General Interpretation Research Articles

Vascular and neuronal effects of general anesthesia on the brain: An fMRI study.

A number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies rely on application of anesthetic agents during scanning that can modulate and complicate interpretation of the measured hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of general anesthesia on two main components of BOLD signal including neuronal activity and vascular response. Breath-holding (BH) fMRI was conducted in wakefulness and under anesthesia states in 9 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who needed to get scanned under anesthesia during laser interstitial thermal therapy. BOLD and BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity (BOLD-CVR) maps were compared using t-test between two states to assess the effect of anesthesia on neuronal activity and vascular factors (p<.05). Overall, our findings revealed an increase in BOLD-CVR and decrease in BOLD response under anesthesia in several brain regions. The results proposed that the modulatory mechanism of anesthetics on neuronal and vascular components of BOLD signal may work in different ways. This experiment for the first human study showed that anesthesia may play an important role in dissociation between neuronal and vascular responses contributed to hemodynamic BOLD signal using BH fMRI imaging that may assist the implication of general anesthesia and interpretation of outcomes in clinical setting.

CONCEPTUAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL APPARATUS OF ECOLOGICALLY ORIENTED ECONOMY

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and applied research in the field of ecologically oriented economy as a basis for achieving sustainable ecological and economic development. It is established that the term «eco-oriented economy» occurs in various spheres of life and has many uses in combination with other concepts. The priority topics of ecologically oriented economy, which were proposed by scientists in different time periods of studying this topic, are analyzed and systematized. The main differences between the concepts of «green» economy and «bioeconomy», «environmental economy» and «eco-oriented economy» are identified. It has been proven that green growth focuses on two of the three basic principles of sustainable development (economic and environmental) and is one of the components of sustainable development. The social dimension is realized through green growth initiatives that can help social benefits. Aspects of system ecology in the process of solving existing economic and environmental problems, which should be the driving stages of greening the economy, are considered. It was declared that the «green» economy does not replace sustainable development, it is seen as its component, as a more pragmatic approach to balancing the three components. However, «low-carbon» development is interpreted in the scientific work as a process of separating economic growth from the growth of energy consumption, through technological innovation, changes in infrastructure and behavior of economic entities. It is established that the value of natural resources as an economic activity depends not only on the amount of income, but also on the amount of well-being that it can increase or decrease in the long run. A comparative analysis of the eco-oriented economy with the traditional economy and ecology was carried out in such categories as the prevailing scientific approach; defining driving forces; relationship structure; type of the system; spatial boundaries; a period of time; the main objective; principles; efficiency criterion; assessment of technical progress; basic technologies; involved generations. General interpretation of the definition of «eco-oriented economy» is formed, is an interdisciplinary category that includes components of nature and economy, containing economic systems in terms of time, space and individual components.

Particular qualities of laboratory approaches in complex diagnosis of human brucellosis

Brucellosis is an infectious particularly dangerous zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, among which B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis have pathogenic potential, causing a severe and often chronic course of the disease.&#x0D; Laboratory diagnostics is crucial for the detection of human cases, since the clinical symptoms of human brucellosis are variable and nonspecific. Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis is based on three different approaches: direct bacteriological method, indirect method using serological and allergic tests and direct express method in different formats of molecular polymerase chain reaction.&#x0D; Despite the accumulated experience of using serological tests and the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction method, the isolation of Brucella culture is considered the gold standard in the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis due to its clinical and epidemiological relevance. The currently available automated systems of the bacteriological method have increased its sensitivity and shortened the detection time of Brucella species.&#x0D; The main limitations of serological tests are the lack of general interpretation criteria, low specificity due to cross-reactions with other bacteria and low sensitivity at an early stage of the disease. At the same time, in Russia, serological tests account for more than 99% of all laboratory tests and remain the main diagnostic tool. This is due to their inexpensive and convenient use at the place of medical care in endemic areas and high negative prognostic value.&#x0D; Polymerase chain reaction in various formats of rapid tests diagnoses the DNA of the pathogen in a few hours with high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, a positive polymerase chain reaction result requires careful interpretation and does not necessarily indicate an active infection.&#x0D; For the convenience of using diagnostic approaches to brucellosis in practical medicine and determining the activity of the infectious process, it is necessary to improve diagnostics and develop express methods.&#x0D; The review shows both the most routine and modern laboratory methods currently available for laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis.

Architectures for the producing mountain

The Alps have been at the center of a long process of proto-industrial development during the entire modern era up until the late nineteenth century. For many historians, in the second half of the nineteenth century the processes of modernization and expansion of the capitalist economy associated with industrial growth disrupted the historical equilibrium, thus radically altering the relationship between mountains and plains to favor the latter. However, this general interpretation has been critically reviewed in recent years; studies have highlighted that the various Alpine societies have given rise to historical paths that have seen the development of both local and Fordist production models. After World War II, the historical and traditional industrialization of the Alps experienced a crisis that occurred at the same time as the most dramatic demographic decline – which was especially significant in the Western Alps. At the dawn of the twentieth century, however, a series of experiences and phenomena began to take place, opening up to the possibility of a self-sufficient and sustainable Alpine production. In this sense, the sector of mountain agriculture is quite emblematic, as it has been at the center of the current phase of rethinking and regeneration of Alpine territories. Architecture and production in the Alps may effectively interact through the growth of a wood industry aimed at building in the Austrian region of Vorarlberg, which is a particularly relevant issue. In mountain architecture, wood is not used to follow the tradition nor to adhere to a traditional building culture in the mountains, but because this material – as the techniques and savoir-faire needed to work with wood – is the current protagonist of the Alpine production sector. Shifting the point of view by considering the theme of production also allows us to rethink the themes of ecological transition and climate change.

Super-Quantum Correlations: How to Interpret the No-Signaling Condition?

This article deals with the question of the maximal correlation degree of two intelligent machines that cannot exchange any signals. After reminding the reader of the incorrectness of the mainstream statistical interpretation of the “no-signaling” condition, its informational meaning is explored. It is emphasized that if Pawlowski et al.’s Information Causality Principle correctly expresses (and generalizes) the no-signaling condition, its application is, for now, based on a specific scenario (suggested by van Dam) and a no less specific (and simplified) relationship between mutual information and correlators. A more general informational interpretation of the no-signaling condition from which the Tsirelson bound can be derived is then formulated in terms of correlational independence.

“The language of Dirac’s theory of radiation”: the inception and initial reception of a tool for the quantum field theorist

In 1927, Paul Dirac first explicitly introduced the idea that electrodynamical processes can be evaluated by decomposing them into virtual (modern terminology), energy non-conserving subprocesses. This mode of reasoning structured a lot of the perturbative evaluations of quantum electrodynamics during the 1930s. Although the physical picture connected to Feynman diagrams is no longer based on energy non-conserving transitions but on off-shell particles, emission and absorption subprocesses still remain their fundamental constituents. This article will access the introduction and the initial reception of this picture of subsequent transitions (PST) by conceiving of concepts, models, and their representations as tools for the practitioners. I will argue for a multi-factorial explanation of Dirac’s initial, verbally explicit introduction: the mathematical representation he had developed was highly suggestive and already partly conceptualized; Dirac was philosophical flexible enough to talk about transitions when no actual transitions, according to the general interpretation of quantum mechanics of the time, occurred; and, importantly, Dirac eventually used the verbal exposition in the same paper in which he introduced it. The direct impact of PST on the conception of quantum electrodynamical processes will be exemplified by its reflection in diagrammatical representations. The study of the diverging ontological commitments towards PST immediately after its introduction opens up the prehistory of a philosophical debate that stretches out into the present: the dispute about the representational and ontological status of the physical picture connected to the evaluation of the perturbative series of QED and QFT.

A response function that maps associative strengths to probabilities.

Bridging associative and normative theories of animal learning, I show that an associative system can behave as if performing probabilistic inference by using the function f(V) = 1 - e-cV to transform associative strengths (V) into response probabilities. For example, using this function, an associative system can respond normatively to a compound stimulus AB, given previous separate experiences with the components A and B. The CR probability formulae that result from the proposed function have a normative interpretation in terms of statistical decision theory. The formulae also suggest a normative interpretation of stimulus generalization as a heuristic to infer whether different stimuli are likely to convey redundant or independent information about reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

“Chumak song” for baritone and piano by Volodymyr Runchak: compositional and genre-stylistic features

The topicality. Musical works of the famous Ukrainian composer, conductor, public activist, the passionate propagandist of modern music of Volodymyr Runchak today are in the area of special attention of music critics and musicologists. After all, his works today represent the advanced position of the Ukrainian contemporary art music. A confirmation of this thought is the widespread recognition of the creative works of the artist both in Ukraine and in many countries of the world; his works are at the most famous festivals of contemporary music and in prestigious concert halls in many countries are performed by the most famous musicians and bands.&#x0D; The purpose of this article is the implementation of historiographical analysis of the composer’s creative work of the famous Ukrainian composer Volodymyr Runchak. Tasks, which are subordinated to the main aim, is to identify areas and aspects of musicological research, the musical composer, as well as a statement of their basic ideas. The ultimate goal of the analysis is the identification of the unexplored and untouched aspects and genre of the areas of musical creativity of the author.&#x0D; The methodology of the work is centered on the principles of historicism, source studies, and documentary, which provides an analysis of the researches of the composer’s musical creativity in connection with cultural, historical and artistic phenomena and in their interaction. In addition, methods of retrospective, structural-system analysis, interpretation of musicological considerations, isolation and generalization are involved.&#x0D; The results obtained in the course of achieving the aims in this paper concentrates on the analytical interpretations of the major musicological publications on the music of V. Runchak and demonstrate the range of problems and issues are already involved in scientific development.&#x0D; The scientific novelty of the work lies in the implementation of historiographical analysis of the composer’s creative work of the famous Ukrainian composer Volodymyr Runchak, identifying areas and aspects of existing musicological studies of the musical creativity of the composer and highlighting the unexplored areas of musical creativity of the author, that are seen promising for further scientific practices.&#x0D; The practical importance of historiographical analysis conducted in this work lies in the possibility of using it for future studies of musical creativity V. Runchak, systematization of scientific information in the field of art regarding the research on musical creativity by contemporary Ukrainian composers.&#x0D; Conclusions. The composer in his works successfully realizes the ideological and figurative dominants inherent in the traditions of the ancient folk-song genre, which is the Chumak song, in the modern musical-linguistic paradigm. The author vividly stylizes the melodic-thematic component of his work in the folk spirit, using typical frets, intonation, and other structural elements inherent in the Ukrainian epic melody, which includes this genre variety of Ukrainian folklore. On the other hand, the author organically invests this melodic-thematic construct in the bright “facet” of modern musical style, which is fully saturated primarily with the piano part, which in general forms the unique and interesting effect of «new folklore». Identified and analyzed in this work compositional and technological factors and elements of the system of means of expression involved in this work, not only contribute to the significant freshness of its musical-linguistic and genre-style features, but are directed by the author, primarily obtaining the necessary image and emotional characteristics and experiences in accordance with the chosen genre archetype and its conceptual meanings. And in this sense, “The Milky Way” by Volodymyr Runchak is quite an illustrative work in a rich and diverse array of modern Ukrainian chamber and vocal music.

The Problem of the Tax-Legal Unification of the Effects of Employee’s Creative Activity

Provision of work covers various activities of an employee, the performance of which may lead to a result that is subject to copyright protection. This applies both to the performance of work under the classic employment relationship and the “academic employment contract,” containing elements characteristic for the performance of duties in the sphere of higher education and science. In both cases, the issues related to the creation and acquisition of economic copyrights to employee works are regulated by the provisions of the Act on copyright and related rights. In practice, however, a far-reaching (and incomprehensible) differentiation of tax-legal consequences can be observed in this respect, which becomes the source of numerous controversies in the context of law application. Problems are particularly visible in the area of calculating 50% (the so-called lump-sum) tax deductible costs. It should be emphasized at the same time that emerging interpretation difficulties result not only from the content of tax regulations. Their source is the provisions of the Law on higher education and science. The general (long-awaited) interpretation of the Minister of Finance sustained the legal dualism in the scope of the issue. The duality of the presented interpretation results from different treatment of employment contracts of academic teachers. It is pointed out that in order for the remuneration of academic teachers to be regarded as a royalty, a work must be created within the meaning of copyright law, but at the same time arguments are presented referring to non-statutory premises, which do not have normative overtones in the analysed case (e.g. prestige of the profession of academic teacher, which has features characteristic for liberal professions). The aim of the article is to outline the tax-legal consequences of the divergences and views persisting for a long time with regard to the treatment of employee’s works arising within the framework of employment relationship and to propose an appropriate interpretation direction supported by the Authors. For this purpose the dogmatic and historical-legal methods was used.

The Importance of Utilizing Euphemism in Translation and Simultaneous Interpreting

Euphemism is an important linguistic phenomenon that tends to soften written or oral expressions. Thus, when translators or interpreters face expressions including euphemism, they need to know how to deal with them. The problem of the current paper lies in the effect of rendering euphemistic expressions inaccurately, as such expressions represent the cultural and terminological sense of the original language. Thus, rendering them improperly will affect the sense of the interpreted speech. For this, it is essential for translators in general and simultaneous interpreters in particular to know the importance of utilizing euphemism in the simultaneous interpreting field, which is the main aim of this paper. To this end, a systematic review has been adopted by shedding light on euphemism types suggested by Williams’ (1975), and euphemism functions suggested by Wijana and Rohmadi (2008), and Nordquist (2018). Some examples were drawn from the common euphemistic topics in which euphemistic expressions and their translation were discussed. This study has concluded that to convey the sense and cultural meaning of the original euphemistic expression, simultaneous interpreters must be aware of the types and functions of such euphemism. This is because the previous knowledge of them plays a positive role in the performance of simultaneous interpreters.

Ensemble learning for the partial label ranking problem

The partial label ranking problem is a general interpretation of the preference learning scenario known as the label ranking problem, the goal of which is to learn preference classifiers able to predict a complete ranking with ties over the finite set of labels of the class variable. In this paper, we use unsupervised discretization techniques (equal‐frequency and equal‐width binning) to heuristically select the threshold for the numerical features in the algorithms based on induction of decision trees (partial label ranking trees algorithm). Moreover, we adapt the most well‐known averaging (bootstrap aggregating and random forests) and boosting (adaptive boosting) ensemble methods to the partial label ranking problem, in order to improve the robustness of the built classifiers. We compare the proposed methods with the nearest neighbors‐based algorithm (instance based partial label ranking) over the standard benchmark datasets, showing that our versions of the ensemble methods are superior in terms of accuracy. Furthermore, they are affordable in terms of computational efficiency.

Ré-utilisation de lames d’immunohistochimie pour la réalisation de FISH : une solution pertinente d’épargne tissulaire

Diagnostic updates, an increased precision of tumor sub-type classification and the development of new diagnostic biomarkers (immunohistochemistry (IHC), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and other molecular pathology techniques), have a significant impact on pathologists' management of tissue samples. The objective of this work was to test and validate the FISH technique on detached IHC slides. An IHC technique was first performed on 30 tissue samples. After detachment of the lamella, a FISH technique was then performed according to the usual protocol with a centromeric probe. A validation cohort (n=10) with duplicate testing using a traditional FISH technique and an IHC slide with a detached lamella was then carried out. Finally, a cohort of 20 "old" cases (IHC carried out over 2years ago) was also tested. Different types of probes (specific locus, break apart) have been used. All the slides were interpreted by a technician and a pathologist. Evaluation criteria were: the general interpretability of the slide; the percentage of labeled nuclei; intensity of the signal and the presence or absence of autofluorescence. FISH was interpretable in 100% of recently treated cases and 90% of "old" cases with a satisfactory intensity and a high percentage of labeled nuclei, without autofluorescence. The results of our study show that the reuse of IHC slides for performing FISH is a powerful means of economizing tissue samples, especially for small samples and in the absence of archived representative material.

Current Understanding of Maternal Healthcare Acceptability from Patients’ Perspectives

The importance of healthcare acceptability concept cannot be overlooked in health sciences including psychology, yet, it remains controversial and it is poorly understood by all health researchers. This concept cuts across all health disciplines and it refers to human behaviour such as attitude, trust, and respect through interactions between patients and health professionals. Many studies have been published on acceptability of maternal healthcare, but there is no consensus on how it is defined and conceptualised. Thus, this study aims at reviewing existing literature to shed light on the definition and conceptualisation of maternal healthcare acceptability from the patients’ perspectives. This study will apply scoping review to reach its broad purpose. The search of relevant articles from electronic and grey literature will be guided by a search strategy developed based on eligibility criteria. Two researchers will independently screen the retrieved articles using Rayyan software and chart data from included articles. An agreement of 80% between them will be considered appropriate. This study will provide a general interpretation of key findings in line with available evidence and consistent with the research purpose. The researchers will discuss the study’s limitations and propose potential implications and future research projects.

PENINGKATAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPLANASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 31 HALMAHERA SELATAN

This research was conducted with the objectives of (1) to find out how the students’ ability in writing explanatory texts was using a problem based laerning model for eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 31 Halmahera Selatan. (2) To find out how to improve the writing of explanatory texts by using problem based learning model for Class VIII students of SMP Negeri 31 Halmahera Selatan. The population and this study were all eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 31 Halmahera Selatan. The sample consisted of 25 students, using quanititative descriptive methods. Based on the results of the analysis and conclusions (1) the resulst of observations, the teacher has conditioned students to participate in the learning process of writing explanatory texts using a problem based laerning model, the teacher has preparedlearning tools and prepared learning package books as learning resources to make it easier for students to find related information. With the material provided. (2) Interviews, explanatory text writing material have been taught to class VIII SMP Negeri 31 South Halamahera using a problem based learning model because the material is contained in the indonesian Languge Education curiculum. (3) The us of the problem Based Learning model can improve the ability tio write explanatory texts. Before this research was conducted, students’ writing skills. During that time the learning  process tend to watch and is boring so that it affects the interest and motivation of students in learning. (4), the success of using the Problem Based Learning model can also be seen in the improvement of the quality of the learning process for writing explanatory texts. It can be seen from the everage score of the explanatory text writing test on the final test of 85,2 which has increased quite well. In addition to the increase in student everage, there was also an increase in the scores for each aspect of the explanatory text, namely (1) title/tipic, 5 (2) content, 4,44,, (3) organization (general statements, esplanations, and interpretations) 4,88, (4) vocabulary, 4,16 and (5) Mechanical, 3,64.

“It seems to be some kind of an accident”: Perception and team decision-making in time critical situations

This study examines the decision-making processes of military observer trainee teams as they encounter a simulated, ‘life-threatening’ incident during a car-patrolling exercise. The study takes place in the context of a course which trains military officers to serve in UN peacekeeping operations as unarmed military observers. The data consist of audio-video recordings of eight trainee teams inside and around their patrol cars during a patrolling exercise, as well as of ethnographic field notes and observations. We use conversation analysis to examine what happens between the first noticing of the incident and the decision regarding the next action, and how the trainees work together to form a diagnosis of the situation and choose the appropriate action. The results show how the trainees make a first general interpretation on the situation immediately after its initial noticing and make visible their assessment of the incident site as either safe or unsafe to approach. These interpretations are crucial, as an incorrect interpretation often leads to action that puts the team in danger. The results also show how earlier shared events can affect the decision-making process, as they are indicated as points of comparison on which a team may base their interpretation of the current situation.

Підходи до визначення механізмів ергогенної дії нефармакологічних засобів антиоксидантної спрямованості

One of the powerful methodologies of ergogenic nature is the use of vibration loads in the mode of "whole body vibration", which in terms of frequency of oscillations mostly coincides with the frequency of oscillations of the microstructures of the body itself. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of non-pharmacological agents with antioxidant nature of action in vibration loads in athletes. Materials and methods. To assess the effectiveness of vibration loads as a non-pharmacological ergogenic agent, we have chosen vibration loads as one of the most characteristic mechanical effects on the human body. The study of the effectiveness and impact mechanisms of vibration loads on the body of athletes using domestic spiral-vortex simulator involved 24 representatives of cyclic sports. They are qualified rowers in kayaks and canoes. These athletes were divided into equal groups (12 people) by the number of group members – control and main. In the dynamics of research, not only changes under the influence of additional vibration loads of indicators of special physical performance were evaluated, but also numerous homeostatic parameters that reflect the severity of oxidative stress, structural and functional state of cell membranes, the degree of endogenous toxicity, intensity of humoral immunity, and also systemic factors that affect the formation of physical performance – the activity of the factor induced by hypoxia and the main angiogenic factor. Vibration load after the main standard training session was created using a spiral-vortex simulator «PLH-9051» for 30 minutes. The examination of the participants was conducted before starting and at the end of the stage of direct preparation for the competition. Results and discussion. The results of our study have proven that the vibration of the whole body in this mode does not lead to negative changes in the basic standard laboratory parameters of the body. At the same time, it was found that the indicators in the 12-minute test (endurance characteristics) and in the one-minute test (speed characteristics) significantly improved. As for the metabolic changes that are the basis for such rearrangements of the parameters of special physical performance, it is established that there is no additional activation of oxidative stress during vibration training. Vibration loads, firstly, have a positive effect at the subcellular level – the activity of lipid peroxidation reduces and antioxidant protection improves. At the same time, positive changes occur in the activation links of angiogenetic characteristics, which are an indirect reflection of the increase in the number of microvessels and the improvement of tissue blood circulation with the increase of oxygen transfer and plastic and energy substrates. Conclusion. Thus, according to the obtained data, vibration loads in the mode of vibration load of the whole body lasting 30 minutes after standard training load are similar to hypoxic training conditions, but without the occurrence of oxidative stress, and can be used for the same purpose – to improve adaptation mechanisms and increase physical performance at the special preparatory stage of athletes specializing in cyclic sports, and in a more general interpretation – in sports with a predominantly aerobic mechanism of energy supply

더 나은 배관설비를 위하여: 베케트 후기 작품에 나타난 King Lear에 대한 문학적 암시

This paper tries to understand the nature of Beckett’s literary allusion by way of analyzing the literary allusions to King Lear appearing in his later English texts. King Lear and Beckett’s works bear similarities in terms of the theme of the failure of divine reward, the experiment in human misery and sufferings and the element of the grotesque pantomime. As a frame of reference for our study, there are three major case studies on Beckett’s literary allusions respectively undertaken by Gontarski, Knowlson and Caselli, which respectively shed light on the echoes in the mythical patterns, the generality of quotation and its sensory embodiment and the self-reflective and ironical intertextuality. As this paper analyzes Ill Seen Ill Said, Worstward Ho and Endgame as the three representative cases of Beckett’s literary allusion to King Lear, Ill Seen Ill Said’s quotation of “vile jelly” is, firstly, found to create profound thematic echoes between the fruitless efforts of its camera-eye and those of Gloucester in King Lear. In terms of the general quotation and its sensory embodiment, the text echoes the senility dramatized in King Lear by materializing the frailty of the one frail remaining eye and the abject body of the old woman. The case of ironical intertextuality in the work is performed in the way in which, the better one understands King Lear, the better one can understands the work in allusion to it itself, as a subtle device in the text bringing about the inversion between origin and product. Worstward Ho sets Edgar’s line “the worst is not so long as we can say ‘This is the worst’” as a very important preoccupation as well as the most important thematic thread in the work. Endgame illustrates similarities to, and influences from, King Lear in its ethos and pathos. Peter Brook’s iconic 1962 production King Lear so effectively witnessed to and exploited those similarities as to alter the general interpretation as well as the critical opinion of the Shakespearean original. As Beckett himself explained, these literary allusions are like “bits of pipe” that he carefully and meticulously chose for a better working literary construction.

Complexity and Geoheritage Importance of Granite Pseudokarst from the Belaya River Gorge (Western Caucasus)

New investigations in the Western Caucasus contribute to the understanding of granite pseudokarst (sensu lato) and megaclasts linked to river erosion. A plot on the bank of the Belaya River (Mountainous Adygeya, Western Caucasus) was selected to examine diverse and abundant pseudokarst features (small rock basins, hollows, potholes, and channels) and large clasts. Morphological analysis of these features clarifies their general characteristics and genetic interpretations. Pseudokarst features can be classified into two major categories, namely the relatively small (&lt;1 m) and large (&gt;1 m) features. Potholes, which are usually 1–3 m in size, are the most characteristic features occurring on two levels, i.e., on steep walls of the gorge (half-filled with river water) and on slightly inclined surfaces of a terrace-like landform (subaerial exposure). In both cases, their walls from the side of the river are broken. Apparently, these potholes were formed on the river bottom. Subsequent incision of the gorge elevated potholes and the river has eroded them from one side. Apparently, some pseudokarst features are related to macroturbulent flood flows and granite weathering. Due to its scientific uniqueness and aesthetic attractiveness, this granite pseudokarst constitutes geoheritage, which can be exploited for the purposes of geoscience research and geotourism development.

For a New Social History of the Enlightenment: Authors, Readers, and Commercial Capitalism

Despite the voluminous work devoted to the “social history of Enlightenment ideas” since the 1970s, surprisingly little has been done to integrate its findings into general interpretations of this moment in intellectual history. Attempts to understand the Enlightenment as a long-term global phenomenon have made it difficult to situate it within any social context other than that of globalization. This essay makes the case for relating the Enlightenment, as it developed within Europe and European overseas possessions, to the advance of commercial capitalism. Drawing on recent work on the history of capitalism, it argues that a burgeoning market economy vastly expanded the opportunities for ordinary readers to participate in intellectual life, and that this change dramatically influenced the production of intellectual work, not only in its form and genre, but in the causes advanced by writers, whose work increasingly took the form of a great project for collective human self-improvement.

Program and normative bases for basketball coaches training in Ukraine

The study analyzes the available opportunities of the training system for basketball coaches in Ukraine through the study of the program and normative content and its practical implementation in modern realities. The purpose of the study is to identify the structure and the content of education and improve the training for basketball coaches in higher education institutions and the Basketball Federation of Ukraine. The following research methods contributed to this purpose: analysis and generalization of the data from scientific and methodological literature sources and the Internet, content analysis of program material from higher education institutions in Ukraine and the Basketball Federation of Ukraine, theoretical modeling, methods of mathematical statistics.&#x0D; The offer for educational and professional programs of 59 higher education institutions, which educate specialists in the field of physical education and sports, who can work as basketball coaches, has been studied. The peculiarities of professional development and practical process of improving the basketball coach activities headed by the Basketball Federation of Ukraine and the results of the effectiveness for the implemented licensing are clarified. The structure and content of the training process are analyzed, along with improving the training of basketball coaches in Ukraine. The generalization and scientific interpretation of the identified informative data helped to clarify modern approaches to education and improve the level of basketball coaches’ training and promising opportunities for professional development.