General Inspectorate Research Articles

A healthcare workforce assessment model using reimbursement data in Luxembourg

Abstract Background The assessment of the healthcare professional (HCP) headcount and level of activity is a real challenge for policy makers. In Luxembourg, there is no uniform definition of practicing HCP. This work focused on identifying a method to assess HCP headcount and their level of activity in Luxembourg, while finding national consensus. Methods A thorough literature review was conducted to find methods that assess practicing HCP and identify their level of activity. Eligible were scientific papers or national reports discussing methods on employed and self-employed HCP. National reimbursement data were used for preliminary data explorations conducted alongside the ‘General Inspectorate of Social Security’ in Luxembourg and discussed with the ‘Institut national d’assurance maladie-invalidité (INAMI)’ in Belgium. Two working groups were planned with national stakeholders to discuss HCP assessment methodologies. Both the collaborations and the working groups led to a preliminary validated HCP assessment method. To reach national consensus, a Delphi study is planned in June 2024, using the eDelphi.org platform. Invited panelists include researchers, professionals, healthcare practitioners, decision makers and policy makers, patient representatives, and insurers. Results The literature review found 16 eligible papers on HCP headcount and HCP’ level of activity. Finally, the Belgian method, developed by experts from INAMI, using reimbursement data and establishing a median reimbursement for each medical specialty was retained for Luxembourg. The results of the Delphi study will inform on the level of agreement on relevance, clarity and completeness of the proposed methodology for Luxembourg. Discussion Finding national consensus represents a strong foundation for efforts to advance the use of the proposed methodology in healthcare workforce assessment and planning. Key messages • Counting something as simple as healthcare professionals requires a strong methodology that held the buy-in of all major stakeholder. • As working behavior of HCP evolves over time, it is crucial to not only count professionals but also full-time equivalents for policy makers to plan ahead in an accurate manner.

The Establishment of The Third General Inspectorate and the Studies That Third General Inspector Tahsin Uzer Did About Iğdır

Umumi Müfettişlikler Osmanlı Devleti’nin idari sisteminde 19. yüzyılın sonlarında yer almıştır. Bu dönemde kurulan Umumi Müfettişlikler kuruldukları bölgelerde yapılan ıslahatları denetlemek, asayişi sağlamak, idari, adli, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda çalışmalar yapmak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Umumi Müfettişlikler Milli Mücadele döneminde Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 1921 yılında kabul edilen Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu’nda da yer almıştır. Ancak Milli Mücadele’nin devam ettiği o günkü şartlarda uygulanamamıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra 25 Haziran 1927 tarihinde Umumi Müfettişlik Teşkiline Dair Kanun’un kabul edilmesiyle Umumi Müfettişlikler kurularak uygulamaya konulmuştur. 1927-1947 yılları arasında beş Umumi Müfettişlik kurulmuştur. Doğu Anadolu’da Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulmasında Başbakan İsmet İnönü’nün 1935 yılında Doğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi’ne yaptığı gezi etkili olmuştur. İsmet İnönü’nü doğu gezisi sonrasında hazırladığı rapor göz önüne alınarak bölgede var olan sorunların yerinde tespiti ve çözümünü kolaylaştırmak amacıyla bölgede Umumi Müfettişlik kurulması kararı alınmıştır. Buna göre 23 Ağustos 1935 tarihinde Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği kurulmuş ve müfettiş olarak Tahsin Uzer atanmıştır. Bu makalede Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulması ve Üçüncü Umum Müfettişi Tahsin Uzer’in Iğdır ile ilgili yaptığı çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada arşiv belgelerinden, ulusal ve yerel basından ve konu ile ilgili araştırma eserlerinden faydalanılmıştır.

Testing of the pyrotechnic composition of the fireworks and the functional safety in order to evaluate the constructive and functional compliance with the specific rules and standards

The paper presents the way of carrying out the tests necessary to substantiate the working hypotheses in order to fulfill the objectives set out in the ordinance for the technical expertise of pyrotechnic articles intended for entertainment purposes when we talk about the samples made available by the M.A.I., the General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, based on a orderly from a criminal file. A pyrotechnic article intended for entertainment purposes shall be categorised under the Pyrotechnic Articles Directive 2013/29/EU(on the harmonization of the legislation of the Member States regarding the making available on the market of pyrotechnic articles) as a firework belonging to category F1, F2, F3 or F4. The tests required for the technical expertise of the pyrotechnic articles made available are the following: Determination of the content of the pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-97, based on SR EN 15947-4:2016; Checking the functionig of pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-98, based on SR EN 15947-4:2016, SR EN 16261-3:2016, SR EN 16263-4:2016; The categorization of pyrotechnic articles, according to PI-13.

Grupul Etnic German din România și Serviciul Special de Informaţii (1940-1944)

One can safely state that the «Andreas Schmidt era» (1940-1944) could be considered one of the most difficult periods of the history of the German minority in Romania. From the very beginning, the activity of Nazi controlled organization entitled the German Ethnic Group in Romania and its leader (Andreas Schmidt) was perceived by the Romanian authorities with suspicion and concern. This concern was legitimate since the aggressive policies of the leadership of the German Ethnic Group in Romania let to increasing tensions between the latter, on one side, and the Romanian authorities and the Romanian local population in mixed Romanian-German communities, on the other side. Consequently, the Special Intelligence Service (Serviciul Special de Informaţii, one of the Romanian secret services in the interwar period), the intelligence service of the Romanian army (entitled in Romanian: Secţia a II-a Informaţii a Marelui Stat Major), the General Inspectorate of the Gendarmerie, and the General Directorate of the Police kept under close surveillance the hostile activities of the German Ethnic Group towards the Romanian state. The reports of these aforementioned intelligence institutions emphasized the totalitarian character of the German Ethnic Group in Romania and illustrates how this Nazi controlled organization turned under the leadership of Andreas Schmidt into an effective tool of the Third Reich in South Eastern Europe.

Internal colonization, political geography and security in the Ottoman Eastern Provinces (1895–1899)

This article analyzes the re-making of the political geography of the Ottoman eastern provinces between 1895–1899, after the Memorandum of Great Powers in 1895, by examining the relationship between internal colonialization and security policies. This study reconsiders the interplay between European colonial techniques and Ottoman internal colonialism by discussing techniques of administration and institutional memory of security. Using archival documents, this work explores the reports and proposals of the General Inspectorate of Anatolia to analyze the construction of the political geography in a borderland as part of the security infrastructure which came along with long-term violence toward the Armenian community.

État des lieux des pratiques de nutrition parentérale dans quatre pharmacies à usage intérieur de centre hospitalier et universitaire de la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

To carry out an assessment of parenteral nutrition (PN) practices in hospital pharmacies of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in order to explore a harmonisation of practices and a collaboration between the different centres. Status of practices was carried out on the basis of an observational study inspired by the survey of the General Inspectorate of Social Affairs. It was carried out in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in four university hospital pharmacies with a production unit of PN. It focused on the different stages of the PN process: prescription, formulation, compounding and quality control. It also covered the support processes such as the quality assurance system and the management of premises and equipment. Most preparations made in the region are individualized parenteral nutritional admixtures for paediatric and neonatal hospitalization departments. The production units of PN of each centre are located in premises in compliance with Good Preparation Practices. However, compounding equipment and raw materials used are heterogeneous in the four centres. All centres control the quality of their finished preparations. But, the performance of analytical control is disparate in terms of equipment and specifications. This assessment explains the similarities and differences in PN practices between various university hospitals in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and thus makes possible to provide a collective regional work to harmonise practices.

Генеральний інспекторат Армії УНР: створення, інституалізація, специфіка функціонування (1920–1921 рр.)

The article reconstructs the process of creation and specifics of the activities of the Inspectorate (General Inspectorate) of the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1920–1921, which became one of the important steps on the way to creating the institutional foundations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the modern era and increasing the level of combat readiness of its units. In September 1921, the commander of the 3rd Iron Rifle Division, colonel-general Oleksandr Udovychenko, was appointed to the position of inspector general of the UNR Troops, who was well acquainted with all the difficulties that the Ukrainian military had to face. Based on the results of his inspections of the camps, O. Udovychenko prepared reports in which he highlighted the actual condition of the internees (combat conditions of the units, living conditions, provision of clothing and food, moral and psychological condition and mood of the soldiers, the intensity of cultural and educational work in their environment, etc.). These reports were addressed to the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Minister of War, allowing them to understand the real situation in the internment camps, and accordingly take the necessary measures to normalize it. During the entire period of internment, the

General principles of combating corruption in the countries of the Visegrad Four: the experience of the Czech Republic

The article is devoted to the study of the general principles of combating corruption in the territory of the Czech Republic. The fight against corruption, according to the Ministry of Regional Development of the Czech Republic, is a long-term process that requires the cooperation of all elements of the public administration system and includes prevention activities, transparency of all processes and the imposition of sanctions for violations. The purpose of the article is to study the experience of implementing anti-corruption activities on the territory of one of the countries of the Visegrad Group, namely the Czech Republic, establishing the path taken by the Czech Republic in the field of prevention and countering corruption, building its anti-corruption bodies, forming a strategy and clarifying the possibility of taking into account certain aspects in the activities of state bodies authorities and local self-government of Ukraine.
 As a result of the study, the place of the Czech Republic and Ukraine in the global rating of corruption perception in 2021 has been clarified. The definition of corruption in Ukraine and the Czech Republic has been given. The nature of the activity of the Visegrad Group as an institutional organization has been outlined. It has been determined that it is customary to distinguish three time periods of the Czech Republic's development on the way to overcoming corruption.
 The priority areas of combating corruption, determined by the government of the Czech Republic and enshrined in the Anti-corruption agenda, have been considered, including: creation of an independent, efficient, professional, integrated and corruption-resistant state administration; transparency and efficiency of the decision-making process and the legislative process; regulation of the system of free access to information, etc. There are two groups of main state and non-state organizations in the Czech Republic whose activities are aimed at preventing and combating corruption: 1) those engaged in analytical and investigative activities; 2) those that carry out preventive, educational and coordination activities. The first group includes the Police of the Czech Republic, the General Inspectorate of Security Forces, the Prosecutor's Office of the Czech Republic, and the Financial and Analytical Unit of the Ministry of Finance. The second group includes the Anti-Corruption Commission of the Police of the Czech Republic, the Ombudsman of the Police of the Czech Republic and the Fire and Rescue Corps of the Czech Republic, the State Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic, the Institute of Public Administration in Prague, etc.
 It has been concluded that it is necessary to promote the role of the public in the field of control over anti-corruption activities and the possibility to take as a basis the experience of the functioning of public initiatives of the Czech Republic.

PARTICULARITIES OF CONTROL IN THE ROMANIAN ARMY

The control and inspection corps was established on 20.02.2007 by merging the General Inspectorate of the Ministry of National Defense with the Control Corps, being the successor of the institution "Inspector General in the Romanian Army" established on April 1, 1910, by High Royal Decree no. 1217, signed by King Carol I. According to this document, the first inspector general of the army was appointed FERDINAND I, the heir to the throne of Romania, division general, commander of the Second Army Corps and inspector of the cavalry. Fields of activity, according to the provisions of art. 16 of Law no. 346 of July 21, 2006 with the subsequent amendments and completions regarding the organization and functioning of the Ministry of National Defense, are the following: 1) The control and inspection body elaborates the general regulatory framework of inspection and control activities in the Ministry of National Defense; 2) The control and inspection body investigates / verifies, on order, issues necessary to inform the ministry's management to substantiate decisions; 3) The control and inspection body elaborates policies and regulations specific to the Ministry of National Defense in the field of environmental protection and that of occupational safety and health, coordinates, monitors and controls their integration/application in the army.

The concept of improving safety on D-grade railway level crossings

The article discusses the safety issue on railway level crossings, specifically emphasizing D-grade crossings, i.e., not equipped with any safety devices. Such crossings pose the most significant challenge to improving railway system safety. The lack of any warning or safety devices causes the safe passage through these crossings dependent only on the car driver his concentration and observation of legal requirements (especially enforcing stopping before the STOP sign). Due to that, it is suggested to introduce devices allowing for automatic identification and registration of violations by drivers. Recorded material will be handed over to the relevant authorities (e.g., Police, General Inspectorate for Road Transport), which will undertake appropriate actions. The article also attempts to assess the influence of such a solution on the number of accidents on given level crossings and their outcome, among others, on improving railway safety.

Políticas e práticas de avaliação externa de escolas: quais os espaços para a colaboração docente?

Abstract Teaching has traditionally been a solitary profession. However, both because of the growing awareness of the complexity of teaching and the emergence of a notion of curriculum based on transversal competences, teachers’ collaborative work is currently the focus of increased attention and research. Teacher collaboration has a paradoxical status in schools, as desired by educational policies and by teachers’ and schools’ discourses, but there is little evidence of authentic teacher collaboration practices. The present article intends to identify how teacher collaboration is at stake in schools. The perspective considered here is that of the frame of reference and reports of the third cycle of External Evaluation of Schools, conducted by the General Inspectorate of Education and Science in Portugal. The study uses document analysis as a data-gathering technique and content analysis for data analysis. The results point to the transversal valuing of teacher collaborative work in order to promote the improvement of teachers’ practices related to supervision.

Identification of pollution sources in the Narew River catchment using multivariate statistical methods

The aim of the statistical analyses carried out was to identify similarities and to point out differences between the various tributaries of the Narew River, to identify the factors and processes responsible for the transformations occurring in the aquatic environment and finally, to identify the main sources of pollution in the river catchment. For the purposes of statistical analysis, the results of studies conducted as part of diagnostic monitoring by the General Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in 2017–2018 were used. The studies included 8 measurement points located directly on the Narew River and 17 points located on its selected left and right tributaries. Analysis of the collected results indicates that the chemical condition of the water in the Narew catchment is assessed as being poor. This observation may be due to the fact that the Narew catchment is mainly used for agricultural purposes and, in addition, there is a relatively large number of potential anthropogenic sources. As part of the analysis, two potential sources of pollution affecting water quality in the Narew catchment were identified, which include surface run-off and treated wastewater inflow.

Situación de los derechos humanos en Colombia y su relación con la función policial

The following document is based on the analysis of primary, secondary and tertiary sources available for the issue of human rights, a direct element based on decision-making is related to analysis III quarter 2021 procedure 1IP-PR-0006 monitoring of alleged behaviors that violate rights human rights, when monitoring cases of alleged anomalies or human rights violations according to the report on human rights complaints and processes 3 quarter 2021, trends and risk factors are identified for the National Police where behavior is impacted , by relying on official sources from the Attorney General's Office, the Internal Affairs Office of the General Inspectorate and service areas.

Identyfikacja liczby pojazdów przeciążonych na podstawie danych z wybranych preselekcyjnych stacji ważenia pojazdów w ruchu

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wykonanych w 2014 i 2018 roku badań dotyczących liczby pojazdów przeciążonych poruszających się po wybranych drogach. Zbadano procentowy udział pojazdów przeciążonych w całkowitej liczbie pojazdów, określono liczbę dni charakteryzujących się dziennym udziałem pojazdów przeciążonych przypadającym na dany przedział – przy różnych wariantach pomiarów, bez kontroli i z kontrolą Głównego Inspektoratu Transportu Drogowego (GITD). Ustalono, że procentowy udział pojazdów przeciążonych zależał od intensywności kontroli prowadzonych przez GITD. Udział pojazdów przeciążonych (tj. w przypadku braku kontroli wyniósł 25,1% (wartość minimalna 18,5%, maksymalna 31,4%). Przy sporadycznych kontrolach udział pojazdów przeciążonych wyniósł 9,0% (wartość minimalna 6,4%, maksymalna 11,0%). Przy intensywnych kontrolach udział pojazdów przeciążonych wynosił 1,2% (wartość minimalna 0%, maksymalna 2,5%) oraz 2,2% (wartość minimalna 0%, maksymalna 7,7%). Stwierdzono, że histogramy procentowego udziału pojazdów przeciążonych mogą być aproksymowane rozkładem normalnym.

Nomadisme des patients traités par radiothérapie en Île-de-France : notre système de santé a-t-il autant d’argent à gaspiller ?

Objectif de l’étudeLes ressources humaines, matérielles et financières étant limitées, l’organisation du système de soins doit permettre une allocation des ressources efficiente. La prise en charge des cancers amène à des soins spécifiques et répétitifs pour lesquels le remboursement des frais de transports représente un coût important. Nous avons réalisé une analyse du surcoût de transport, liés à la prise en charge des patients franciliens, dans un centre autre, que le centre de radiothérapie le plus proche de leur domicile.Matériel et méthodesÀ partir de données de l’Agence régionale de santé d’Île-de-France, nous avons créé un modèle évaluant le surcoût lié aux transports engendrés par la prise en charge d’un patient en radiothérapie à distance de son domicile. Afin de prendre en compte les incertitudes liés aux hypothèses faites dans l’élaboration du modèle nous avons réalisés des analyses de sensibilité déterministe et probabiliste.RésultatsDans le cas de base, le surcoût annuel lié au transport était de 841 176 euros en Île-de-France. L’analyse de sensibilité probabiliste rapporte un surcoût total annuel de 2 817 481 euros.ConclusionNos résultats se rapprochent d’un rapport de l’Inspection générale des affaires sociales publié en juillet 2011 qui pointait alors un surcoût compris entre 4 et 6 millions d’euros annuels. La prise en charge à distance de leur domicile des patients atteints de cancer participe à une dégradation de la qualité de vie liée aux temps de transport, à un retard à la prise en charge de potentielles complications des traitements et à la diffusion de maladies infectieuses, telle que le COVID-19, et de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques.

IV. UMUMİ MÜFETTİŞLİĞİN KURULMASI VE DERSİM İSYANLARINA GİDEN SÜREÇ

Tunceli/Dersim bölgesinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin idaresi altında olduğu zamandan başlayarak Cumhuriyetin ilk dönemine kadar birçok asayişsizlik ve isyan hareketi meydana gelmiştir. Adeta isyan-bastırma-isyan şeklinde bir kısır döngü oluşmuştur. Cumhuriyet döneminde Dersim meselesinin çözülebilmesi için birçok rapor hazırlattırılmış ve bu raporlar doğrultusunda Dersim’e yönelik kanunlar hazırlanmıştır. Ayrıca asayişin sağlanması, ekonomi, eğitim, sağlık gibi alanlarda bölgenin kalkınması amacıyla Osmanlı Devleti’nden beri uygulanmış bir idare şekli olan umumi müfettişlik teşkilatının kurulmasına karar verilmiştir. Dersim meselesinin tamamen çözülebilmesi için IV. Umumi Müfettişlik 6 Ocak 1936’da kuruldu ve idari, askeri, hukuksal konularda oldukça geniş yetkiler verildi. Müfettiş olarak da bölgeyi ve orada yaşayan insanları iyi tanımış biri olan Korgeneral Hüseyin Abdullah Alpdoğan tayin edilmiştir. Bunun üzerine bölgedeki liderler çıkarlarını korumak için birlikte hareket ederek isyan çıkarmanın yollarını aramaya başlamışlardır. Bu çalışmada Dersim bölgesi için IV. Umumi Müfettişliğin kurulması incelendikten sonra aşiret reislerinin bu duruma karşı göstermiş oldukları tepki ve isyan hazırlıkları açıklanmıştır.

MOBILE CENTER FOR PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF EMERGENCY SITUATION

The article covers the problem issues of the formation of Mobile Emergency Operations Center of the General Inspectorate of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Moldova. In the paper determined the key objectives assigned to the Situational Center, as well as the peculiarities of the developing organizational structure of the information interoperability of the Center’s employees, the providing subsystems’ composition, and the directions aimed enhancing efficiency.

How the colonial legacy frames state audit institutions in Benin that fail to curb corruption

• Normalization of corruption by public officials and the wider society. • Neopatrimonialism depicted as African phenomenon is rooted in the colonial legacy . • Supreme audit institutions’ role in the control of corruption in Francophone Africa. • Colonial legacy shaped accounting institutions that facilitate pervasive corruption. • Extension of the two-publics that incorporate civil society and the external public. Supreme audit institutions are an important pillar of governance and government resource management, particularly for controlling corruption. Francophone African countries inherited these from their former colonial power, France, but their role and function are limited. This paper argues that this is partly a legacy of their colonial experience. It investigates the Chamber of Accounts in Benin, the country’s supreme audit institution, using the lenses of Ekeh (1975) two publics and legitimacy theory. Nonetheless, Ekeh’s theory needed extending to incorporate changes affecting governance after Benin’s independence. The amorality of political officials, accepted by much of Benin society, rendered the institution largely ineffective in controlling corruption. Nevertheless, civil society organizations, donors, and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund have attempted to redress this. Politicians and government officials responded by engaging in symbolic compliance to meet stakeholders’ expectations. A separate audit institution – the General Inspectorate of State – was established under the sole control of the President to gain external legitimacy and retain donors’ budget support, whilst persistent corruption and rising poverty continue. Benin’s auditing institutions have become empty crates, which sometimes facilitate rather than control corruption.

Practical controversies and possible elements of unconstitutionality of the violation of guard and security through alchool consumption by military firefighters during the intervention service

This paper aims to present the controversies in the judicial practice related to the meaning of intervention service as an element of the criminal offence of the violation of guard and security duty provided for by art. 415 of the Criminal Code, committed by the military within the Romanian General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations through alcohol consumption in the exercise of the specific tasks of the intervention service and possible elements of unconstitutionality in this matter.

Polityka personalna w Wojsku Polskim w latach 1918–1939

Personnel policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939 Personnel policy is one of the most sensitive elements shaping the military personnel of each army, and we can distinguish several stages of this policy in the Polish Army in the years 1918–1939. The first was related to the regaining of independence by Poland and fights for its borders. At that time, the organizational structures of the army were created and verification commissions were set up, which defined the possibilities of serving in the Polish Army, especially in regard to former soldiers from the forces of partitioning powers. The next period was associated with the transition of the army to the so-called peace organization, when the basis for the promotion pragmatics was defined by law. The third of the stages began after 1926, when after the coup d’état, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and his entourage gained a decisive role in the promotion policy, mainly based on legionary provenance. At that time, many officers left the military, especially those generals who previously commanded the armies of partitioning powers. The organizational system of the Polish Army also changed, as alongside the Ministry of Military Affairs and the General Staff (Main), a new dominant organ was appointed –the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces –to prepare the army for a future war. After the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the pragmatist approach was advocated by his successor Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, who tried to introduce clear promotion regulations regarding personnel policy in the Polish Army.