General Meeting Research Articles

Establishment of Individual Limited Liability Company

In the business world, many entrepreneurs choose Individual Limited Liability Companies (PT) in running their businesses. There are many reasons why entrepreneurs choose this, including because capital/shares have assets that are separate from the assets of the shareholders, shareholders have limited responsibility, there is a separation of functions between shareholders and management or directors, and the highest authority is exercised by the organs of the company, namely the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners together. The research method for this article is library research. Even though there is only one founder, it is necessary to emphasize that an individual PT has the same legal status as the PT that we have known so far, with at least 2 shareholders and founders (hereinafter referred to as an ordinary PT).

Stakeholders’ learning and transformative action when developing a collaboration platform to provide welfare services

ABSTRACT This article investigates stakeholders’ learning and transformative action when developing a collaboration platform between a Swedish regional authority organisation (RAO) and civil society organisations (CSOs) to find new ways to provide welfare services. The material is based on 22 semi-structured interviews and observations of seven general meetings at which RAO officials and CSO representatives met. In addition, notes were taken during two workshops with key stakeholders and interviewees, respectively. Learning and transformative action were analysed through a TADS approach. The findings reveal that a signed agreement, stipulating collaboration between the two sectors (public and civil society) became a second stimulus for shared transformative agency. After signing the agreement, conflicts of motives arose, which challenged learning between stakeholders. Surprisingly, it was not the conflicts of motives between the two sectors, but those within each sector that constituted the most severe expansive learning challenges, and consequently also a delay in the development of the collaboration platform that was to provide welfare services. Nonetheless, the conflicts also contributed to small, incremental, steps of transformative action toward what they had set out to do.

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTIONS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s

The article examines the issue of the management system of the first Soviet pedagogical institutions of higher education in the 1920s - institutes of public education. On the basis of normative documents that established the management system of each higher education institution, the scope of duties of the rector, political commissar, activities of institute and faculty councils, commissions, general meetings, etc. were revealed.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corporate governance practices

The COVID-19 crisis has had an impact on every aspect of human life, including business. Many industries ground to a halt, and some businesses had to resort to liquidation. In this context, corporate governance was not spared the effects of the pandemic either, as the crisis almost paralyzed the entire business ecosystem. Therefore, this research aims to determine the most affected area of companies’ corporate governance and examine how companies changed their corporate governance structure in response to the COVID-19 crisis to ensure the survival of their business. Thirty-seven publicly listed companies were selected as the samples of the study. Their annual reports were analyzed using a qualitative data analysis technique. The results showed that the majority of companies had to transfer their Annual General Meeting (AGM) or/and Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) to an online platform, while the shareholders were required to vote electronically. Moreover, some companies had to revise their budget, revisit their strategic plan, reduce director fees, send their directors for additional training, or conduct board evaluations online.

Implications of Limited Liability Company After Being Declared Bankrupt

Bankruptcy is a situation where a debtor is unable to pay his debts and can be billed. Companies that have been declared bankrupt in this case must be dissolved in order to change their legal entity status so as not to cause losses to related parties. A limited liability company that is declared bankrupt does not immediately stop and disband but still exists as a legal entity. Under certain circumstances, it continues to operate as usual, the limited liability company does not go bankrupt and can still carry out its business activities. This study formulates two problems, namely first, what is the process for dissolving a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt? and second, what are the implications of a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt. The type of research used in this case is normative juridical. Legal research conducted by reviewing the literature is referred to as secondary data. The results of this study are that liquidation is processed by first holding a General Meeting of Shareholders and the implication is that a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt makes the company lose its right to manage and control the company's assets.

Primum Non Discernere: Glass Ceilings and Female Representation at the European Association of Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology Annual Meetings, 2012–2022

BackgroundThe term glass ceiling coined by Loden in 1978 is commonly used to describe difficulties faced by minorities and women when trying to move into senior roles. ObjectiveTo analyse trends and patterns for female representation at the European Association of Urology (EAU) and European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) annual general meetings over the past decade. Design, setting, and participantsWe used objective data on female representation in the roles of chairs, moderators, and lecture speakers at the EAU and ESPU meetings from 2012 to 2022. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisWe evaluated gender based representation in paediatric urology sessions at the EAU and ESPU meetings, collecting data on the overall number of sessions, lectures, symposiums, abstract/poster sessions, and courses, and analysed the male/female ratio. Data were derived from printed and digital programmes for the relevant meetings. Results and limitationsDuring the period from 2012 to 2022, the percentage female representation varied from 0% (2012) to a maximum of 35% (2022) at EUA paediatric urology sessions, and from 13.5% (2014) to a maximum of 32% (2022) at ESPU meetings. Both associations show clear progression towards equality. ConclusionsFemale representation at EAU and ESPU meetings has risen over the years, reaching 35% and 32%, respectively, in 2022, which is in line with the number of female members. We hope that this motivates a move towards the equality objectives for 2030. A clear and fundamental societal change is needed, with fair and more consistent institutional policies and framework commitments in the areas of science, medicine, and global health. Gender equality and diversity taskforces are essential to achieve these goals. Patient summaryWe analysed the male/female ratio for participants in annual meetings held by the European Association of Urology and the European Society for Paediatric Urology. From a low level in 2012, the ratio increased to over 30% in 2022, in line with the female membership of the societies. Focus on fair and consistent policies is needed to ensure that women are well represented in medicine.

Scottish Cardiac Society: 31st Annual General Meeting, 16-17 September 2022.

Scottish Cardiac Society: 31st Annual General Meeting, 16-17 September 2022.

Securities as Capital Deposit in the Establishment of Limited Liability Company

There are various types of business entities in Indonesia, namely divided into non-legal entities and legal entities. One of which frequently chosen by the business actor is a limited liability company (PT) due to its limited liability which only need to provide a capital that has separate assets between private ownership and the company. To establish a Limited Liability Company, the Company will need a Capital Deposit to run the business. Usually, the capital is paid in cash. The research aims to determine whether the capital deposit required to establish a limited liability company can be paid using a method other than Cash. The research is using a normative legal research by using statute and library approach. The research findings reveal that according to Article 34 paragraph (1), the capital deposit can be made in Cash and/or other forms. It means if the Capital Deposit, which is paid in other forms, can be valued in money, and accepted, as well as approved, by the Company’s founders. Payment of shares in securities must be announced, at least, in 1 (one) newspaper or more within 14 (fourteen) days after the deed of establishment is signed or after the General Meeting of Shareholders decides on the payment of shares.

General Meeting of Shareholders Based on Notary Rules and Electronic Evidence

The purpose of this study was to analyze an event of the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) which was held electronically. The legal status of the minutes of the electronic GMS whether as a legal act, a real act or as a mere fact greatly influences its impact as an authentic deed. This means that a mere fact such as the existence of a piece of land that is flooded, the mental state of a person, cannot be proven by an authentic deed. The results of the legal analysis, the GMS event which was held electronically where the shareholders were not in the same meeting place, but attended based on electronic media, there is still a legal loophole for the shareholders to deny the results of the electronic GMS decision. The research was conducted in a juridical normative manner by reviewing regulations, norms and rules as well as concepts as well as related literature. The conclusion that the electronic GMS event is categorized as a mere fact referring to the Virlijden Rule (made, read and signed by all parties simultaneously at the same time) on the authenticity of the deed, so there is a legal loophole for the meeting participants to deny. The research was conducted using the Virlijden Rule and the Statement of Intention (Wilsverklaring) Rule and also supported by the Deconstruction theory that the interpretation of a text is never single and holds the potential for new and unexpected interpretations. As a legal act from the shareholders for the statement of their will, additional evidence is needed from the shareholders. The meeting participants make separate statements to be submitted electronically to the chairman of the meeting in addition to fingerprints or electronic signatures (e-signature) as regulated in the notary position law.

Implications of Limited Liability Company After Being Declared Bankrupt

Bankruptcy is a situation where a debtor is unable to pay his debts and can be billed. Companies that have been declared bankrupt in this case must be dissolved in order to change their legal entity status so as not to cause losses to related parties. A limited liability company that is declared bankrupt does not immediately stop and disband but still exists as a legal entity. Under certain circumstances, it continues to operate as usual, the limited liability company does not go bankrupt and can still carry out its business activities. This study formulates two problems, namely first, what is the process for dissolving a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt? and second, what are the implications of a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt. The type of research used in this case is normative juridical. Legal research conducted by reviewing the literature is referred to as secondary data. The results of this study are that liquidation is processed by first holding a General Meeting of Shareholders and the implication is that a Limited Liability Company after being declared bankrupt makes the company lose its right to manage and control the company's assets

Three decades of the Academy. Speech delivered on 11 October, 2022 at the Academy’s general meeting dedicated to its 30th anniversary

Project Baikal journal publishes the reports of RAACS academicians at the Jubilee General Meeting of members of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, which was held from 11 to 13 October 2022 in the Central House of the Architect, Moscow.
 Academician A. Kudryavtsev spoke about the periods of development of the RAACS since its establishment. He focused on acquiring autonomy and self-organisation of the Academy, transforming it into a Russian Academy, developing links with higher schools, improving experimental design, forming an urban planning doctrine. Of particular interest was the description of the most significant figures and changes in architecture, urban planning and design.

30th anniversary of RAACS: Saving and continuing the best traditions of the national architectural and construction school

Project Baikal journal publishes the reports of RAACS academicians at the Jubilee General Meeting of members of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, which was held from 11 to 13 October 2022 in the Central House of the Architect, Moscow.L. Lyakhovich, academician and head of the Siberian Regional Branch of the RAACS, outlined the history of the Academy in Russia since 1764 up to the present time and highlighted important aspects of the RAACS activities. He emphasized that the activities of its members have greatly determined the strategy for the development of living environment.

Formulation for the Regulation of The Notary's Function and Role in Electronic General Meetings (GMS) of Shareholders

Legal politics in the era of technological development, makes the legal profession, especially notaries, must keep up with the times. A notary in carrying out his position as a Notary utilizes technology to facilitate the implementation of that position. Notaries as public/state officials have the authority to make authentic deeds. Notaries in carrying out their profession are required to adapt and keep up with the times, the goal is to be able to face the challenges of global competition. As time goes by, of course Science and Technology continues to develop, so that there are facilities such as internet networks and electronic media that can be used for two-way communication and make it possible to see each other such as chat, teleconference, and video conference. GMS (General Meeting of Shareholders) can also be held via teleconference, considering cost and time efficiency. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies regulates things that can be done through teleconference media regulated in Article 77 Paragraph (1) of the PT Law so that it allows shareholders to hold GMS without having to meet in person and be in one place but can carried out by teleconference which allows shareholders to see each other and actively interact in meetings. The method used in this research is normative legal research which is carried out as an effort to obtain the necessary data related to the problem. The data used is secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. In addition, primary data is also used to support secondary data legal materials. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative juridical analysis methods. From the results of the research it can be obtained that the GMS held by teleconference is invalid because it violates the provisions in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter m UUJN which requires the physical presence of the parties in the process of preparing an authentic deed so that the strength of proof of the deed is under the hands as a result of an act which is not in accordance with Article 16 Paragraph (1) letter m. Notaries in this case have roles and functions related to cyber notaries. The deed of the GMS was made with a Cyber notary and the signing is permissible and legally done because in article 77 of the Company Law it is very clear that it is regulated then, in particular the signature gets legal protection provided by the ITE Law but the Cyber notary has not been fully supported by legislation in Indonesia , even though there is a possibility, it cannot be carried out because it is limited by other laws, so cyber notaries cannot be implemented legally in Indonesia. There is still a need for specific arrangements regarding cyber notaries in Indonesia.

Modified Martius Flap Urethroplasty: A New Technique

Introduction: Female urethral strictures are rare, and there is no consensus on proper surgical treatment. The literature is primarily limited to case reports and small case series. Surgical treatment has frequently been extrapolated from male urethroplasty techniques. However, female urethroplasty differs significantly from male urethroplasty because it is performed directly across the urinary sphincter.1 We describe our rationale and technique for female ventral urethroplasty utilizing a modified Martius flap. Materials and Methods: Two female patients, aged 46 and 58 years, with chronic urethral strictures underwent a ventral modified Martius flap urethroplasty. After guidewire and open-ended ureteral stent placement across the stricture, an inverted U-flap incision was made from the distal urethra to the bladder neck. A full thickness incision into the urethral lumen was made, extending past the bladder neck, and sounded with a 30F urethral sound. An ~5 × 2 cm portion of nonhair bearing inner labia tissue was harvested and mobilized on the anterior pedicle of a Martius flap. This was then tunneled under the vaginal wall and rotated over the area of the urethral defect. The flap was sutured in place with two 4-0 polyglactin running suture lines, covering the entire gap in the urethra with good mucosal apposition. The remaining fatty tissue of the Martius flap was rotated over the suture lines, adding an extra layer to the repair. The inverted U flap incision was closed over the repair and the skin edges of the Martius flap harvest site were closed in two layers with a deep 2-0 polyglactin layer and a superficial 4-0 poliglecaprone subcuticular suture, resulting in a cosmetic closure. Results: Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram revealed an open bladder neck and no recurrent stricture for both patients. Average Uroflow peak flow was 18 mL/s. The patients had no complaints of stress incontinence (SUI) and a negative cough leak test at 1 month follow-up. At 6 months follow-up, both patients continued to deny any SUI and had no obstructive voiding complaints with minimal post-void residuals. Conclusions: Our technique using a ventral approach to urethroplasty in women with a Martius flap is effective in the management of female urethral stricture disease. This approach offers lower risk of damage to the sphincter, avoids possible clitoral nerve injury, allows for better maintenance of urethral support, and is an approach familiar to most female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons. Music utilized in video obtained royalty-free from (www.bensound.com). No competing financial interests exist. The authors have received and archived patient consent for video recording and publication in advance of video recording procedure. Runtime of video: 6 mins 33 mins This project was presented at the following academic conferences: Arizona Urological Society, August 1, 2021; Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction (SUFU), February 25, 2022; American Urological Association (AUA) General Meeting, May 14, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002586.08).

Excerpts from the Minutes of the 70th FNCB Annual General Meeting Friday 3rd March, 2023

Excerpts from the Minutes of the 70th FNCB Annual General Meeting Friday 3rd March, 2023

The Limits of Analogy in the Private Legal Status of the Beneficial Owner of a Legal Entity

The author reveals the inconsistency of judicial practice on the issue of the private legal status of beneficial owners (final beneficiaries, beneficiaries) of a legal entity: in cases of challenging decisions of general meetings of participants and transactions of such legal entities, courts without proper references to the legal basis tend to recognize the beneficiaries of the right to appropriate claims, and in disputes over their demands for information the activities of the corporate entities actually controlled by them are denied on the grounds of the lack of grounds for applying the analogy of the law, considering the silence of the legislator about the relevant protective instrument of the beneficiary qualified. Due to the absence of special rules on the presence or absence of analyzed protective capabilities of beneficial owners, the effectiveness of analogy as a traditional means of overcoming legal gaps has been tested. The prospects of the analogical introduction of the public-law concept of "beneficial owner" into the structure of the private-law status of legal entities are evaluated. The development of a formal approach based on the absence of a direct legal connection of the beneficiary with the organization controlled by them is not excluded. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified judicial approach to the possibility of an analogical application of public-law rules on the figure of beneficial owners to private-law relations with their indirect participation before the legislative solution of the issue under study.

Authority and Responsibilities of a Notary Regarding the Liquidation Process of a Limited Liability Company in the Republic of Indonesia

A notary is a public official who has duties and authorities related to making an authentic deed, in this case, the making of an act and the dissolution of a limited liability company. A limited liability company is a type of business entity consisting of shares. The establishment of a Limited Liability Company must meet the requirements specified in the laws and regulations. The Company's organs must exist within the Company, including the Company's organs, the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners. Then regarding the dissolution of the company, the dissolution of the Company must be followed by liquidation. Meanwhile, liquidation is carried out by the liquidator or curator either based on the decision of the General Meeting of Shareholders or a court decision. This study aims to analyze the powers and responsibilities of a Notary concerning the liquidation process of a Limited Liability Company in Indonesia. The research method used is normative, using secondary data obtained from library research, including primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The authority of a notary is to make a deed of the minutes of the first and second General Meeting of Shareholders and draw up a deed of dissolution of a limited liability company. The responsibilities of a notary in the liquidation of a limited liability company are regarding the responsibility for the deed he made and the civil, administrative, and criminal responsibilities. There are three processes. The first is the General Meeting Shareholders regarding the approval of the dissolution and the appointment of a liquidator. Second, namely the General Meeting of Shareholders agenda of approval of the liquidator’s report and the granting of release and discharge of the liquidator’s responsibilities. Finally, namely the making of a deed of dissolution of the company by a Notary.

LEGALITY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS BY SHAREHOLDERS

The General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) is the supreme authority within a company, responsible for making decisions on all significant company matters, provided that certain legal conditions are met. This research aims to analyze the implementation and legal consequences of the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders (EGMS) conducted by PT. KOLINGKAS under Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. Employing normative legal research methods with a qualitative approach, the study draws on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, including books, journals, and relevant laws and regulations. The findings indicate that the legality of the EGMS held by PT. KOLINGKAS is questionable. The study reveals that during the EGMS, the Plaintiff, a Board member, was not afforded an opportunity to present a defense, nor was the Plaintiff given prior notice of the intended dismissal. The unilateral nature of the proceedings, which excluded the Plaintiff's awareness, suggests that the EGMS, as documented in Deed Number 06 concerning the Minutes of the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, failed to adhere to the procedural requirements established by the Company Law (UUPT) and constitutes an unlawful act. Consequently, the decision is deemed legally flawed, and the parties involved in the EGMS may be held civilly liable for the fraudulent actions committed.

ASE NSW 241st General Meeting and Third lecture of 2022

Australian Endodontic JournalEarly View NEWS ASE NSW 241st General Meeting and Third lecture of 2022 First published: 27 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/aej.12745Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts: 49th Annual Colloquium and General Meeting, February 3 and 4, 2023

Atlantic Geoscience Society Abstracts: 49th Annual Colloquium and General Meeting, February 3 and 4, 2023