr, combining face-to-face therapy with home practice. To improve general upper limb function (based on evidence in the unilateral population), children need to practice for more than 30-40hr. Interventions that set functional goals and involve actual practice of those goals lead to goal achievement at a lower dose than general upper limb motor training.

Malmquist Productivity Analysis of Top Global Automobile Manufacturers

The automobile industry is one of the largest economies in the world, by revenue. Being one of the industries with higher employment output, this has become a major determinant of economic growth. In view of the declining automobile production after a period of continuous growth in the 2008 global auto crisis, the re-evaluation of automobile manufacturing is necessary. This study applies the Malmquist productivity index (MPI), one of the many models in the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to analyze the performance of the world’s top 20 automakers over the period of 2015–2018. The researchers assessed the technical efficiency, technological progress, and the total factor productivity of global automobile manufacturers, using a variety of input and output variables which are considered to be essential financial indicators, such as total assets, shareholder’s equity, cost of revenue, operating expenses, revenue, and net income. The results show that the most productive automaker on average is Volkswagen, followed by Honda, BAIC, General Motors, and Suzuki. On the contrary, Mitsubishi and Tata Motors were the worst-performing automakers during the studied period. This study provides a general overview of the global automobile industry. This paper can be a valuable reference for car managers, policymakers, and investors, to aid their decision-making on automobile management, investment, and development. This research is also a contribution to organizational performance measurement, using the DEA Malmquist model.

Evaluation of General Motors Event Data Recorder Performance in Semi-Trailer Rear Underride Collisions

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The objective of this study was to analyze the validity of airbag control module data in semi-trailer rear underride collisions. These impacts involve unusual collision dynamics, including long crash pulses and minimal bumper engagement [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. For this study, publicly available data from 16 semi-trailer underride guard crash tests performed by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) were used to form conclusions about the accuracy of General Motors airbag control module (ACM) delta-V (ΔV) data in a semi-trailer rear underride scenario. These tests all utilized a 2009 or 2010 Chevrolet Malibu impacting a stationary 48’ or 53’ semi-trailer at a speed of 35 mph. Nine tests were fully overlapped collisions, six were 30% overlapped, and one was 50% overlapped [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. The IIHS test vehicles were equipped with calibrated 10000 Hz accelerometer units. Event Data Recorder (EDR) data imaged post-accident from the test vehicles were compared to the reference IIHS data. For each test, root mean square error (RMSE), the percent error over time, and the difference between the EDR ΔV and the IIHS ΔV, was quantified, plotted, and related to crash pulse. This analysis revealed a general trend of decreasing EDR ΔV parity with an increasing crash pulse duration, although overall differences remained low for most tests. Eleven tests, all with airbag deployments, converged towards an average of 3.3% error at the end of the crash pulse, which were 150-270 ms. EDR recorded ΔVs were in the range of 29.8-39.9 mph. Five tests, three of which were non-deployments, diverged to higher percentage error averaging 12.7% at an EDR ΔV of 31.8-40.0 mph. All higher error tests were 30% overlapped and had the highest crash pulse durations of 240-300 ms. One fully overlapped test generated highly unusual EDR data due to failure of the rear underride guard mounting bolts and plates.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure Mediated Cognitive Deficits in the Offspring: Elucidation of the Mechanism and Identifying Therapeutic Targets

Cannabinoid is currently one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in the world with an approximate user of 22.2 million. As more and more states in the US are legalizing the use of cannabinoid, the rate of cannabinoid use is increasing specially in pregnant women. The active ingredient of cannabis is delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which can cross blood placental barrier and may cause enduring alterations in synaptic circuitry of the fetal brain. The aim of our study is to investigate the mechanism of learning and memory deficits in case of prenatal cannabinoid exposure (PCE) in the adolescent offspring. An osmotic pump filled with either vehicle or the cannabinoid receptor full agonist WIN55,212‐2 (2 mg/kg body weight/day) was implanted subcutaneously in Gestational Day‐3 to deliver the drug at a constant rate until the pups were born. Open field test was performed to see the effect of PCE on locomotor activity which revealed no abnormality in the general motor activity. Contextual fear conditioning test indicated a significantly reduced freezing behavior in the PCE group compared to the vehicle exposed group. Hippocampus based spatial memory test Morris water maze showed that during the trial period, PCE animals exhibit no preference for any particular quadrant while control animals had an increased preference for the quadrant where the hidden platform was present during the training period. Electrophysiological experiments were performed on the Schaffer collateral pathway of acute hippocampal slices to measure synaptic plasticity. Impairment in both long term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD), which are important parameters of synaptic plasticity, were observed. These impairments were associated with downstream changes in the glutamatergic signaling. An increase in cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1) expression followed by reduced neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its active form polysialylated NCAM (PSA‐NCAM) expression have been observed in the hippocampus of PCE animals. Interestingly, restoration of PSA‐NCAM activity restored the LTP deficits observed in PCE animals. Thus, based on the previous studies and our current data, it can be postulated that, the observed cognitive deficits in the PCE animals might be partly due to an imbalance in glutamate receptors mediated neurotransmission influenced by NCAM/PSA NCAM. Understanding this specific NCAM/PSA‐NCAM interdependent signaling cascade will lead to an identification of a specific therapeutic target to improve gestational cannabinoid exposure mediated memory deficits.