General Method For Synthesis Research Articles

Dry‐Solid‐Electrochemical Synthesis: A General Method for Large Scale Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts with High Metal loadings

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) with high metal loadings are highly desirable but still challenging for large scale synthesis. Here we report a new technique named as dry‐solid‐electrochemical synthesis (DSES) for a general large‐scale synthesis of SACs with high metal loadings in an energy‐conservation and environment‐friendly way. With it, a series of pure carbon‐supported metal SACs (Platinum up to 35.0 wt %, Iridium 21.2 wt %, Ruthenium 20.4 wt % and Iron 17.6 wt %) with high metal loadings were obtained. Particularly, a Pt SAC with Pt 23.9 wt % and remarkable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance in fuel cells is synthesized on kilogram scale. Based on multiple control experiments, a unique redox mechanism for DSES process is proposed: metal precursors on conductive supports are reduced to metals via a homolytic cleavage of metal‐halogen bonds by the attacking of electrons flowing through the dry solid phase. Such versatile technique paves a new economical and environment‐friendly pathway for fabricating high‐metal‐loading SACs or atomic dispersion catalysts.

Assessing the Sustainability of Energy-Related Nanomaterial Synthesis: Emphasizing the Need for Energy-Efficient Nanomaterial Preparation Techniques

Sustainable energy has always been the top-priority research discussion, and nanomaterials in energy applications have facilitated the achievement of this goal. For the first time, this review highlights the subtle, overlooked, unaccounted expenditure of energy going into nanomaterial synthesis. In the present article, we give a brief overview of the various nanomaterials used in energy applications and present their general synthesis methods. The lack of data/information on the energy expended on nanomaterial synthesis has been critically pointed out. The alternative, energy-saving, energy-efficient methods, considering sustainability even at the nanomaterial synthesis level, have been put forth as recommendations. This article aims at creating an awareness towards planning of holistic sustainable energy-efficient nanomaterial synthesis processes that will conserve energy. The question projected is: what is the purpose of losing energy during synthesis of energy producing and energy storing nanomaterials?

Dry-Solid-Electrochemical Synthesis: A General Method for Large Scale Synthesis of Single-Atom Catalysts with High Metal loadings.

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with high metal loadings are highly desirable but still challenging for large scale synthesis. Here we report a new technique named as dry-solid-electrochemical synthesis (DSES) for a general large-scale synthesis of SACs with high metal loadings in an energy-conservation and environment-friendly way. With it, a series of pure carbon-supported metal SACs (Platinum up to 35.0 wt%, Iridium 21.2 wt%, Ruthenium 20.4 wt% and Iron 17.6 wt%) with high metal loadings were obtained. Particularly, a Pt SAC with Pt 23.9 wt% and remarkable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance in fuel cells is synthesized on kilogram scale. Based on multiple control experiments, a unique redox mechanism for DSES process is proposed: metal precursors on conductive supports are reduced to metals via a homolytic cleavage of metal-halogen bonds by the attacking of electrons flowing through the dry solid phase. Such versatile technique paves a new economical and environment-friendly pathway for fabricating high-metal-loading SACs or atomic dispersion catalysts.

A forgotten page from the history of Kursk culture: M. N. Klimentova-Muromtseva – the first Tatiana in the opera “Eugene Onegin”

The relevance. The modern socio-cultural situation requires teachers and scientists to actively search for local lore and introduce information about outstanding representatives of their region into educational practice, into the process of educating adolescents, youth, and students. The biography and activities of M.N. Klimentova-Muromtseva are not so widely known in Kursk local lore, but her creative fate is very indicative from the point of view of serving the ideals of musical art and broadcasting the traditions of national culture.The purpose of this article is studying the creative biography of M.N. Klimentova-MuromtsevaResearch objectives: research: to present the life and creative path of the singer; to characterize the creative personality of Klimentova-Muromtseva, a performer of opera and chamber repertoire, a public figure; to study her artistic environment and friendly relations with representatives of culture of the late XIX – first half of the XX centuries.Methodology. General scientific methods of information analysis and synthesis were used, as well as a set of methods of historical, cultural, problematic and chronological nature.Results. Maria (Marya) Nikolaevna Klimentova, by her husband Muromtsev was a native of Kursk, a singer and a teacher. While studying at the Moscow Conservatory, she was chosen by Tchaikovsky to perform the role of Tatiana, which she presented at the premiere of the opera Eugene Onegin.Klimentova-Muromtseva's performing career was associated with the Bolshoi Theater, with the opera houses of S.I. Mamontov, S.I. Zimin. Her opera and concert repertoire was huge, and her voice and artistry were admired by listeners, music critics, and reviewers.Since 1922, while in exile, the singer was active as a member of the board of the Russian Musical Society Abroad.Conclusion. M.N. Klimentova-Muromtseva was friendly with many writers, composers, performers, artists and left a bright mark on the culture of her time. The singer's name should take its rightful place in the annals of the history of regional culture, acquaintance with her creative activity can become one of the factors in the formation of value orientations and civic position among the younger generation.

Legal gaps and threats to public safety from free circulation of deactivated weapons using digital technologies: ways to improve criminal legislation

Relevance. Current weapons legislation of the Russian Federation does not take into account the impact of rapidly developing digital technologies on illegal arms trafficking. Deactivated weapons are freely sold on the Internet without the need for licensing, which creates legal gaps. Combined with the availability of information on weapon conversion and the availability of specialized components, these weapons can be easily modified to fire live ammunition, posing a serious threat to public safety.Purpose: to study is to study the public danger of free circulation of deactivated weapons using digital technologies, as well as to develop proposals for improving criminal and other legislation to increase the effectiveness of combating crime in this area.Objectives: include the analysis of legal gaps in the legislation regulating the circulation of deactivated weapons, the study of relevant judicial practice, the assessment of the impact of digital technologies on the distribution of deactivated weapons through Internet platforms and the availability of information on their modification, as well as the development of proposals for improving legislation and the differentiation of criminal liability.Methodology. The research is based on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as formal-logical, formal-legal and methods of interpretation of legal norms.The results of the study show that the free circulation of deactivated weapons via the Internet creates conditions for their illegal modification and use for criminal purposes, which is confirmed by the analysis of judicial practice.Conclusions. The authors propose to tighten the legislation on the circulation of deactivated weapons by introducing mandatory licensing, strengthening control over their sale and circulation through digital platforms, and clarifying the differentiation of criminal liability for the illegal circulation and modification of weapons.

Modern international economic relations in the context of political risks and global geo-economic factors

Introduction: International trade is the main direction of development of international economic cooperation and formation of the world economic space. Given the relevance of the study, the purpose of the research is to identify current trends in the development of international economic relations and develop ways to improve the efficiency of international activity of European countries and the world. Methods: In the process of conducting the study, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalisation, and systematisation were applied. Results: As a result of the study, the authors analysed statistical material on the development of international trade and found that modern international economic relations are primarily implemented through international trade. It is stated that only 3 countries today control almost a third of the total international market, while the rest of the countries should focus on developing and implementing strategies for developing trade potential. Conclusions: The authors propose three main strategies for enhancing a country's position in the international market and provides a description of each of them: a strategy of financial support for accelerated growth of presence in the international market; a strategy for ensuring sustainable economic growth; and an anti-crisis strategy for promoting the world market. It is proved that for most modern countries of Europe and the world it is possible to focus on ensuring the development of domestic production potential and developing a presence in international markets, provided that they follow global trends.

International Experience of Telerehabilitation: Literature Review

Background. Telerehabilitation is a branch of telemedicine providing a new method of rehabilitation service delivery using information and communication technologies by connecting patients and doctors and minimizing distance, time, and cost barriers. At the same time, the patient’s needs and resources have an impact on telerehabilitation assessments and interventions through various software and mobile applications.Purpose. To identify the main areas for development of telerehabilitation based on the review of Russian and international literature.Materials and methods. The authors applied the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, classification, and clusterization, along with the content analysis of peer-reviewed scientific articles on the delivery of rehabilitation services and the use of telemedicine technologies.Results. Telecommunication technologies are the means to deliver rehabilitation programs to patients, control program implementation, as well as monitor basic physiological parameters. If the technologies and methods of telerehabilitation are developed using a personalized approach and then properly applied, they enable to improve long-term health outcomes, which represents a global challenge in healthcare and sociology.

The Caspian Fault as an Indicator of Global Geopolitical Processes

A new stage of the “Big Game” in the Eurasian space is unfolding with the participation of an alliance of states, the so-called collective West. The goals and scope of the confrontation are not limited to Central Asia, but cover the entire Eurasian arc of instability. The area of the Caspian region is considered as the axial zone of the Eurasian continent, on which the geopolitical interests of the leading economies are focused and a new space of world economic development is being formed.Aim. To analyze the current geopolitical situation in the area of the Greater Caspian region, including the Central Asian space from the point of view of Russia’s national interests.Task. To identify the role of the Russian Federation and to substantiate the state of developmen t of geopolitical processes in the space of the Eurasian arc of instability.Methods. The work uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, system and project approaches, analytical, descriptive and monographic methods, models and mechanisms of spatial development.Results. At the present stage of world economic development, the motivation s of humanity are being formed in the context of creative development and the alignment of geopolitical processes in the vector of creating a more just and multipolar world. A special mission of the awakening process is assigned to Russia, which is a civilizational leader for the self-consc iousness of the peoples of the world of the objective need for a global creative reset. In the area of the Greater Caspian region, the outlines of a new model of the world order are being formed based on the consolidation of the efforts of the system-forming and interconnected international organizations of the SCO, CICA and BRICS.Conclusions. The strengthening of the role of the new world economic duo of Russia and China is accompanied by global trends of positive development in the world as the process of forming a “new integral world economic order” has begun.

Digitalisation and its role in developing hard skills among university students in Ukraine

The rapid growth in the significance of digital technologies in education has created new opportunities for developing hard skills in specialists across various economic sectors, especially in the dynamic modern labour market. However, in the Ukrainian context, the digitalisation of the educational process is accompanied by several challenges, including financial issues, ensuring equal access to education, and adapting traditional teaching methods to the aftermath of a prolonged war, the destruction of critical infrastructure, and political instability. This study aims to determine the impact of digitalising the educational process on the formation and development of hard skills among Ukrainian higher education institution students. The article analyses the latest approaches, methods, and technologies relevant for implementation in modern educational programmes and evaluates their effectiveness in developing students' professional skills in various specialities. Additionally, the article identifies the challenges and opportunities associated with digitalising education during a prolonged war. This study employs general scientific methods of literature review, systematisation, synthesis, and expert evaluation to obtain initial data on the level of acquired hard skills among 25 third-year students at the two Ukrainian universities. This is attributed to the university's modern approach to the educational process, characterised by using the Major&Minor model and microlearning. At the same time, students at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, despite having high academic performance, are less progressive but are also gradually adopting modern digital practices. Ukraine's experience under the prolonged impact of armed conflict highlights the need to address inequalities in access to quality education for students from different regions, ensure optimal financial support, and create an adaptive and inclusive learning environment to enhance students' professional skills and digital competence under crisis conditions. Therefore, the Ukrainian educational community must improve students' acquisition of hard skills in various fields by optimising educational programmes in light of resource constraints and security risks.

Innovative Web Design of Mobile Applications for Travel Planning: Improving the Quality of User Experience

The purpose of the study is to analyze and create a web design for a travel application that will provide effective and convenient user interaction with a digital resource. The research method: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis (to analyze the current state of the problem and existing Ukrainian applications for travel planning), modeling method (development of a goal tree and a functional model of the problem) and prototyping method (development of a prototype of a web application for travel, taking into account modern design solutions and UX/UI approaches). The scientific novelty is the development of the most innovative and modern web application design that will meet modern user requirements and ensure effective customer interaction with the application. Conclusions. Developing a web design for a travel application that will meet modern user requirements and ensure effective interaction with a digital resource is a key component of a successful product on the market. The paper examines the current state of use of mobile travel applications, identifies their positive and negative characteristics. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the development of a travel application interface that will provide the functions of route planning and planning, recommendations for places to visit, hotel and transport booking, organization of group trips, joint route planning with other users, obtaining detailed information about events and activities, organizing excursions, sharing tips and experiences with other users. The study results can be used to develop an intuitive, convenient and functional application interface that meets the needs of users in planning and organizing travel. The results of the study can be used to develop an intuitive, user-friendly and functional application interface. This will help to increase user satisfaction and the effectiveness of their interaction with the application in the process of planning and organizing travel.

POST-WAR REINTEGRATION OF THE VETERANS: THE EXPERIENCE OF AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES

The article analyzes the experience of American universities in reintegrating veterans. It is predicted that by the end of the war in Ukraine, almost 15% of the population will be veterans and their families, so the reintegration of veterans is an extremely important, large-scale and urgent issue for Ukraine. The article uses general scientific methods of data analysis and synthesis, comparison and systematization. The information base of the article is based on American scientific articles and programs for the reintegration of veterans. The article outlines the main areas of veterans' reintegration based on the US experience: state support, partnerships between veterans and non-governmental organizations, veteran business incubators, integration of veterans in the labor market, and support for veterans' mental health. A separate important place in this list is occupied by American universities, which create relevant programs, centers, and hubs to support the reintegration of veterans, as well as conduct numerous studies on veterans' reintegration. The article provides several examples of American universities that actively cooperate with veterans and help create social entrepreneurship. By creating a favorable environment for the development of social entrepreneurship, American universities contribute to solving important social problems, which is relevant for Ukraine in terms of the post-war period. As a result of the study of the American experience, the author proposed promising directions for the activities of Ukrainian universities regarding the post-war reintegration of veterans: development of stratagems by veterans at university hubs, development of educational programs for veterans, development of retraining programs for veterans, in particular in cooperation with business; psychological support and adaptation at universities through counseling centers, support groups and volunteer programs; conducting joint research with veterans, launching innovative and social projects; support for an inclusive environment. Universities can thus play a key role in returning veterans to a peaceful life through education, vocational training, support for psychological adjustment and the creation of social entrepreneurship.

Вимушена міграція у сфері міжнародного права

Abstract. The article deals with forced migration in the field of international law. The object of the study is social relations that are formed in the process of legal support of forced migration, legal regulation of the status of refugees and asylum seekers. The subject of the study are the norms of international treaties and conventions of the United Nations, norms of primary and secondary law of the European Union, which regulate the status of forced migrants, internally displaced persons, displaced persons, refugees and asylum seekers. The methods used in the research are: historical, general methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural approaches, comparative legal, some special and private, as well as formal legal methods. It is noted that the analysis of legal and political acts of the United Nations allows us to assert the formation of an independent direction of international organizations - the field of forced migration and the general international system of asylum and protection. The legal regulation of forced migration is a complex set of norms, principles and institutions that directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the general asylum system and its elements. The array of international legal norms in the field of forced migration can be characterized as a separate independent sub-branch of migration law that regulates heterogeneous social relations that arise and develop in connection with the involuntary nature of migration of foreign citizens or stateless persons, including: in the field of content legal status of migration, determination of those responsible for consideration of requests for international or supplementary protection, reception and accommodation of migrants crossing borders, control and protection in the field of external borders in the context of forced migration. Keywords: human rights and freedoms; migrant; refugee; ecological migrant; protection; legal status.

Джерела фінансування соціальних інвестицій в Україні та Польщі

Introduction. Increasing geopolitical challenges are prompting businesses and investors to reassess their priorities in terms of strengthening social responsibility. Accordingly, the influence of ESG criteria (environment, social impact and corporate responsibility) and the role of social investment are growing. Assessment of sources of financing for social investments is becoming increasingly important. In particular, in Poland, in all key areas of business and among investors, more and more attention is being paid to ESG criteria, social entrepreneurship support programs, the development of online platforms and IT technologies for attracting social investment. The full-scale invasion has led to a growing need for social investment to support social and humanitarian initiatives, as well as initiatives to rebuild Ukraine's economy. Accordingly, the study of the strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats to financing social investments from various sources is becoming relevant. Problem Statement. Analysis of the main sources of social investment financing in Ukraine and Poland. The purpose is to substantiate the main sources of social investment financing based on the cases of Ukraine and Poland. Methods. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and induction, as well as methods of expert evaluation, SWOT analysis and case method were used to assess the features of attracting social investment from various sources. Results. The key sources of social investment financing are analyzed, namely self-financing (bootstrapping), public funding, crowdfunding, and grants. The study provides specific case studies and explanations of the practices of using resources. The analysis of certain theoretical aspects and practices allowed us to identify the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats for each of them. In particular, in the context of assessing self-financing, the mechanism of bootstrapping is considered, and examples of its application to finance social enterprises in Ukraine and social cooperatives in Poland are given. Public funding allows achieving strategic goals of socio-economic development through the implementation of relevant programs and strategies. Examples of plans for public financing of social investments in Ukraine and the Program Inwestycji Strategicznych in Poland are considered. The crowdfunding market in Ukraine and Poland is analyzed in terms of the models of crowdfunding organization in accordance with the functional approach, as well as the place of both countries in the global crowdfunding landscape. Grant funding practices are considered on the example of Google initiatives. Conclusions. The full-scale invasion had an impact on changes in social investment in both Ukraine and Poland. Strengthening the financing of social investments in Ukraine is possible by raising awareness of domestic social entrepreneurs about existing alternatives for financing social investments, reducing bureaucratic barriers to obtaining state support, creating infrastructure for accessing resources and tracking expenditures. In Poland, it is important to intensify programs to strengthen social investments financing through self-financing, local and regional initiatives. At the state level, it is important to review the mechanism for financing social investments in terms of increasing its flexibility and ability to respond quickly to changes in social needs.

THE PRINCIPLE OF “DOLUS SPECIALIS” AND THE PROBLEM OF PROVING THE GENOCIDAL ACTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of our study is to investigate the content and legal significance of the principle of «dolus specialis» in international law, to analyze its application in proving genocidal acts, and to determine the specifics of challenges and prospects for the legal qualification of the actions of the Russian Federation in Ukraine as genocide in the context of modern international legal practice and norms. Method. The methodology includes the integrated use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative legal analysis of international judicial practices on proving genocide. The method of historical and legal analysis was also used to study the development of the genocide doctrine and the formal logical method to assess the evidence base of the Russian Federation’s actions in Ukraine. Results. It is established that the critical condition under the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 for qualifying actions as genocide is the principle of «dolus specialist,» which allows qualifying the actions of the accused party as a specific intent. To fully prove «dolus specialist,» it is necessary to establish the direct intent of the leadership of the Russian Federation to wholly or partially destroy the Ukrainian national group as such. This requires the collection of evidence that would confirm the link between the statements of Russian officials about the «denazification» of Ukraine and the war crimes committed. The critical aspect is to analyze public statements, official orders, and documents demonstrating these actions’ systematic nature. At the same time, it is essential to continue documenting actions that demonstrate the systematic nature and scale of crimes for further use in international trials. The principle of «dolus specialis» remains fundamental to the legal mechanism for combating genocide, ensuring the effectiveness of prosecution and prevention of crimes against humanity. Scientific novelty. The author makes a comparative legal analysis of international judicial practices on proving genocide and provides examples that allow qualifying the actions of Russians in Ukraine as an act of genocide. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further theoretical legal and criminal law research, as well as in the preparation of special courses.

Деінституціоналізація корпоратизму в радянській економіці та її наслідки для економіки сучасної України

The article is devoted to the study of the Soviet period of Ukraine’s economy, in particular the transformation of institutions in the absence of Ukrainian statehood. The subject of the study is corporatism as a mechanism for coordinating and implementing the interests of the state, society and business in different economic systems: the command-administrative and market ones. The aim of the article is to identify the main factors of the deinstitutionalization of corporatism in the Soviet economy and to clarify their impact on the modern economy of Ukraine. General scientific methods of interdisciplinary research, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and a systemic approach are used in generalizing economic trends and determining cause-and-effect relationships. It is argued that the ideology of Bolshevism was the basis for changing the economic system, on whose basis the transformation of economic institutions in the command-administrative economy was carried out. The author reveals the content and mechanisms of the nationalization of the economy, the degeneration of formal institutions of corporatism and their use to restrict economic freedom and suppress civil society, which contradicts the very idea of corporatism as a union of equals. The importance of excluding national interests from economic consciousness and practice is emphasized, as evidenced in particular by the inefficiency of the allocation and use of Ukraine's productive resources. The article established the consequences of the deinstitutionalization of corporatism in the Soviet period for the economy of modern Ukraine, namely: high concentration of property, monopolism, the inability of large industry to self-sustainable development, the lack of concentration of capital in high-tech industries, and the lack of social partnership. The conclusion is made about the replacement of corporatism by bureaucratic corporatism in the Soviet period of Ukrainian history and its further transformation into oligarchic corporatism in the 90s of the 20th century.

Developing the digital competencies of future public servants: a differentiated approach

Introduction. In the digital age, a primary condition for ensuring national security, fostering long-term economic development, and enhancing the quality of life for citizens is the effective functioning of state civil service institutions. Consequently, the quality of training for future employees in public authorities, particularly in the field of information and communication technologies, is of paramount importance.Aim. The present research aims to establish scientific and methodological foundations for a differentiated approach to developing digital competencies among future specialists in public and municipal administration during their training.Methodology and research methods. The methodological foundation of the study was grounded in the methods and principles of systems analysis, as well as general logical methods of scientific inquiry, including analysis, synthesis, generalisation, induction, and deduction. Additionally, it employed modelling techniques such as mental modelling and visual modelling.Results. The definition of the category “differentiation” as a specific form of educational organisation has been established. Key principles have been identified and substantiated, including the principles of complexity levels, individualisation, and collaboration. A framework model for the differentiated training of future public authority employees in the field of digital technologies has been outlined.Scientific novelty. A new methodology for training future specialists in state and municipal administration has been developed, substantiated, and is currently being implemented, taking into account contemporary trends in the evolution of the higher education system, particularly in the realm of digital technologies.Practical significance. The results obtained can serve as a methodology for organising educational activities within the higher education system, specifically for training future employees of public authorities.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ НАУКОВИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

In the conditions of the information society, the modern education system must prepare conscious citizens of their country who are able to navigate in the information field, critically interpret what they hear, draw their own conclusions and seek answers to the questions posed. That is why higher education must contribute to the development of these skills and abilities. The purpose of the article is to find out the semantic meaning of the concept of “information culture” and to determine the methodology of its formation among students of higher education during scientific activity. During the writing of the article, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used. The worldview and methodological principles of democratization, innovation, and flexibility of the educational process were also observed. The article defines the main approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “information culture”. The importance of careful selection of information sources, the need for a critical understanding of the received information, and the importance of observing these principles in the course of scientific activity are emphasized. The obtained results of the research can be taken into account when planning training sessions, especially practical work. Conclusions. Thus, the concept of information culture has different definitions and is used for different fields of knowledge. The key feature of this concept is a critical attitude to the received information and its proper verification. The modern education system pays considerable attention to the formation of information culture, introducing special courses, including media education. Observance of information hygiene by students of higher education is an integral part of their educational process, especially during scientific activities. Completing a number of practical tasks for the development of critical thinking should contribute to the formation of the information culture of higher education graduates. Key words: information culture, information society, media education, critical thinking, scientific activity.

Visual Art for People with Blind Disabilities: Return to Syncretism

The study is devoted to inclusion in art and design. Its aim is to identify certain forms and means that can significantly bring the experience of communicating with visual art to people with blind disabilities, as well as to find out the opportunities of creating unique inclusively oriented art. Research methods: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, formal and phenomenological methods. Scientific novelty. As a result of comparative analysis of existing inclusive projects, as well as those forms of modern art that have actualised the experience of tactile perception at the time, approaches are identified that can correct the perception of art objects for people with visual impairments and use these tools to create a unique artistic product. Conclusions. The research identified three approaches to creating inclusive art projects for people with blind disabilities. The first one is a kind of “translation” of architectural forms into a language that is comprehensible for tactile reading of the model. The component of this language is size, which should be optimal for both touch perception and comprehension of the art work as a whole; therefore, the scale and preserved proportions of the elements, the texture of materials and forms, details that give uniqueness to a certain art work, are important. The second approach is a creation of adapted art objects that have a regulated relief texture applied using digital technologies. With the appropriate instruction or guidance, certain objects, line patterns and even colours can be identified. The alternation of textures of different densities and smooth surfaces allows to convey a message about colours, however, only a limited palette. In both cases, information is duplicated in Braille and equipped with a QR code with audio information. Nonetheless, both approaches are exactly adaptive products, which are certainly very valuable in terms of creating an understanding of visual art. Instead, the importance of another approach is highlighted. It is called a syncretic one in this research. To a greater extent, it corresponds to the essence of artistic experience, the deficiency of which, according to our belief, is also experienced by people with blind disabilities. Such an art work or trend claims to be not a model or a “translation” of some definite art object into the language of tactile sensations, but a unique work of art and design, universal for any person and, at the same time, marking the work with the presence of people with disabilities and being available for their perception.

POSTWAR SOCIALISATION OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The full-scale war in Ukraine has exacerbated a number of social problems that will need to be addressed during the post-war reconstruction period through the socialization of the economy. Ukraine's European integration will have a positive impact on this process. The relevance of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy in the context of European integration is driven by many factors related to the need to restore the country after the conflict and adapt to the standards of the European Union. European integration is a key goal of Ukraine, and it requires serious transformations in the country's economic, social and political life. The purpose of the article is to study the development of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy in the context of European integration. To achieve the purpose of the article, the following tasks were set and solved: to identify the main aspects of the post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy, to analyze the impact of European integration on the post-war development of the social sphere. The article uses general scientific methods of data analysis and synthesis, comparison and systematization. The information base of the article is made up of scientific articles and online statistical databases. The article analyzes statistical data on the damage to the destroyed social infrastructure, the dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2020-2024, and the number of registered Ukrainian refugees by country. The author outlines the directions of post-war socialization of Ukraine's economy using the prospects of European integration processes. The article offers recommendations on how to use the potential of Ukraine's integration into the EU to build the social sphere in the postwar period. The postwar socialization of Ukraine's economy is strategically important for achieving social stability, strengthening the country's competitive position and further integration into the European Union. This approach will ensure Ukraine's sustainable development and improve the quality of life of the population within the European community.The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its material can be used by state authorities in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine with the use of the potential of European integration.

Human Genome Editing: Managing Technological Risks through Legal Means

Objective: to determine theoretical approaches to the legal regulation of reprogenetic editing, taking into account the risk-oriented approach and the practice of regulation of such breakthrough technologies in different jurisdictions; to outline further regulatory and managerial steps to be taken for the technology development.Methods: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, classification, system and functional approaches; specific scientific methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, and historical-legal.Results: the research shows the possible approaches to the regulation of genetic editing for reproductive purposes. The considered variants are evaluated from the viewpoint of risk-oriented approach; conditions and peculiarities of various regulatory mechanisms’ application are determined; the current Russian regulation in this sphere is assessed. The analysis allows concluding that the prohibition or significant restriction of the developing technology of reprogenetic editing has no irrefutable grounds. Moreover, it may lead to the results opposite to those declared by its proponents. In this regard, it is necessary to develop the discussion in a constructive and iterative way and involve all stakeholders in it, including the scientific community.