General Frame Of Reference Research Articles

On the Psychophysics of Binocular Visual Space

Binocular vision gives rise to a perceptual space that is endowed with a rich geometrical structure, which according to Luneburg [1947 Mathematical Analysis of Binocular Vision (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)] is a non-Euclidean Riemannian geometry of constant curvature. This hypothesis, together with certain psychophysical assumptions, provides a qualitative explanation of classical empirical phenomena. The Luneburg theory has been less successful in quantitatively predicting individual data, a fact that has sometimes been taken as evidence against the presumed geometrical structure. Some of these shortcomings, however, may also be attributed to psychophysical assumptions that do not depend on the geometry of visual space. The locus of perceived egocentric equidistance, for example, has been found to deviate systematically from the Vieth-Müller circle postulated by Luneburg (eg Foley, 1966 Journal of the Optical Society of America56 822 – 827). To account for these findings a generalisation of Luneburg's psychophysical mapping is proposed that actually realises his original intentions. Because of the theoretical basis of its measurement, the adequacy of this general psychophysical frame of reference may be empirically tested. The results of an experimental test of one of the key conditions, which strongly support the presented theory, are reported. It is also shown that psychophysical invariances lead to restrictions on the possible form of the psychophysical mapping, and the approach is discussed from the viewpoint of retinal correspondence.

Soil and waste analysis for environmental risk assessment in France

In France today, analysis of soil and waste after digestion by strong acids is a technique used for the estimation of environmental risks due to soil pollution and spreading of wastes on cultivated soils. The technique of digestion by strong acid accounts for total or ‘near total’ content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. Risk management based on these methods aims to minimize the risks, since the concentration limits are derived from the geochemical levels. However, this method of analysis gives no idea of the extent to which elements are really transferable or bioavailable. Analytical methods based on partial extraction are used to discern deficiencies in B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil. These extractions are carried out using boiling water and EDTA or DTPA solutions. The extraction methods have been standardized for use in agriculture, but have not been tested for assessing the risks due to the pollution by trace elements. One partial extraction method has been standardized for the analysis of wastes. It uses successive water extractions. Researchers have studied different partial extraction methods for estimating the bioavailability of mineral pollutants. Some of them gave results which correlated well with the amounts taken up by plants. However, at present, no general frame of reference has yet been established for the interpretation of results on a broad scale.

Major Axes as a Moderately Abstract Model for Object Recognition

These experiments provide evidence that the major axes of an object's components can activate a moderately abstract model that is used during recognition Major-axis primes were presented immediately before target airplanes, the total stimulus durations were about 220 ms Major axes facilitated identification accuracy relative to primes controlling for attention and for a general reference frame In addition, axis primes facilitated identification with incongruently oriented targets and across small shifts in the target's spatial position The configuration of the axes was crucial because facilitation did not occur with primes containing similar elements in a different relationship

The Harmonic Domain. A frame of reference for power system harmonic analysis

The Harmonic Domain is a general frame of reference for power system analysis in the steady state which models the coupling between phases and between harmonics. In this frame of reference the nonlinear components, converted into harmonic Norton equivalents, are combined with the rest of the system and solved iteratively by the Newton-Raphson technique. This paper describes the structure of the new domain and illustrates its potential applications in a small power system with multiple nonlinearities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Role of Producer Services in Industrial and Regional Development

The principal focus of this article is producer-related services, their growing need in enterprises and the ways in which this need is being satisfied through different transactional forms (by being internalized or externalized). This leads to a discussion of whether the substantial services growth during the early and mid-1980s was genuine or merely reflected changes of transactional forms. Growth and its regional reper cussions are analysed by uncovering how the changes were a consequence of cyclical changes, new general conditions or frames of reference (deregulation), re structuring of enterprises and the role of financial operations and transactions. Changing trends and pat terns at the start of the 1990s are then examined in the light not only of recession but also of new possible structural readjustments in production systems, and the changing role of financial institutions. Regional impacts are examined by analyses of recent data, mainly from Norway but also from other Nordic countries.

Quantities and units in gas exchange physiology.

In 1971 Piiper et al. published a paper in which they discussed concepts and basic quantities in gas exchange physiology [1]. The goal of the paper was “an attempt to express basic concepts of gas transport in such a manner that, whatever the transport mechanism (convection and/or diffusion) and whatever the transport medium (gas, water or blood), the process can be presented in a general frame of reference with comparable units.” The authors argued that it would be better to express amounts of substances in the unit “mol” instead of “liter” or “milliliter” as usual in respiratory physiology. This goal has still not been reached. A start seemed to be made when in the Glossary on respiration and gas exchange the “mmol” was given beside the “mL (STPD)” 1 to to express the amount of oxygen in the definition of oxygen concentration but in the definitions of oxygen consumption, oxygen uptake, oxygen capacity, and the diffusing capacity of the lung, volumes of oxygen were used as a measure of the amount of substance [2].KeywordsOxygen SaturationClinical ChemistryOxygen TransportRespiratory PhysiologyOxygen CapacityThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Star Trek in the Vietnam Era

36 Franklin / Star Trek in the Vietnam Era Star Trek in the Vietnam Era1 H. Bruce Franklin The originai Star Trek series was conceived, produced, and broadcast during one of the most profound crises in American history, a crisis from which we have by no means recovered. At the center of the maelstrom was the Vietnam War, which was radically reshaping American consciousness during the thirty-three months-between September 1966 and June 1969-when the series was first broadcast. In the midst of a disastrous war, virtual warfare in the nation's own cities, ever-increasing crime, inflation and debt, campus rebellions, and profound challenges to hallowed cultural values and gender roles, Star Trek assumed a future when Earth had become an infinitely prosperous, harmonious world without war and social conflict, a future in which the aptly-named starship U.S.S. Enterprise embodied an ordered, self-contained society capable of making traditional American values and images triumphant throughout the galaxy. Looming over the mind ofevery thinking American, the VietnamWar threatened to tear the nation asunder. Indeed, even today the very mention of Vietnam raises the emotional temperature and brings out deep divisions in American society. As a matrix for Star Trek, the war was in some senses a subtext for the entire series. Earth's Utopian 23rd-century future assumedin Star Trek-though never envisioned~is presented as a sequel to the Vietnam epoch, just as the starship Enterprise is presented as an alternative to the actual world of viewers in the America of the 1960s. Star Trek was one of the first dramatic series to confront the Vietnam War. Fearful of losing viewers or advertisers, television networks were reluctant to allow disturbing or controversial issues into shows designed for entertainment. So following its usual gambit for dealing with contemporary issues, Star Trek parabolically displaced the Vietnam War in time and space. The"serial was conceived just as the war was becoming an openly American affair. To understand Star Trek in the Vietnam era, it is helpful to highlight and juxtapose a few dates. In early November 1963, Ngo Dinh Diem, who had been installed by the United States in 1954 as the puppet dictator of South Vietnam, was overthrown and assassinated by a cabal of his generals, whose efforts were coordinated by U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge. Although President John F. Kennedy had authorized the coup, he was shocked by the assassination of Diem, for Kennedy's own family had been instrumental in selecting Diem to serve as the U.S. proxy. At this time there were between 16,000 and 21,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, officially designated as "advisers." Deprived of a H. Bruce Franklin is the John Cotton Dana Professor of English and American Studies at Rutgers University-Newark. He is the author or editor of sixteen books on culture and history including War stars: The Super Weapon and the American Imagination and M.I.A. or Mythmaking in America Film & History, Vol. XXIV, No's. 1-2, 199437 figurehead like Diem, the United States now had two possible courses of action: withdrawal or a full-scale U.S. war. There is no evidence that Kennedy was considering the latter course. But three weeks later, President Kennedy himself was assassinated. Within four days of being sworn in, President Lyndon Baines Johnson issued National Security Action Memorandum 273, an ambitious plan for covertly attacking North Vietnam in order to provoke retaliation and thus legitimize an overt U.S. war, all to be cloaked under what he referred to as "plausibility of denial." Four months later, in March 1964, Gene Roddenberry submitted the first printed outline for Star Trek, an "action-adventure science fiction" designed "to keep even the most imaginative stories within the general audience's frame of reference."2 In August, the Johnson Administration, pretending that U.S. ships had been attacked by North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin, ordered "retaliatory" bombing of North Vietnam and received from Congress the "Gulf ofTonkin Resolution," a blank check authorization for full-scale U.S. war in Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Johnson was in the process of winning a landslide victory over Barry Goldwater on...

Dyar's rule and multivariate allometric growth in nine species of waterstriders (Heteroptera: Gerridae)

The constancy of postmoult/premoult ratios of measures of linear size during ontogeny in insect and other arthropods is widely known as Dyar's rule. We tested this rule in nine species of the waterstrider genera Gerris and Aquarius (Heteroptera: Gerridae), using two size variables: head width and a multivariate measure derived from the pattern of multivariate allometry common to the species considered. Allometric patterns were similar in two independent datasets of laboratory‐reared and field‐caught specimens. Although our data strictly followed Dyar's rule injust a few instances, all growth ratios varied within a limited range only. Growth ratios for head width differed more between moults than those for multivariate size. The relationship between growth ratios for the two size measures conformed to the predictions based on allometry. We discuss hypotheses of the possible adaptive significance of growth ratios, such as their relation to mobility and systematic differences between hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects, and emphasize the importance of allometry. Since Dyar's rule is consistent with available evidence of physiological mechanisms underlying growth and moulting control of insects and crustaceans, it can be used as a general frame of reference to test alternative growth models.

Acquisition of spatial knowledge for routes

An important issue in the study of spatial knowledge has been the distinction between configurational and route knowledge. Route knowledge is characterized by the knowledge of sequential locations without the knowledge of general interrelationships. In contrast, configurational knowledge is characterized by the ability to generalize beyond learned routes and locate objects within a general frame of reference. These two types of knowledge are contrasted in a learning experiment, in which subjects acquire spatial information either from a map or a slide presentation. Furthermore, the structure of their spatial knowledge is derived from free-recall data using the ordered tree clustering algorithm. The results show, first, that subjects in the map condition acquired more accurate configurational knowledge. Second, we found that route knowledge can be acquired either through route presentation or map presentation. Third, there are individual differences within the slide group, such that some subjects were able to acquire configurational knowledge. And fourth, ordered trees are able to account for some of these differences, and thus identify the degree of configurational knowledge acquired by the slide subjects.

Operationalizing sustainable development: dynamic ecological economic models

Since the mid-eighties, a vast literature has evolved around the concept of sustainable development. It shows a wide support for changes in policy-making and decision-making, for instance, to integrate environmental interests in national and international political processes. Remarkably, recommendations of contours and new elements of research methods and policy analysis for sustainable development are rare, although this is just as essential as the renewed attention for the political dimension. A clear view on how to use and change adequately existing techniques and models for sustainable development will contribute to a more satisfactory operationalization of it. This paper examines the implications of ecologically sustainable economic development for integrated dynamic modelling. After a concise discussion of sustainable development it is suggested that five concepts are central to it: intergenerational equity, the regional scale, multiple use, long-term uncertainty, and economic-ecological integration. The discussion of each of these issues is focused on the implications for model elements and uses. Thereby, old ideas are reviewed and new ones are proposed. The aim is not to come up with a rigid framework for dealing with sustainable development but rather to suggest which alternatives are available to deal with the central concepts, although in a section on economic-ecological integration general requirements for dynamic economic-ecological models are mentioned explicitly in order to offer a general frame of reference. These requirements are fairly general and may be taken up in ensuing discussions of the methodological aspects related to sustainable development. The main conclusions are the following. We view economic-ecological integration in the sense of combining processes, instead of one process and a variable. To deal with intergenerational equity one may choose objectives, various constraints, or a combination of both. For regional models one may consider various types of conditions on cross-boundary flows and external factors of regional processes. Multiple use can be modelled as an intermediate stage between single resource models with a partial view, and complex models with a general view. Sensitivity, probability and scenario analyses can be used to deal partially with the various types of long-term uncertainty, although this remains difficult for the very important class of unexpected events or catastrophes. Such surprises can at best be turned into risk by scenario analyses and examination of dynamic behaviour of the system as a whole.

45. Stellar Classification

As an introduction to this report I would like to cite two comments from the book MK Process and Stellar Classification (ed. by R.F. Garrison, 1984). The first is from the article by W.W. Morgan The MK system and the MK process: “The MK system furnishes a satisfactory frame of reference for stars of Population I in the solar neighborhood; but when we consider the variety of stellar spectra encountered in our galaxy and in other stellar systems we are unable to classify many stars satisfactorily from the MK standards alone. What we now require is a more general frame of reference – or frames of reference – that will accept with precision a greater variety of ‘specimens’ (stellar spectra).” The second is an excerpt from one of the conclusions in the article by D.L. Crawford The relationship between the MK system and photometric classification: “The future potential of all this classification work is great. Technological change is rampant, and most interesting. New and powerful 1(λ) machines will be with us soon, as well as direct CCD photometers. Their power is great and we’ll all end up using them. The opening of new wavelength regions is a fantastic advantage to classifiers. The challenges and opportunities are vast.”During the last three years there have been technical improvements in CCD detectors and as a result they are now much better adapted to the needs of photometry and spectroscopy. Signal processing by modern computers now permits rapid utilization of large quantities of information. Technical progress in detectors and computer science now provides us with powerful and relatively low-cost tools for computation, and leads us to view with optimism the development of the powerful 1(A) machines anticipated by Crawford.

Andean Border integration: Report on a seminar in Lima, Peru July 3–6, 1989

The Junta del Acuerdo Cartagena (JUNAC), the governing and administrative body for the Andean Pact, and the InterAmerican Development Bank (BID), sponsored a working seminar on border integration in the Andean region in early July 1989. The meetings brought together government officials, members of the private sector, persons from local border development agencies, scholars and individuals from international agencies. Most of the participants were from the countries of the Andean Pact--Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia--but experts on border development from Central America, Mexico, the United States, Brazil and Argentina also were involved in the discussions. The purpose of the seminar was to explore border regional integration as a strategy for economic development and for the integration of the Andean Pact countries. The seminar consisted of an introductory section that discussed the purposes of the meetings from the perspectives of JUNAC and BID and presented a document to serve as a general frame of reference for discussion and analysis of integration of Andean border subregions. Also, methodologies for identification and design of projects for border integration, short term policies for border integration and development programs for border integration were discussed. The next section of the seminar consisted of presentations of case studies of Central American borders and the United States-Mexico border in order to provide a comparative perspective. Next followed a series of general and specific presentations that examined a number of projects and summarized actual developments in different border regions of the Andean Pact. These included the Peru-Bolivia border, the Colombian-Venezuelan border region, border regions of Ecuador, border regions of Peru, border regions of Bolivia and border regions of Columbia. Also presented were discussions of regional corporations, development corporations and multinational corporations in regional border development. The last part of the seminar was devoted to working groups considering general concepts of border integraton, short term policies for border integration and methodological factors for the study of Andean border regions. Each group produced a working document and these were all brought together and discussed in a general session to then form a summary document for the seminar.

General frame of reference for analysis of harmonic distortion in systems with multiple transformer nonlinearities

Although the magnetising nonlinearity of power transformers is recognised as a source of harmonic distortion, its effect is often considered negligible, and the analytical models used to assess such effect are extremely simple. A new and more general power system frame of reference which models the coupling between phases and between hamonics is presented in the paper. The model is applied to a practical system wth several transformers to show that when one or more of these elements operate in the saturation region the voltage harmonic levels can be higher than those permitted by legislation.

A unifying approach to electrical network analysis based on a complete model

The problem of defining and building a model of an electrical network is considered. The whole electrical network, called the active network, is considered to be a pair of interacting but autonomous structures: the nonenergized or 'dead' network, which is associated with passive, zero-state elements and the excitation, which represents external input and/or initial conditions. Axiomatic definitions are given for both the dead network and the excitation and, starting from these definitions, the topological structures of both the excitation and the dead network are drawn and discussed. A general topological reference frame is described, and a procedure is given for obtaining it on the basis of the graphs associated with the active network as well as with the dead network. Starting from this topological reference frame, a network model is set up, which is said to be complete (not reduced) as it consists of as many equations as there are passive elements in the active network. Finally, it is shown how a complete model contains, as special cases, all the models usually employed in the so-called traditional methods of network analysis (nodal, cut-set, mesh, and loop).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Form of the quantum kinetic energy operator for relative motion of a group of particles in a general non-inertial reference frame

A form is derived for the quantum kinetic energy operator for relative motion of a group of particles in a general non-inertial reference frame. Rotational coordinates are integrated out leaving an expression in terms of internal Cartesian coordinates and rotational quantum numbers. The operator reduces to standard forms for conventional choices of reference frames (such as instantaneous principal axes of inertia) and serves as a general starting point from internal curvilinear coordinates describing large-amplitude internal motion.

Illustrating behavioral principles with examples from demography: the causal analysis of differences in fertility.

This article evaluates the 3 general frames of reference used in analyzing the nonphysiologic origins of fertility differences: utility, normative, and drift. It is suggested that the drift model overcomes some of the limitations of the other 2 models and provides a closer approximation to behavioral realities. Implicit in the utility model is the assumption that people's behavior expresses their preferences amony available alternatives. It is further assumed that the individual has available a range of possible behaviors, means to the atgtainment of behavioral goals chosen, and reliable information concerning the likely consequences of a given choice. A weakness of this approach has been its rather parochial concentration on economic costs and benefits and its failure to take account of the ways these costs and benefits are differentially assessed and weighted by different populations. The normative model emphasizes the individual's group affiliations and social roles. A criticism of this model is that it ignores the possibility of conflict among the different norms associated with an individual's various roles or among interacting individuals such as husbands and wives. Together, the utility and normative models imply the existence of more conscious rationality in human behavior than may actually be the case. The 3rd model, drift, emphasizes the ongoing, developmental, incemental nature of human behavior. It posits a behavior that begins almost by accident at some point within the range of possible and allowable behaviors, then moves toward conslusion in a manner largely imperceptible to the actor. The idea of drift is compatible with the observation that social structures are constantly changed while at the same time providing the framework within which reproducing and changing behaviors can unfold. In contrast to the utility and normative models, which tend to be static, the drift model emphasizes both change and the manner in which change takes place.

Implications of an Interactional Paradigm for Research on Human Development

This paper consists of three main parts. First, a brief review of an interactional perspective for research on individual functioning is given. The need for integrated models, taking into consideration both psychological and biological factors on the person side in studying the person-environment interaction is emphasized. Second, empirical studies from a longitudinal program are presented. These studies are used as a basis for a discussion of methodological problems connected with interindividual differences in biological maturation. Thirdly, major implications for further development research in an interactional perspective are suggested, including (a) a need for well planned longitudinal research, (b) careful systematic observation and description of psychological phenomena, (c) integration of psychological and biological variables, (d) more interest devoted to the person as an integrated totality than to variables per se, (e) more interest devoted to lawfulness of processes in human functioning than to prediction of behavior, and (f) systematic analyses of environments and situations. Finally, it is argued that an interactional perspective can serve as a general frame of reference for planning, carrying through and interpreting empirical research, in order to overcome the fragmentation that now impedes real progress.

On the balance laws of extended thermodynamics (ET) for non-ideal gases

The conservation laws of mass and momentum and the equations of balance of momentum flux and energy flux as well as the higher order balance laws are derived by means of the modified Klimontovich kinetic equation for non-ideal gases. The effect of the body forces and inertial forces during the persistence of a collision is taken into account in order to have the balance laws valid for general frames of reference. The sequence of macroscopic quantities appearing in the balance equations is decomposed into convective and non-convective parts and this decomposition is explained on the basis of statistical mechanics. A problem of symmetry or non-symmetry of tensors associated with the presence of interactions between microscopic particles is discussed from a molecular point of view. Explicit expressions for the energy density, the pressure, the pressure tensor, the heat flux and the other expressions characteristic for ET are given in terms of microscopic variables.

On the Theory of Cylindrical Rotor A. C. Machines, Including Main Flux Saturation

In recently published papers concerned with variable saturation in cylindrical rotor a. c. machines, a cross-saturation effect was described, caused by variable saturation. Using the same approximations as applied in the cited papers we will show that Faraday's law applied to cylindrical rotor a.c. machines including variable saturation excludes any transformer effect that links the mutually perpendicular axes of a general reference frame. In reality the induced component voltages in the directions of coordinate axes are well defined by transformer and rotational effects in agreement to Faraday's law, showing that the coordinate axes of the general coordinate system used, are magnetically independent.

Charged pion photoproduction from light nuclei

The photoproduction of 0–150-MeV charged pions from light nuclei is studied from a distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA) approach. The final nuclear states are restricted to a finite set of isospin analogs of excited states of the target nucleus. The final state interactions of the pion with the residual nucleus are incorporated via optical potentials. The elementary photoproduction operator used is that of Blomqvist and Laget which is derived in a general reference frame. To gain insight into the predictive power of this DWIA approach, total and differential cross sections for π ± production from 6Li, 7Li, 10B, 12C, and 14N are calculated and compared with available data. It is found that, with a few exceptions, reasonable agreement is obtained between theory and experiment as long as the nuclear wave functions are constrained to fit other electromagnetic and weak processes and the optical potentials are constrained to fit pion-nucleus elastic scattering data. We conclude that, at this stage, using the Blomqvist-Laget operator in a DWIA calculation adequately describes the dynamics of charged pion photoproduction from complex nuclei. We illustrate how this reaction can be used to obtain information on the short range nature of the pion wave function and on nuclear wave functions. Shortcomings of and improvements on this calculation are also suggested.