General Behavior Research Articles

Data-driven offline reinforcement learning approach for quadrotor’s motion and path planning

Non-learning based motion and path planning of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is faced with low computation efficiency, mapping memory occupation and local optimization problems. This article investigates the challenge of quadrotor control using offline reinforcement learning. By establishing a data-driven learning paradigm that operates without real-environment interaction, the proposed workflow offers a safer approach than traditional reinforcement learning, making it particularly suited for UAV control in industrial scenarios. The introduced algorithm evaluates dataset uncertainty and employs a pessimistic estimation to foster offline deep reinforcement learning. Experiments highlight the algorithm’s superiority over traditional online reinforcement learning methods, especially when learning from offline datasets. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of a more general behavior policy. In evaluations, the trained policy demonstrated versatility by adeptly navigating diverse obstacles, underscoring its real-world applicability.

The initial structural health monitoring system of the Nibelungen Bridge Worms

As an essential part of the validation project for the German Research Foundation-funded Priority Program SPP 100+, an initial structural health monitoring system has been implemented on the Nibelungen Bridge in Worms. The aim of this system is to monitor the general behavior of the bridge for further development of condition indicators and to provide real data to all project partners to validate their methods. In this scope, 20 sensors, including radiation, humidity, temperature, inclination, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), and acceleration sensors, have already been installed on the bridge. The quality of the recorded data, including measurement technical traceability, completeness, and reliability, shall be guaranteed. Subsequently, both the raw data and the first statistically evaluated values, such as the maximum, average, and minimum values, are saved. These raw and first-hand data are made available to the involved partners in a possible real-time manner. In addition, a web-based visualization platform has also been established. Therefore, users can access the deviation of the measured values from different sensors in the most direct way. The measured results of this initiated SHM system are compared and validated with numerical simulation results. Further supplementation of additional sensors, extension, and improvement of this initial system are aimed to be achieved in the future.

Detached Eddy Simulations of a Reaction Control Jet from an Axi-Symmetric Body in a Supersonic Crossflow

The introduction of a control jet into a supersonic cross flow yields a substantial region of separated flow, manifesting in the vicinity of the injection site. This, in turn, alters the distribution of pressure on the primary body, thereby influencing the effectiveness of the injected jet’s capacity to produce the desired control forces and moments. In the context of an axi-symmetric parent body, this disruption typically leads to a reduction in effectiveness, owing to the overflow of the shock structures encompassing the parent body. The present study investigates the injection of a reaction control jet into a supersonic crossflow using different Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) techniques. The side jet is injected from an orifice on an axi-symmetric parent body, which is aligned with the crossflow direction. The effects of the side jet on the flow field are analysed in terms of general flow features and spectral behaviour of pressure and turbulent kinetic energy. The DES results are compared with those obtained from RANS using various turbulence models. The overall effect of a transient interaction pulse is characterized using URANS and two different DES models.

Atomistically informed mesoscale modelling of deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses

Both atomistic and mesoscale simulation techniques have been extensively employed to gain fundamental understanding of the structures, deformation mechanisms, and structure-property relationships in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), each with its unique strengths and limitations. Nevertheless, there is a limited degree of synergistic integration between the two approaches. In this study, we extract key properties of shear transformation zones (STZs) directly from the atomistic simulations, including their size, number of shear modes, eigenstrain, and most importantly, the activation energy barrier spectrum as a function of cooling history and strain rate. We then incorporate these STZ properties into a heterogeneously randomized STZ dynamic model implemented in a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to study parametrically the deformation microstructure, shear band formation and stress-strain behavior of BMGs. Two important characteristics of STZ activation that dictate the strength and ductility of a glass are identified. One is the average of the activation energy barrier spectrum (approximated by a Gaussian distribution), determined by the glass composition and processing history such as the cooling rate. The other is the amount of shift of the Gaussian distribution towards smaller activation energy barrier values during deformation, which is determined by the initial structural states and strain rate during deformation, and exhibits a saturation value. These findings have allowed us to gain important fundamental insights into the correlation between the degree of shear-induced softening and the general deformation behavior of BMGs, leading to a better understanding of the correlation between the processing history/loading condition and the mechanical behavior.

Revealed strategies in wineries’ grape supply: the case of the Canary Islands

PurposeThis paper aims to deal with the grape sourcing strategies of wineries in the Canary Islands.Design/methodology/approachSourcing decisions are analysed from official registers of transactions between wineries and their external suppliers. The main sources of information are harvest reports submitted by wineries containing data about observable dimensions of their purchasing decisions. The general behaviour in the wine-grape zones that make up the grape market in the Canary Islands is described, and different strategies of individual wineries are revealed. Grape purchasing decisions are interpreted in terms of the potential explanatory factors involved in the undeclared objectives of wineries’ sourcing strategies. Two research questions are considered in this study: the spatial dimension, which refers to plot location, and the social dimension, which refers to the relationships between wineries and winegrowers.FindingsThe location of grape producers is a key factor in achieving the desired wine quality for wineries. The sourcing strategy of wineries is also influenced by size, but the impact of size varies depending on the short and long-term objectives of wineries.Originality/valueTypically the literature on grape sourcing strategies relies on interviews with winemakers. However, this paper analyses wineries’ sourcing decisions based on records and reports that reveal their decisions in the specific context of the Canary Islands.

Effects of User Experience in Automated Information Processing on Perceived Usefulness of Digital Contact-Tracing Apps: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

In pandemic situations, digital contact tracing (DCT) can be an effective way to assess one's risk of infection and inform others in case of infection. DCT apps can support the information gathering and analysis processes of users aiming to trace contacts. However, users' use intention and use of DCT information may depend on the perceived benefits of contact tracing. While existing research has examined acceptance in DCT, automation-related user experience factors have been overlooked. We pursued three goals: (1) to analyze how automation-related user experience (ie, perceived trustworthiness, traceability, and usefulness) relates to user behavior toward a DCT app, (2) to contextualize these effects with health behavior factors (ie, threat appraisal and moral obligation), and (3) to collect qualitative data on user demands for improved DCT communication. Survey data were collected from 317 users of a nationwide-distributed DCT app during the COVID-19 pandemic after it had been in app stores for >1 year using a web-based convenience sample. We assessed automation-related user experience. In addition, we assessed threat appraisal and moral obligation regarding DCT use to estimate a partial least squares structural equation model predicting use intention. To provide practical steps to improve the user experience, we surveyed users' needs for improved communication of information via the app and analyzed their responses using thematic analysis. Data validity and perceived usefulness showed a significant correlation of r=0.38 (P<.001), goal congruity and perceived usefulness correlated at r=0.47 (P<.001), and result diagnosticity and perceived usefulness had a strong correlation of r=0.56 (P<.001). In addition, a correlation of r=0.35 (P<.001) was observed between Subjective Information Processing Awareness and perceived usefulness, suggesting that automation-related changes might influence the perceived utility of DCT. Finally, a moderate positive correlation of r=0.47 (P<.001) was found between perceived usefulness and use intention, highlighting the connection between user experience variables and use intention. Partial least squares structural equation modeling explained 55.6% of the variance in use intention, with the strongest direct predictor being perceived trustworthiness (β=.54; P<.001) followed by moral obligation (β=.22; P<.001). Based on the qualitative data, users mainly demanded more detailed information about contacts (eg, place and time of contact). They also wanted to share information (eg, whether they wore a mask) to improve the accuracy and diagnosticity of risk calculation. The perceived result diagnosticity of DCT apps is crucial for perceived trustworthiness and use intention. By designing for high diagnosticity for the user, DCT apps could improve their support in the action regulation of users, resulting in higher perceived trustworthiness and use in pandemic situations. In general, automation-related user experience has greater importance for use intention than general health behavior or experience.

General corrosion behavior and mechanism of ferritic/martensitic steel with and without TaWVCr coating in static oxygen-saturated lead bismuth eutectic at 550 °C

Here in present work, the ferritic/martensitic (F/M) steel HT9 and refractory TaWVCr high entropy alloy coated HT9 were tested in a static oxygen-saturated lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 550 °C through corrosion tests and slow strain rate tension tests to investigate the corrosion behavior and mechanism. The fracture pattern of HT9 and TaWVCr/HT9 both show the ductile fracture. Comprehensive microstructural characterizations from atomic-scale examinations to micro-scale fracture analyses were performed to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of the liquid LBE corrosion. It was revealed that the corrosion of HT9 is related to the surface oxide scale cracking, which propagates into the matrix but terminated in the Cr2O3 enriched zone at the crack tip. On the contrary, the stress concentration caused by local degradation of the TaWVCr coating accelerates the oxidation and dissolution of the coating in LBE, leading to the formation of a duplex oxide layer underneath the coating, which allows cracks initiate in the magnetite layer and annihilate in the chromite layer. The micrometer-scale penetrative oxide layer was found within the matrix, due to the inward diffusion of O through the diffusion channels such as dislocation channels of the matrix and the dissolution channels of the coating and this can accelerate the oxidation corrosion of the matrix.

Physicians’ experiences with indications and prescriptions of foot orthoses–A cross-sectional study in northern Germany

BackgroundFoot orthoses (FOs) are prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) and orthopedic surgeons for various complaints. As there are very limited medical guidelines and checklists, the prescription of FOs is often inconsistent. Therefore, our study to evaluate the general prescription behavior and indication experiences with FOs from the perspective of GPs and orthopedists. MethodsA survey was carried out using a questionnaire from October to December 2021. GPs and orthopedic surgeons in northern Germany were included. The focus of the survey was to examine which foot problems would lead GPs and orthopedic surgeons to prescribe FOs and to evaluate what factors these physicians included in their diagnostic analysis. Apart from descriptive analyses, a stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to explore potential associations of the primary outcome variable ‘specific effect on the prescription of FOs’, which was introduced to shed light upon the estimated added value of the prescription of FOs. ResultsOut of the 790 questionnaires distributed, 184 questionnaires were returned by GPs (n = 95) and orthopedic surgeons (n = 74) (response rate 23 %). FOs were most frequently prescribed for talipes valgus (96 %) and heel spur (54 %). Diagnostic analysis was mainly carried out clinically. Custom-made FOs (82 %) were prescribed more frequently than prefabricated FOs (6 %). Regular interaction within the prescription process was most commonly with orthopedic technicians (61 %). The estimation of the specific effect on FO prescription was assessed by a mean of 66 % of the participants, 82 % recommended self-exercises as an additional therapy. ConclusionsFOs are a specific and well-established aid prescribed by many GPs and orthopedic surgeons for a variety of foot complaints. Despite being one of the most frequently prescribed orthopedic devices, the utilization of FOs is predominantly explorative due to a growing but nevertheless still deficient body of well-researched evidence. There is a clear need for a uniform approach to the indication and prescription of FOs among physicians.

Microhardness and Elastic Properties Evaluation of WC-TiC Coatings Obtained by Arc Spraying Process

Fulfilling the basic role of hard thermal sprayied coatings is closely related to the value of its microhardness. The quality of such a layer depends on several variables, the main categories being: spray method (flame spray, electric arc, plasma spray, cold spray, etc.), spray parameters (spray distance, voltage and intensity, working atmosphere, direction of the spray jet, etc.) and the materials used (chemical composition of the coating materials, quality and texture of the substrate). In this study, the microhardness, elastic properties and cohesion of a coating made of hard cored wire (Praxair – Tafa) by electric arc spraying process on a low alloy steel substrate, were analyzed. The cored wire has as main hard elements WC (about 26%) and TiC (about 6%), the rest of the chemical elements present being: Cr (14%), Ni (4.5%), B (1.87%), Si (1.25%) and the Fe balance. The micro-hardness was evaluated onto the surface of the coating, previously prepared by grinding to reduce the as-coated roughness. The method based on recording the forcess generated during the indentation with simultaneous measurement of the load – depth curve (with UMT 2MCETR microtribometer) were used for the microhardness evaluation. In order to analyse the cohesion of the coated layer, scratch tests with progressive loading (10N, 15N and 20N) were performed on the same microtribometer. Tests have shown that the metal matrix uniformly includes the hard particles arised from the core of the wire, and at the microstructural level, the microhardness varies significantly, depending on the hardness of the particles on which the indentor tip applies the loading forces. However, the overall behavior of the coatings thus realized is a satisfactory one, being, as a general behavior, in the average required by the applications of such a layer.

Estrogen deficiency affects synchronized neural connectivity in the olfactory bulb-nucleus accumbens circuit: A local field potential study in ovariectomized mouse model

Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating various brain functions, including cognitive, emotional, and social behaviors. Menopausal women face a decline in estrogen levels, which has been linked to several physical and mental health issues. However, the impact of estrogen on the olfactory bulb–nucleus accumbens (OB-NAc) circuit, which is essential for regulating emotions and cognitive behaviors, remains poorly understood. To test the hypothesis that estrogen deficiency affects signal processing, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) using intracranial electrodes implanted in four-week-old ovariectomized (OVX) mice during an open-field test (OFT). The results showed a decrease in locomotor activity and increase in anxiety-like behaviors in OVX mice. Furthermore, we found a decrease in high-gamma power in the OB. We analyzed coherence and inter-region phase-amplitude coupling (ir-PAC) to explore the connectivity between the OB and NAc. We observed a decrease in low-gamma and high-gamma coherence in OVX mice. Additionally, we found that the direction of connectivity from the NAc to the OB was disrupted in OVX mice. In summary, our study provides evidence that estrogen deficiency is linked to synchronized neural connectivity changes in the OB–NAc circuit. These findings have implications for our understanding of the roles played by the OB–NAc neural circuit and estrogen in the regulation of general exploratory behavior and anxiety-like behavior.

Ramifications of leaders' unethical pro‐organizational behavior on employees: Dual‐stage moderation of ethical mindset

SummaryAlthough leaders' unethical pro‐organizational behavior (UPB) have been identified as one of the key drivers of employees' unethical actions in organizations, our understanding of when and why leader UPB unfolds these adverse effects is still at an early stage. By integrating social cognitive theory with the literature on ethical mindset, the present research sheds light on the cognitive processes and boundary conditions that underpin the effects of leader UPB on followers. We argue that leader UPB may undermine followers' moral efficacy, which in turn translates into heightened follower UPB and general unethical behaviors (UBs). More importantly, we propose that ethical mindset moderates the two stages of the processes, such that followers' outcome‐based ethical mindset weakens the effects of leader UPB on follower moral efficacy but strengthens the link between follower moral efficacy and their UPB and UB. The results of two field studies and one experiment provide consistent support for the hypothesized model. Theoretical and practical implications as well as avenues for future research are discussed.

Assessment of in vitro antioxidant potential of Bambusa balcooa crude extracts and their safety evaluation based on biochemical alteration in C57bL/6 mice

Bamboo is an ancient therapeutic plant, having shoots and leaves with high nutritional as well as medicinal value. Owing to their indigenous therapeutic uses, the bamboo-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products are in great demand among the masses. However, anti-nutritional factors present in the shoots have toxic effects, which makes their processing and safety evaluation an essential step prior to consumed as food or for possible medicinal effects. Present study evaluated the phytochemicals, in vitro antioxidant potential and toxicity profile of crude extracts of Bambusa balcooa leaf and fresh as well as processed shoots. Total phenol and flavonoid content were found highest in the leaf extract (BLE) whereas among shoots highest content was in the fermented shoot extract (FMSE). Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activities of BLE and FMSE were also high, corresponding to the presence of various phytochemicals including rich flavonoid and phenol content. The safety profile of bamboo extracts was evaluated by their oral administration to C57BL/6 male mice with the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks. Results revealed no significant alteration in body weight and general behaviour in all plant extract treated groups in comparison to control. There was slight decrease in the serum lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase level of BLE and FMSE treated groups while serum protein, alkaline phosphatase, urea and blood urea nitrogen of all treatment groups remain similar to the control group. The study revealed that all the extracts of Bambusa balcooa are considered safe as no toxicity was observed, and fermented shoots and leaf extract having highest in vitro antioxidant activity need to be further analysed for their associated health benefits.

Defects analysis in low displacement damage neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steels

Analysis of neutron irradiation-induced defects is carried out using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) on three variants of austenitic stainless steels, SS 304 L(N), SS 316 L(N), and SS 316 grid plate material irradiated in the Indian Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam to low displacement damage levels of 1.76–6.75 dpa at an irradiation temperature of 380 °C-400 °C and dpa rate in the order of 10−7dpa/s. There is a significant variation in the faulted dislocation loop size distribution and number density as a function of irradiation dose among these stainless steels due to their different stacking fault energies which is evident from the quantified defects data presented. At ∼5.08 dpa, SS 304 L(N), SS 316 L(N) and SS 316 exhibited faulted dislocation loop number densities of 2.3 × 1022/m3, 4.8 × 1021/m3, and 1.2 × 1022/m3 with mean loop sizes of 15.5 ± 6.3 nm, 35.4 ± 13.7 nm, and 16.1 ± 5.6 nm respectively. Thus, at an identical dpa level, SS 304 L(N) and SS 316 L(N) have the highest and the lowest faulted loop number densities respectively. The general size-distribution behaviour, the increment in the loop size with enhanced size distribution as a function of dpa is observed only for SS 316 L(N). The dislocation density data previously determined using X-ray diffraction analysis is correlated to the number density of dislocation loops along with their size distribution determined using TEM analysis. Finally, the change in the yield strength due to the increment in the faulted dislocation loop number density is determined.

Law in the Buddhist Tradition in Ancient Indian Society

The Vinaya pitaka is the sacred literature of the Buddhists which contains the regulations for the outward life of the members of the Buddhist samgha - nearly the oldest, and probably the most influential, of all fraternities of monks. Unlike the primarily prescriptive Brahmanical law codes, the vinayas contain narrative portions, commentaries, and casuistries, albeit to different degree. 1Law in the Vinaya texts highlighted as - 1) a body of rules considered binding on a particular political or social unit, and the principle of justice underlying in it. 2) A code or canons of such rules. 3) Institutions and practices for the creation and application of such rules and for of disputes. 4) laws also include such other practices such as the social customs, practices and rules that constitute a form of social control for the maintenance of the groups. 5) Social manners, customary practices etiquette and general behaviors regulating silence, speech, interaction. The set of canonical law texts containing rules, descriptions, case studies, definitions, and punishments and some ancillary material that was used to regulate the samgha. 2The paper explores on how the laws were evolved, the process of making law, the need to make laws? How it regulated? The notion of society during the evolution of law? And in the society how the Buddhist tradition different or similar to the other traditions which existed in during the period? What were the political and economic conditions? Internal relations within the samgha? Law relates to Bhikkhus and law relates to Bhikkhunîs? The relation between laity and renouncers?

The fluctuational transition mechanism of non-hyperbolic chaotic invariant sets

In order to reveal the general escape mechanism of non-hyperbolic chaotic invariant sets under both weak noise limit and finite noise intensity, the simplest example of Hénon map, which represents the stretching and folding of the phase space, is taken to study the escape mechanism under two kinds of global bifurcation: the fractal boundary crisis and the attractor contact crisis. In this paper, we revealed the general exit mechanism by analyzing the escape paths derived from the shooting method and Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, to further demonstrate universality, an example of high-dimensional differential dynamical system, namely the transient chaos Duffing oscillator, is examined, which underscores the main idea of this paper analyzing specific deterministic structures not only enhances the comprehensibility of the escape process, but also allows for predictions of general escape behavior under weak noise intensity.

Seismic performance of conrete‐filled steel tube column‐reinforced concrete beam frame using 100% recycled coarse aggregate

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of recycled concrete‐filled steel tube (CFST) columns with reinforced concrete (RC) beam frames using recycled aggregate under cyclic loading. A 1/3‐scale model of a CFST column‐RC beam frame with 100% recycled coarse aggregate was tested, the failure process and mode were monitored, and the hysteresis and skeleton curves were obtained. The seismic performance indexes were analyzed based on the test data, including the seismic force, plastic hinge sequence, ductility coefficient, inter‐story drift, dissipation capacity, and stiffness degeneration. The general behavior of the CFST column‐RC beam frame is discussed and compared with that of a normal aggregate concrete‐RC frame structure. The test results demonstrate that CFST column‐RC beam frames with 100% recycled coarse aggregate exhibit remarkable seismic performance and can be applied and popularized for construction in aseismic regions.

Steam-assisted MILD-POX: A flexible process for the production of hydrogen

The aim of the present work is to propose an alternative hydrogen production process using water and sustainable feedstocks to promote the utilisation of cheap and renewable raw materials on a large scale by increasing flexibility, efficiency, and eco-compatibility of existing technologies without sacrificing their reliability and affordability. The idea is to combine non-catalytic Partial Oxidation and Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution combustion technologies by adding water. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations, accompanied by kinetic modelling, are used to assess and interpret the general behaviour of a potential unit that uses the interaction of these two technologies and to compare the performances over a range of operating conditions of interest. The results show that thermochemical production of H2 using the proposed process is theoretically feasible and has the potential to offer many advantages over standard processes. The immediate advantage of such an approach is that a very high H2/CO ratio can be obtained that could eliminate the water gas shift conversion stages, making the reactor more compact and simple than conventional reformers. Moreover, water vapour addition limits the formation of soot precursors due to a “leaning” effect from releasing hydroxyl radicals.

Linking students’ interest in nature to their self-reported pro-environmental behavior and nature activities – A cross-sectional study in grade 5 to 9

To promote pro-environmental behavior (PEB), it is crucial to understand the drivers behind it. Studies indicate that, in addition to environmental attitudes and nature activities, interest in nature drives people to engage in PEB. However, the relationship between interest in nature and PEB is still greatly understudied among adolescents even though the foundations for PEB seem to be laid during childhood. Therefore, our study focuses specifically on the link between adolescents’ interest in nature, their nature activities, and PEB. We collected self-reported cross-sectional data from 954 German school students using the Scale of Interest in Nature (SIN) and the General Ecological Behavior Scale (GEB). Findings indicate a decline in interest in nature, PEB, and nature activities from grade 5 to 9, while also revealing a significant positive correlation between all these constructs. Results highlight the importance of fostering interest in nature in environmental education programs and suggest including it in further research.

Derivation of Contour Plots for the Characterization of the Behaviour of Sand under Undrained Loading

The soil response under the inherent cyclic loading conditions when dealing with offshore foundations can be considered by using contour plots. These plots are derived from several cyclic laboratory tests and characterize the general cyclic soil behaviour. In the design process with explicit numerical methods, such plots are needed in order to assess the soil behaviour under arbitrary loading conditions and hence estimate the cyclic foundation response. In the paper, excess pore pressure contour plots for a poorly graded medium sand are derived from numerous constant volume (CV) cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) tests and a new approach for parametrization of the plots is presented. Subsequently, the data are assessed regarding scaling for other sand soils, i.e., construction of contour plots with only a small number of test results by using the general trends observed.

Campus entrepreneurs’ research habits and needs: a five-year study

PurposeThis study surveyed the entrepreneurship community on a large university campus in 2016 and in 2020 to identify and understand its information habits and needs. User needs can inform service design and assessment, as well as inform approaches to reference interactions. Librarians are encouraged to conduct similar surveys to better understand this niche population.Design/methodology/approachInvestigators employed repeated cross-sectional design, a longitudinal research approach that draws on samples of non-overlapping or minimally overlapping cases over time. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using online survey instruments. Data collected included demographic information, venture characteristics, participation in institutional activities such as accelerator programs and credit courses, general startup research behaviors and needs, and details of a specific instance of business or market research as well as interaction with the library and access to training. Triangulation of semantic and episodic was applied to draw reliable conclusions about respondent behavior.FindingsIn both surveys, over half of respondents were students and 75% of respondents were engaged in startup activity, most at the early stages. While respondent demographics, type and purpose of information sought remained constant between the two surveys, awareness and use of the library rose on several metrics. Coding revealed insights into respondents’ attitudes toward and strategies for secondary business research. Information obtained during the research process had a moderate impact on their ventures. These findings informed the development of library research and instruction services, programs, and collections for entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe repeated cross-sectional design of the study is unique and shows trends in the community over time. The mixed-methods approach provides a robust and nuanced portrait of the community. These findings informed the development and assessment of library research and instruction services, programs and collections for entrepreneurs.