General Corporate Research Articles

Are tax revenue recycling schemes based on industry-differentiated carbon tax conducive to realizing the “double dividend”?

Carbon tax policies based on industry differences can produce better emission reductions, but their economic losses have not been fully considered. To guarantee the fairness and economic effectiveness of the carbon emission reduction, this paper explores the policy impacts of revenue recycling schemes based on industry-differentiated carbon taxes using a dynamic CGE model. The findings show that revenue recycling schemes can effectively mitigate the negative macroeconomic and industry output impacts of industry-differentiated carbon taxes, but also affects their carbon reduction effects. The indirect carbon tax revenue recycling schemes are more beneficial than the direct recycling schemes in reducing GDP loss, and corporate income tax reduction is most effective in mitigating the reduction in fixed asset investment. The applicability of different carbon tax revenue recycling schemes varies across industries, and in general corporate income tax reduction and subsidies to clean energy industries are more beneficial to carbon emission reduction, and indirect carbon tax revenue recycling schemes that reduce residential and corporate income taxes can achieve stronger “double dividend”. This paper suggests that China should adopt a industry-differentiated carbon tax with a fair distribution of emission reduction responsibilities, while achieving a “double dividend” through appropriate revenue recycling schemes.

The Relationship Between Corporate Governance Mechanisms and CSR Disclosure: Evidence from Jordanian’s Listed Firms

The purpose of the current study is to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and corporate social responsibility disclosure in the Jordanian context. Research is quantitative in nature, based on panel data of 78 firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) for 8 years from 2012 to 2019, with 624 observations, To deal with an econometric problems such as heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, the panel corrected standard error (PCSE) regression was used to assess the relationship among variables. The study found that board size affects positively CSR disclosure, while board independence and managerial ownership affect negatively CSR disclosure. On another hand, the study found that the presence female in board, CEO duality, family ownership, and concentration ownership do not affect CSR disclosure. Because of the chosen sample, the research results may lack generalisability to other country. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test another sample. The study contributes to the understanding of how good corporate governance practices affect CSR disclosure for both academics and particularly Jordanian policymakers. This study provided new findings to bridge the gaps in the general corporate governance literature relative to the lack of consensus on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and CSR disclosure. The finding contributes to knowledge by providing new and original evidence that some current corporate governance mechanisms are not effective in increasing CSR disclosure in a developing setting.

FORMATION OF BUSINESS CULTURE AS A MEANS OF ACHIEVING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

The article examines the essence and features of business culture as a means of achieving the economic efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The object of research is business culture as a part of the intangible economy that determines relationships in the business environment on the basis of general corporate, national labor values. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of the formation of business culture to achieve the economic efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. The research method is analytical. Business culture is a system of values and priorities of an enterprise regarding its behavior on the market, relationships with members of the labor team, consumers, suppliers, and other business entities. The components of business culture are superficial culture, reference and universal values. The production activity of any employee of the organization is inextricably linked to his compliance with ethical norms, rules of conduct and relationships with his external environment. Adherence to the ethics of business relations is one of the main criteria of professionalism of both an individual employee and the organization as a whole. Entrepreneurial culture determines the way a businessman communicates with his clients, partners, subordinates and other persons in the process of carrying out his own business. The conducted research proves that business culture is a part of the intangible economy, which determines relationships in the business environment based on labor, general corporate, national values and is able to influence the success and development of the business entity, and increase the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity.

Showtime for American Business: General Motors and American Look (1958)

The Chevrolet-General Motors–sponsored film American Look (1958) harnessed technologies of Hollywood spectacle to make their production bigger and bolder than many previous sponsored films. Beyond merely selling a car, the film engaged its viewers with an exhibition of General Motors' corporate persona, aligning its products with the prestige of good design on a grand scale in a Technicolor, widescreen, sponsored epic. Locating my analysis within the cultural and geopolitical context of the Cold War era, this paper argues that American Look expands current rubrics for understanding sponsored and industrial films.

The Alien Tort Statute of 1789 is no longer available to foreigners toclaim for wrongdoings on foreign soil

The Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”) of 1789 was part of the first law to be enacted by the First Congress of the USA. Its original purpose was primarily to remedy harms suffered by aliens at the hands of US citizens. For two centuries it remained dormant. Then it became a vehicle to advance human rights. Sosa v Humberto Alvarez-Machain 542 US 692 (2004) was the first of four ATS cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS). Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co 569 US 108 (2013) followed and with it, the court limited the application of the ATS. It coined the term “touch and concern” whereby only those with a nexus with the US could pursue grievances. It also enforced the principle of extraterritoriality. Jesner v Arab Bank, PLC 584 US ___ (2018); 138 S Ct 1386 (2018) brought further clarity by imposing clear limits on which parties may be defendants in ATS cases. Nestlé USA, Inc v John Doe I; Cargill, Inc v John Doe I 593 US ___ (2021); 141 S Ct 1931 (2021) precluded future cases of human rights abuses against corporations when allegations can only be made that general corporate decision-making occurred in the US. In future, plaintiffs will have to establish a strong domestic nexus with the US for a claim under the ATS to be successful. Eventually the statute lost its attractiveness for foreign plaintiffs wanting to settle in US courts human rights scores committed in foreign places. Yet some aggrieved Namibians tried to pursue a case against Germany in an attempt to extricate monetary compensation from the former colonial power as restitutional compensation on the basis of the provisions in the ATS. Their attempts failed. Compensation for German atrocities committed during the colonial era in German South West Africa was pursued by the Namibian government outside of the courts. This article illustrates that, at the hand of decisions by the highest court in the US involving particular groups of foreigners, legal avenues using the ATS as a basis have now been closed.

Конфликты и тяжбы между однодворцами и помещиками Орловской губернии в конце XVIII - первой половине XIX вв.

Introduction. In the presented work, the author made an attempt to analyze the materials of court proceedings between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province during the period under study as an example of the struggle of the corporate organization of a odnodvortsy community against large landowners. An important feature of this phenomenon was not only the related position of the odnodvortsy community, but the interrelation of individual clans within rural society and their defense of common interests before patrimonial owners and landowners from the general class of former service people. Materials and methods. This work is the result of a study of legal and judicial materials dating back to the last quarter of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries. The main sources for this study were court proceedings in the Livensky district and Yeletsk district courts. The main methodology is based on the use of general historical approaches in the study of the social model of behavior of the odnodvortsy social group in defending private and general corporate interests. Results. The materials of the trials between the odnodvortsy and landowners of the region under study provided very important and valuable information about the mentality of the odnodvortsy and their attitude towards large landowners who came from the general stratum of the service population of the Central Black Earth Region in the 17th century. Odnodvortsy initiated litigation with their neighboring landowners in cases where the latter came from the service population and once had common or adjacent properties with the ancestors of odnodvortsy. Land conflicts began to arise en masse only in the first half of the XIX century, which indicated the future depletion of the fund of free agricultural land. Conclusion. The study of land conflicts between odnodvortsy and landowners of the Livensky district of the Oryol province helped to reveal the mental attitudes of these class groups and determine the general social aspirations of the local population in resolving pressing issues. The majority of odnodvortsy felt common roots with local small landowners, who historically went back to the class of the service population of the 17th century. Thus, in most cases it was a showdown within the former one class group of the population, which over time significantly stratified, both in property terms and in the field of social status.

ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ В ПРОЦЕСІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article considers the specifics of developing a marketing strategy as a means of ensuring sustainable economic development of a tourism enterprise. The principles of marketing strategy formation are presented. The problem of proper formation of the marketing strategy is raised, which requires setting appropriate goals and objectives, the implementation of which in specific market conditions will lead to the achievement of the general corporate goals. Attention is drawn to the importance of harmonizing the interests of three stakeholders - the tourism enterprise, consumers and the public. Thus, when building an effective marketing strategy, a tourism company should rely on its own goals, available resource potential, the specifics of the tourism market, consumer needs and public interests. Great importance is attached to setting marketing goals of a tourism enterprise as a mandatory element of marketing management. Attention is drawn to the subordinate position of marketing goals in relation to the general goals of a tourism enterprise, which are the means of achieving them. The goals that form the basis of the marketing strategy relate to two aspects of the enterprise, namely products and markets, and also include the goals of product policy, pricing policy, distribution policy and communication policy. The specifics of forming a marketing strategy are considered, taking into account the product-market matrix of a tourism enterprise. The essence and importance of the marketing strategy, as well as its components, are revealed. An important role is assigned to market segmentation, identification of target markets, positioning of the tourism product, determination of competitive advantages of the tourism enterprise. The principles and requirements for the formation of a marketing strategy of a tourism enterprise are considered, compliance with which should ensure the effective implementation of marketing functions and tasks. Attention is drawn to the complexity and multifacetedness of the process of developing a marketing strategy, which requires taking into account the general goals of a tourism enterprise, the state of the external marketing environment, the capabilities of the enterprise, and the degree of risk.

Implementasi Strategi Pemasaran Model Segmentassi Terhadap Produk Asuransi Kebakaran

The presence of fire insurance products offered by insurance companies to the public is to provide protection and guarantee for loss or damage to property caused by fire. The segmenting model marketing strategy includes the dominant marketing strategy applied to market fire insurance products. People who have a low or high level of property fire risk are the target market. In the application of this segmenting model marketing strategy, although it has been effective and successful in marketing products, there are still obstacles that result in insurance products not reaching significant sales targets due to the lack of public awareness of their property fire insurance. The marketing strategy in this company uses direct channel and indirect channel marketing strategies, where Direct channel marketing is carried out by agents, staff or other employees and indirect channel marketing is carried out by broker or brokerage services. Because the products marketed are different, the marketing strategies are different. Fire insurance marketing uses three segmenting models, namely the first is general corporate segmentation where the target is in terms of the public such as malls and banks. second, special corporate segmentation where the target is in terms of government such as the DPRD building. And the third is retail segmentation where the target is in terms of individuals such as residential houses. From these three segments, fire insurance products are of interest to the public and also have a good sales rate.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR VIOLATIONS OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN COMPANY MANAGEMENT

The provisions of the Limited Liability Company Law have not yet set specific regulations governing the application of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principles. The law requires companies to adhere to general corporate standards without detailing the specific forms, procedures, responsibilities, or sanctions associated with GCG. This lack of detailed regulation can lead to legal uncertainty. This paper employs a normative legal research method to explore how management responsibilities may arise in the event of GCG violations in the management of a limited liability company (PT). Such responsibilities may include both civil and criminal liabilities.

IM(Information Memorandum)을 통한 은행의 부동산 Project Financing 예상손실 도출을 위한 연구

Accordingly, this study analyzed the relationship between the EL amount and various real estate PF factors based on the current status of real estate PF handling by A Bank from 2015 to 2020. Comparing with previous studies that simply analyzed delinquency, provision rate, and loan quality-oriented analysis, or only negative loans without distinction from approved loans, this study selected and analyzed the EL amount, which is considered more in terms of risk management, together with the implementation of Basel III. It was analyzed by selecting it as a variable. Even if the loan was executed after the loan term and repayment method were confirmed at the time of the loan agreement, it was confirmed that the term and repayment method are not risk variables because early loan repayment is made through income from pre-sale. In addition, it was confirmed that PF, which is a special finance sector other than general corporate finance, is considering acquiring collateral for stable receivables bond collection.

The General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS): Confirmatory Validation and Associations with Personality, Corporate Distrust, and General Trust

Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) may be predicted by individual psychological correlates, examined here. Study 1 reports confirmatory validation of the General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS) following initial validation elsewhere. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the two-factor structure (Positive, Negative) and showed good convergent and divergent validity with a related scale. Study 2 tested whether psychological factors (Big Five personality traits, corporate distrust, and general trust) predicted attitudes towards AI. Introverts had more positive attitudes towards AI overall, likely because of algorithm appreciation. Conscientiousness and agreeableness were associated with forgiving attitudes towards negative aspects of AI. Higher corporate distrust led to negative attitudes towards AI overall, while higher general trust led to positive views of the benefits of AI. The dissociation between general trust and corporate distrust may reflect the public’s attributions of the benefits and drawbacks of AI. Results are discussed in relation to theory and prior findings.

National Corporate University of ASN: Orchestrating Strategic Competency Development at the National Level

State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) have inspired the National Institute of Public Administration in designing and creating a corporate university for national civil service – the National Corporate University of ASN. This corporate university aims to accelerate the development of civil service competencies in line with national development goals. This university is different from general corporate universities that have been implemented in several government agencies as well as SOEs. Although details about the corporate university have been disseminated several times across various stakeholders, there are still misinterpretations regarding on it. This paper explains the urgency of having such a corporate university as an instrument in orchestrating the national strategy through competency development. A descriptive qualitative apprach was used and data were collected through discussions with experts and corporate practitioners, and through reviewing the literature related to the concept of corporate universities. It was found that the scope of this corporate university includes: National leadership development programs, cross-agency strategic competency development programs, and knowledge management and learning management systems that support implementation. The results of this study will be used as a reference in subjects related to corporate universities as well as for policy recommendations for corporate university practitioners.
 Keywords: corporate university, National Corporate University of ASN, competency development

Judicial Review of Directors' Duty of Care: A Comparison Between U.S. & China

Articles 147 and 148 of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (“Chinese Company Law”) establish that directors owe a duty of care to their companies. However, both of these provisions fail to explain the role of judicial review in enforcing this duty. The duty of care is a well-trodden territory in the United States, where directors’ liability is predicated on specific standards. The current American standard, adopted by many states, requires directors to “discharge their duties with the care that a person in a like position would reasonably believe appropriate under similar circumstances.” However, both the business judgment rule and Section 102(b)(7) of the Delaware General Corporate Law (“DGCL”) shield directors from responsibility for their actions, which may weaken the impact of the duty of care requirement on director behavior. To better allocate the responsibility for directors’ violations of the duty of care and promote the corporations’ development, it is essential that Chinese company law establish a unified standard of review governing the duty of care owed by directors to companies. The majority of Chinese legal scholars agreed that a combination of subjective and objective standards would function best. Questions remain regarding how to combine such standards and implement them. In order to promote the development of China’s duty of care, these controversial issues need to be solved. This Article argues that China’s Company Law should hold a first-time violator of the duty of care liable only in cases of gross negligence but hold directors liable in the cases of ordinary negligence if they have violated the duty of care in the past.

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Menggunakan Metode Economic Value Added pada PT Nippon Indosari Corpindo Tbk

The purpose of this paper is to measure financial performance with the Economic Value Added (EVA) method at PT Nippon Indosari Corpindo Tbk period 2014-2018. The datas which writer used in writing this final report is secondary data in the statement of financial position and statement of profit or loss period 2014-2018, general history corporate and data collection method used is documentation technique. This company has not used Economic Value Added (EVA) Method in assessing its financial performance. Based on the results of the analysis and calculations the writer, the financial performance of PT Nippon Indosari Corpindo Tbk. if using Economic Value Added (EVA) method during the year 2014-2018 has not been good with marked value negative EVA or EVA < 0 every year. Its means the company has not succeded to increase the economic value added and not capable to generate the expected returns by shareholders on the investments that has been undertakes.

“Cutting Up a Chicken with a Cow-Cleaver”—Confucianism as a Religion in Japan’s Courts of Law

This paper explores the Naha Confucius Temple case, resolved by the Supreme Court in February 2021, in light of postwar decisions on Articles 20 and 89 of the Japanese constitution. Religion is a contested category in Japanese legislation, appearing both in the constitution and in laws regulating the freedoms and restrictions of legally registered religious organizations. While the organization behind the Confucius Temple in Naha was registered as a general corporate juridical person, the majority opinion sided with the plaintiffs’ argument that the free lease granted to the temple by the municipality of Naha constituted a violence of the ban on public sponsorship of religious institutions and activities. In order to reach their decision, the Supreme Court and the lower courts not only had to decide on whether Confucianism was a religion or not, but also on whether the organization behind the temple—a group dedicated to the history and memory of the Chinese immigrant community in Naha—should in fact be considered a religious organization. The outcome of the case is a good example of religion-making in courts of law, with a central institution of power employing notions of sui generis religion to regulate and define civil actors.

A critical analysis of challenges relating to working capital financing towards SME profitably

SME funding is the financing of small and medium-sized businesses, and it is a key purpose of the general corporate financial economy, in which investment for various kinds of enterprises is provided, obtained, and budgeted or valued. Working capital (WC) is a profitability ratio that reflects the functioning cash flow available to a company, institution, or other entity, along with governments. Working capital is regarded as an integral part of capital reserves, along with fixed assets such as plants and tools. Total assets are equivalent to the total capital investments. In both industrialized and developing economies, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are viewed as stock market development engines. The significance of these businesses is mainly ascribed to their important contribution to increasing employment, rising Gross domestic product, and advancing company. SMEs face many obstacles, including problems arising from poor money-related administration, which are major causes of business setbacks in SMEs. From a strategic governance perspective, the objective of this research is to analyze the primary job of managing finances and recognize the financial planning strategies and obstacles impacting organizational effectiveness in SMEs. This research also looks at the importance and challenges of SMEs, as well as the links among both key Small and medium-sized implementation and financial planning strategies.  Numerous individuals assert that profit growth and cashflow must be balanced. Many research findings, nevertheless, had also concluded that successful Working Capital Management can boost profits. The findings, which seem to be rigorous to the appearance of unobserved heterogeneity, show that managers can create value by minimizing the time receivable accounts, and inventory levels are exceptional at their company. Similarly, reducing the cash flow enhances the firm’s financial performance. Thus, the research could analyze the impacts related to working capital financing towards SME profitability.

Комплексна система імітаційного моделювання оцінки ефективності управління фінансовим ресурсним забезпеченням корпоративної безпеки промислового підприємства на мікроекономічному рівні

The purpose of the article is to examine the features of a systematic approach to the total aggregate of methods for assessing the efficiency of resource management of an industrial enterprise, which methods can be divided into threshold and non-threshold, parametric and non-parametric ones. The peculiarity of a systematic approach to the corporate security system is studied and the main stages of this approach are identified. It is specified that a systematic approach is such one in the presence of which managerial decisions aimed at a competitive direction of strategic development of corporate security be considered in the form of an interconnected and interdependent integral complex. The objectives of the corporate security strategy of an industrial enterprise are substantiated, which should be subordinated to the general strategy of economic development, and the implementation of the management of the strategy for the formation of general corporate security, carried out through decision-making. It is concluded that the mechanism of management of the corporate security system must be represented as an integral organizational-economic system, which is also an integral part in the overall structure of the mechanism of an industrial enterprise. The main tasks and components of the model of the strategy of general corporate security are identified. In addition, it is noted that mechanism should be understood as a sequence of measures that are caused by an aggregate of interdependent elements of economic, logistics, personnel, legal, resource, transactional, information, technological security, forming the state and content of processes in accordance with a certain corporate security strategy.

УПРАВЛІНСЬКИЙ ТА ФІНАНСОВИЙ ОБЛІК АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИХ ВИТРАТ В СИСТЕМІ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ

The article considers the division of administrative expenses into groups according to such criteria as obligation and the possibility of savings. It was established that according to the first criterion, all administrative costs in the management accounting system should be divided into discretionary, which can be relatively easily waived, and mandatory. According to the second criterion, items of expenses are distinguished according to which it is possible to determine the ways of their reduction and such expenses that cannot be reduced. It was determined that it is necessary to search for ways to save on items of mandatory expenses. The expediency of allocating the following items of administrative expenses is substantiated: general corporate expenses, expenses for business trips and maintenance of the company's management apparatus, expenses for maintaining the main means of administrative purposes, fees for professional services, communication expenses, expenses for overcoming conflicts, taxes and fees, fees for bank services and other expenses. An in-depth list of administrative costs is defined for each of these articles. It was established that administrative costs are specific costs, the reduction of which can be influenced by a management decision, without significant impact on the results of the production process. It was determined that in order to manage the amount of administrative costs, it is appropriate to divide them into fixed and variable. The division of costs into fixed and variable will allow budgeting of such costs and the use of various management accounting tools. An improved structure of account 92 «Administrative expenses» is proposed for the formation of information about the amount of variable and constant administrative expenses in accounting. When forming the structure of account 92 «Administrative expenses» it is proposed to open accounts of the third order in the section of defined items of administrative expenses. Accounts of the fourth order – in terms of the division of costs into fixed and variable. Such a division will allow obtaining from the company's financial accounting system the information necessary for managing administrative expenses.

ДИДЖИТАЛ-ЕТИКЕТ У СУЧАСНИХ БІЗНЕС-КОМУНІКАЦІЯХ ТА В УПРАВЛІННІ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ

The article is devoted to the study of issues related to the impact of digital environment on the formation of a new digital etiquette in business communications and the role of HR-management in its provision. The existing scientific approaches to the interpretation of digital etiquette are systemized and on their base the author's definition of digital etiquette from the point of personnel management ismade. It is formulated as the main rules of digital communication in accordance with the existing value guidelines and the ethical code of personnel behavior, which all employees must know and followin the process of business communication. The existing categorical apparatus on the topic of research is analyzed in the evolutionary aspect and the conclusion about the existence of various terms (netiquette, network etiquette, digital etiquette) and their ambiguous interpretation by various scientists ismade. The conceptual principles of etiquette space formation in modern business communications in a digital environment are proposed. The need in digital etiquette’s turning out into a necessary soft skill of personnel which must be purposefully formed is revealed. The conceptual principles of the formation of the etiquette space of modern business communications in the digital environment are formulated from the point of personnel role in their provision. The main factors that significantly affect the process of forming a digital culture are listed: correct behavior in the online space; environmentalfriendliness of communication and the need to maintain digital distance when choosing modern channels of business communication; choosing behavior models in the online space in consideration with mixed communication formats (synchronous and asynchronous); awareness about the existing "digitalfootprint" after placing information in the media space; compliance with the principles of factchecking and preventing the spread of fakes; the importance of building a digital reputation of a business organization through the use of modern communication channels. The author's classification ofthe maturity stages of the organization's digital business communications assessment system from the standpoint of compliance by the organization's personnel with the norms of digital etiquette is proposed.Its application allows to monitor the degree of digital culture of formation and its integration into the general corporate culture of the organization.

Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty on the Investment Behavior of Venture Capital Institutions: Evidence from China

Venture capital (VC) has played an important financial supplementary role in the development of high‐tech enterprises. With the intensification of economic policy uncertainty, VC investment behavior has been affected to a certain extent. Under the framework of the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on general corporate investment behavior, this article examines the impact of EPU on the investment behavior of VC institutions from four aspects, namely, investment quantity, investment phase, investment industry, and investment region. The study finds that in China, EPU has a good news effect, and its intensification can boost the investment quantity of VC institutions and stimulate institutions to choose more specialized investment strategies in terms of investment phase, investment industry, and investment region. The impact of EPU on the investment behavior of VC institutions changes with the investment state of the institutions. The larger the investment quantity of the VC institutions, the greater the promotion effect. VC institutions with a higher degree of investment concentration will pay more attention to specialized investment strategies.