General Behavior Research Articles

Low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and neurodevelopment in a prospective cohort of early school aged children

Evidence is strong for adverse fetal effects of high level or chronic prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), but many pregnant women continue to drink at lower levels. The ‘Asking Questions about Alcohol in pregnancy’ prospective cohort aimed to determine the neurodevelopmental consequences at 6–8 years of age of low to moderate PAE. 1570 women from seven public antenatal clinics in Melbourne, Australia, provided information on frequency and quantity of alcohol use, and obstetric, lifestyle and socio-environmental confounders at four gestation timepoints. PAE was classified into five trajectories plus controls. At 6–8 years, 802 of 1342 eligible families took part and completed a questionnaire (60%) and 696 children completed neuropsychological assessments (52%). Multiple linear regressions examined mean outcome differences between groups using complete case and multiple imputation models. No meaningful relationships were found between any of the PAE trajectories and general cognition, academic skills, motor functioning, behaviour, social skills, social communication, and executive function. Maternal education most strongly influenced general cognition and academic skills. Parenting behaviours and financial situation were associated with academic skills, behaviour, social skills and/or executive function. The lack of association between PAE and neurodevelopment at 6–8 years may partly be explained by cumulative positive effects of socio-environmental factors.

On bi-continuous cosine families

In this article, we introduce and investigate bi-continuous cosine families. Those are inspired by the theory of bi-continuous semigroups which had an impact in the area of evolution equations in the last decades. The idea here is again that we equip the underlying Banach space with an additional locally convex topology. We will analyze both the general behavior as well as generators and resolvents of bi-continuous cosine families.

Experimental evaluation and theoretical modeling of eco-friendly bamboo scrimber-UHPC members with enhanced shear connectors

Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) systems are applied widely in bridges and buildings. This study innovatively combines the eco-friendly attributes of Bamboo scrimber with Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to develop TCC systems, leading to the formulation of Bamboo scrimber-UHPC (BS-UHPC) composites. These composites are designed to boost both mechanical behaviors and environmental sustainability. The research conducts an extensive analysis through eight series of push-out tests on BS-UHPC systems, employing diverse shear connectors such as notches, inclined bolts, and stencils. It provides an in-depth examination of the failure mechanisms, detailing general load-slip behaviors and analyzing the progression of failure. The findings reveal the influence mechanism of UHPC and shear connectors on the mechanical properties and failure modes of these composites, with notched shear connectors demonstrating the highest shear capacity with 134 kN. Additionally, the study explores the efficacy of notch connections through finite element models for parametric analysis, enabling a quantitative assessment of concrete cracking areas. Building upon these insights, the research proposes and validates theoretical models for predicting the shear capacity of these composites. Moreover, this paper employs life-cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impact, specifically CO2 emissions of the BS-UHPC composites within service life, comparing them with those of traditional timber-ordinary concrete and steel-ordinary concrete systems. The results indicate that BS-UHPC composites offer significant improvements in mechanical behaviors while also achieving the lowest CO2 emissions with 78 kg CO2-Eq/m3 among the materials tested. This positions BS-UHPC composites as an advantageous choice for practical engineering applications.

Understanding Distributed Representations of Concepts in Deep Neural Networks without Supervision

Understanding intermediate representations of the concepts learned by deep learning classifiers is indispensable for interpreting general model behaviors. Existing approaches to reveal learned concepts often rely on human supervision, such as pre-defined concept sets or segmentation processes. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised method for discovering distributed representations of concepts by selecting a principal subset of neurons. Our empirical findings demonstrate that instances with similar neuron activation states tend to share coherent concepts. Based on the observations, the proposed method selects principal neurons that construct an interpretable region, namely a Relaxed Decision Region (RDR), encompassing instances with coherent concepts in the feature space. It can be utilized to identify unlabeled subclasses within data and to detect the causes of misclassifications. Furthermore, the applicability of our method across various layers discloses distinct distributed representations over the layers, which provides deeper insights into the internal mechanisms of the deep learning model.

Impaired neuronal macroautophagy in the prelimbic cortex contributes to comorbid anxiety-like behaviors in rats with chronic neuropathic pain

ABSTRACT A large proportion of patients with chronic pain experience co-morbid anxiety. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is proposed to underlie this comorbidity, but the molecular and neuronal mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we reported that impaired neuronal macroautophagy in the prelimbic cortical (PrL) subregion of the mPFC paralleled the occurrence of anxiety-like behaviors in rats with chronic spared nerve injury (SNI). Intriguingly, such macroautophagy impairment was mainly observed in a FOS/c-Fos+ neuronal subpopulation in the PrL. Chemogenetic inactivation of this comorbid anxiety-related neuronal ensemble relieved pain-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Rescuing macroautophagy impairment in this neuronal ensemble relieved chronic pain-associated anxiety and mechanical allodynia and restored synaptic homeostasis at the molecular level. By contrast, artificial disruption of macroautophagy induced early-onset co-morbid anxiety in neuropathic rats, but not general anxiety in normal rats. Taken together, our work identifies causal linkage between PrL neuronal macroautophagy dysfunction and comorbid anxiety in neuropathic pain and provides novel insights into the role of PrL by differentiating its contribution in pain-induced comorbid anxiety from its modulation over general anxiety-like behaviors. Abbreviation: AAV: adeno-associated viruses; ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG12: autophagy related 12; CAMK2/CaMKII: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; CNO: clozapine-N-oxide; CQ: chloroquine; DIA: data independent acquisition; DIO: double floxed inverse orf; DLG4/PSD-95: discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4; Dox: doxycycline; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GO: gene ontology; Gi: inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding proteins; HsCHRM4/M4D: human cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4; HsSYN: human synapsin; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3-II: PE conjugated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; P2A: 2A self-cleaving peptide; PPI: protein-protein interaction networks; PrL: prelimbic cortex; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 3; rtTA: reverse tetracycline-transactivator; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SHANK3: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3; SLC1A1/EAAC1: solute carrier family 1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter, systemXag), member 1; SNAP23: synaptosomal-associated protein 23; SNI:spared nerve injury; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SYT3: synaptotagmin 3; TRE: tetracycline-responsive element; TRE3G: third-generation tetracycline-responsive element.

A GPS assisted translocation experiment to study the homing behavior of red deer

Many animals return to their home areas (i.e., ‘homing’) after translocation to sites further away. Such translocations have traditionally been used in behavioral ecology to understand the orientation and migration behavior of animals. The movement itself can then be followed by marking and recapturing animals or by tracking, for example, using GPS systems. Most detailed studies investigating this behavior have been conducted in smaller vertebrates (e.g., birds, amphibians, and mice), whereas information on larger mammals, such as red deer, is sparse. We conducted GPS-assisted translocation experiments with red deer at two sites in the Czech Republic. Individuals were translocated over a distance of approximately 11 km and their home journey was tracked. Circular statistics were used to test for significant homeward orientation at distances of 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 m from the release site. In addition, we applied Lavielle trajectory segmentation to identify the different phases of homing behavior. Thirty-one out of 35 translocations resulted in successful homing, with a median time of 4.75 days (range 1.23–100 days). Animals were significantly oriented towards home immediately after release and again when they came closer to home; however, they did not show a significant orientation at the distances in between. We were able to identify three homing phases, an initial ‘exploratory phase’, followed by a ‘homing phase’ which sometimes was again followed by an ‘arrival phase’. The ‘homing phase’ was characterized by the straightest paths and fastest movements. However, the variation between translocation events was considerable. We showed good homing abilities of red deer after translocation. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experiments with environmental manipulations (e.g., to impede the use of sensory cues) close to the release site. The homing behavior of red deer is comparable to that of other species, and might represent general homing behavior patterns in animals. Follow-up studies should further dissect and investigate the drivers of the individual variations observed and try to identify the sensory cues used during homing.

COVID-19 vaccination and potential predictors for vaccination among students in Bulgarian medical universities

University students, especially those in healthcare sciences, are of particular importance in COVID-19 vaccine views since their future careers will allow them to educate citizens regarding vaccination. The study examined COVID-19 immunisation coverage, behaviours, and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines among students in Bulgarian medical universities. A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken in September 2021- January 2022. Demographics, university programme, year of study, general vaccine attitudes and behaviour, and personal experience with COVID-19 and vaccines were collected. The chi-square test was used to test for associations and binominal logistic regression to identify possible predictors for vaccination. A total of 3050 students with a median age of 22 years, predominantly female participated. Three-quarters of the students (73.5%) have been vaccinated against COVID-19. An association was found between COVID-19 vaccination and influenza vaccination in the previous season (χ2 = 67.15, p < 0.001) as well as the intention to receive the flu vaccine in the current season (χ2 = 142.83, p < 0.001). Vaccine hesitation mainly stemmed from fear of side effects and safety concerns, but non-vaccinated students voiced them more often. Respondents who were less likely to be vaccinated considered themselves to have: (a) limited access to sufficient information to allow them to make an informed decision to vaccinate against COVID-19; (b) lack of public awareness and education campaigns about COVID-19 vaccines; (c) insufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines during university education that would allow them to make an informed decision to vaccinate; and (d) had a positive COVID-19 diagnosis. Informational initiatives that emphasise vaccine safety will boost COVID-19 immunisation coverage.

Healing Library@Seberang Jaya: A Conceptual Snoezelen Room for Mind, Body, and Soul

The Snoezelen room is known as a multisensory room. Snoezelen's environment could improve the behavior and quality of life with mental retardation and mental illness. This paper explores the elements of the snoezelen environment that aid the autistic space. The environment promotes a sense of enjoyment and relief from tension and pressure, consequent improvement in general behavior. The finding for this literature review summarizes the narrative studies, highlighting the key elements that support creating this environment. The snoezelen environment may provide direct and indirect stimulation that offers a sensory approach.

Replicative Study of the Impacts of Applied Behavior Analysis on Target Behaviors in Individuals With Autism Using Repeated Measures.

Background The effectiveness of interventions based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) for individuals with autism has been well documented in numerous meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and cost-benefit analyses. However, an observed 'efficacy-effectiveness gap' exists, which can be attributed to various factors. This third replication study, therefore, has significant implications for the field. By assessing the impact of ABA treatment, specifically involving discrete trial training and mass trials, within a naturalistic environment, the study provides valuable insights that can inform and improve the delivery of ABA treatments in real-world settings. Methods The study was conducted using a repeated measures research design. Retrospective chart review data were collected from 62 individuals with autism, age(M=8.65, SD=4.53), all of whom were level two autistic and required moderate support in communication, socialization, and daily life. These individuals received ABA treatment over five months. The study measured cumulative target behaviors using a repeated measures design, which allowed for the identification of statistically significant differences across 12 time points. This robust methodology ensures the validity and reliability of the study's findings. Results Mixed repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated statistical significance (sphericity assumed), F(11,495) = 55.432, p < 0.001 (time). Multiple comparisons using bootstrapped paired t-tests showed p < 0.05 on time points 1-8 and non-significance (p > 0.05) on time points 9-12. There was a significant interaction effect (sphericity assumed) with time x (age category), F(44,495) = 2.338, p < 0.001. Interaction contrasts indicated statistically significant differences over time, mainly within the one-year to four-year-old, five to eight-year-old, and most in the nine to 12-year-oldage groups. There was some significance within the 13- to 16-year-old age group and no significance within the 17- to 26-year-old age group. Conclusions Over five months, individuals with autism who underwent ABA treatments demonstrated a statistically significant enhancement in general target behaviors. This finding is crucial as it underscores the effectiveness of ABA treatments in a naturalistic environment. Moreover, the study's discovery of a significant interaction between time and age in these behaviors provides valuable insights into the impact of age on treatment outcomes. Extensive large-N studies of general ABA broad effectiveness and repeated measures designs are lacking and can lead to further research to improve quality and outcomes. These findings contribute to the body of empirical evidence and emphasize the importance of replicative efficacy studies in ensuring the reliability of research findings.

Sex Differences in the Impact of Dynapenic Abdominal Obesity on Mild Cognitive Impairment among Korean Elderly in the Community.

Abdominal obesity (AO) and dynapenia (DP) are associated with cognitive decline, and the relationship between dynapenic abdominal obesity (DAO), a combination of DP and AO, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been confirmed. This study aims to determine whether this relationship exhibits potential sex differences. The relationship between MCI and DAO was confirmed in 1309 community elderly individuals aged 65 years or older who were not diagnosed with dementia. The MCI was defined as a Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) score of 18-23 points. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted, categorizing participants into groups: a control group without AO or DP, an AO group, a DP group, and a DAO group. The study results showed that in women, both DP and DAO were significantly associated with MCI not only in the unadjusted Model 1 but also in Model 2, which adjusted for general characteristics and health behaviors, and Model 3, which additionally adjusted for chronic diseases and disease-related characteristics. In men, DP was associated with MCI in the unadjusted Model 1. The findings highlight sex differences in the impact of the DAO on MCI. These differences should be considered when studying the factors related to MCI in old age.

Mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviour among Egyptian undergraduates: a cross-sectional national study

BackgroundMental health literacy (MHL) and help-seeking behaviors are pivotal in managing mental well-being, especially among Egyptian undergraduates. Despite the importance and prevalent psychological distress in this group, limited research has addressed MHL and associated behaviors in Egypt. This study aimed to assess the levels of MHL and help-seeking behavior among Egyptian university students.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted across ten Egyptian universities during the academic year 2022–2023. A convenience sample of 1740 students was obtained through online questionnaires distributed via social media platforms. The survey comprised demographic characteristics, the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS), and the General Help Seeking Behavior Questionnaire (GHSPQ).ResultsAmong 1740 Egyptian undergraduates, medical students scored higher in recognizing disorders (p < 0.05), while non-medical students excelled in attitudes (p < 0.05). A strong correlation was observed between attitudes toward mental illness and total mental health literacy (coefficients of 0.664 and 0.657). Univariate analysis indicated a significant association with professional help-seeking (OR = 1.023). Females, individuals aged 21 or above, and non-medical students were more likely to seek mental health information (OR = 1.42, 1.82, 1.55 respectively). Help-seeking behavior for emotional problems was more inclined towards intimate partners, whereas suicidal thoughts prompted seeking professional help.ConclusionThe findings advocate for comprehensive mental health education, particularly in rural areas, and emphasis on the role of personal relationships in mental well-being. Implementing these insights could foster improved mental health outcomes and reduce related stigma in Egypt.

Predicting Attitudes Towards the Exchange of Sexual Services for Payment: Variance in Gender Gaps Across the Nordic Countries

Abstract Introduction This article explores how individual-level attitudes towards the exchange of sexual services for payment differ between the Nordic countries. The sparse existing research points to gender and general attitudes towards sexual behavior as powerful predictors of attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment. However, there are no previous research agendas that attempt to explain variance in such attitudes including all the Nordic countries. Methods We estimate regression models utilizing data from the joint Wave 5 European Values Study (EVS)/World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 7 (EVS 2017; WVS, 2020) asking about the acceptability of prostitution to predict attitudes towards the exchange of sexual services for payment in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Results The findings point to considerable variation in attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment in the Nordic countries. The attitudinal differences align with how the different Nordic governments have approached the issue at hand. Moreover, the results suggest that gender and attitudes towards non-committal casual sex play a critical role in determining attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment. The impact of attitudes towards non-committal casual sex on attitudes towards the acceptability of exchanging sex for payment is different for women when compared to men in four of the five countries. Conclusions The empirical results provide convincing evidence that women are less likely than men to translate liberal attitudes towards general sexual behavior into lenient attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment. Policy Implications The results indicate that government policies play a crucial role in shaping public attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment, and policymakers should consider the potential impact of their stance on the issue. Policymakers and others who want to shift attitudes towards the exchange of sex for payment in the Nordic region should be cognizant of their interconnectedness with gender and attitudes towards non-committal casual sex.

Phenotypes for general behavior, activity, and body temperature in 3q29 deletion model mice

Whole genome analysis has identified rare copy number variations (CNV) that are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, and 3q29 deletion has been found to have the largest effect size. The 3q29 deletion mice model (3q29-del mice) has been established as a good pathological model for schizophrenia based on phenotypic analysis; however, circadian rhythm and sleep, which are also closely related to neuropsychiatric disorders, have not been investigated. In this study, our aims were to reevaluate the pathogenesis of 3q29-del by recreating model mice and analyzing their behavior and to identify novel new insights into the temporal activity and temperature fluctuations of the mouse model using a recently developed small implantable accelerometer chip, Nano-tag. We generated 3q29-del mice using genome editing technology and reevaluated common behavioral phenotypes. We next implanted Nano-tag in the abdominal cavity of mice for continuous measurements of long-time activity and body temperature. Our model mice exhibited weight loss similar to that of other mice reported previously. A general behavioral battery test in the model mice revealed phenotypes similar to those observed in mouse models of schizophrenia, including increased rearing frequency. Intraperitoneal implantation of Nano-tag, a miniature acceleration sensor, resulted in hypersensitive and rapid increases in the activity and body temperature of 3q29-del mice upon switching to lights-off condition. Similar to the 3q29-del mice reported previously, these mice are a promising model animals for schizophrenia. Successive quantitative analysis may provide results that could help in treating sleep disorders closely associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Compare Means Analysis of Domestic Tourists Habits: Daily Actions and Vacationing Actions in Rural Destinations

The concept of sustainability should be followed by all tourism destinations in Indonesia to ensure the balance of ecological, social/cultural, and economic impacts on all. One of the main concerns of the sustainability is the maintenance of environmental aspects, which can be measured in many ways, human behavior being the key to that. Therefore, initial profiling of tourist behavior can be a great start and can be applied to all tourism destinations in Indonesia. By knowing the general behavior of tourists (daily and vacationing behavior), local managers may adapt environmentally friendly tourism activities, which will actually increase the demand side (tourists). The findings of 134 respondents in this study show not only a comparison of each respondent’s profile but also a connection to previous related studies. Thus, future research may cross-examine the profiles as well as check their relations simultaneously.&#x0D; Keywords: daily actions, vacationing actions, rural destinations, domestic tourists, compare means

A Learning-Based Account of Phonological Tiers

Abstract Morphophonological alternations often involve dependencies between adjacent segments. Despite the apparent distance between relevant segments in the alternations that arise in consonant and vowel harmony, these dependencies can usually be viewed as adjacent on a tier representation. However, the tier needed to render dependencies adjacent varies crosslinguistically, and the abstract nature of tier representations in comparison to flat, string-like representations has led phonologists to seek justification for their use in phonological theory. In this paper, I propose a learning-based account of tier-like representations. I argue that humans show a proclivity for tracking dependencies between adjacent items, and propose a simple learning algorithm that incorporates this proclivity by tracking only adjacent dependencies. The model changes representations in response to being unable to predict the surface form of alternating segments—a decision governed by the Tolerance Principle, which allows for learning despite the sparsity and exceptions inevitable in naturalistic data. Tier-like representations naturally emerge from this learning procedure, and, when trained on small amounts of natural language data, the model achieves high accuracy generalizing to held-out test words, while flexibly handling cross-linguistic complexities like neutral segments and blockers. The model also makes precise predictions about human generalization behavior, and these are consistently borne out in artificial language experiments.

Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: results from a 12-week multicentre, randomised, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase IV study.

Donepezil has been approved in Japan for the treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) based on clinical trials showing its beneficial effects on cognitive impairment. This phase IV study evaluated the efficacy of donepezil by focusing on global clinical status during a 12-week double-blind phase. Patients with probable DLB were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 79) or 10 mg donepezil (n = 81) groups. The primary endpoint was changes in global clinical status, assessed using the Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC-plus). We also assessed four CIBIC-plus domains (general condition, cognitive function, behaviour, and activities of daily living) and changes in cognitive impairment and behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), respectively. Although donepezil's superiority was not shown in the global clinical status, a significant favourable effect was detected in the cognitive domain (P = 0.006). MMSE scores improved in the donepezil group after adjustments in post hoc analysis (MMSE mean difference, 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.42-2.30), P = 0.004). Improvements in NPIs were similar between the groups (NPI-2: -0.2 (95% CI, -1.48 to 1.01), P = 0.710; NPI-10: 0.1 (95% CI, -3.28 to 3.55), P = 0.937). The results support the observation that the efficacy of 10 mg donepezil in improving cognitive function is clinically meaningful in DLB patients. The evaluation of global clinical status might be affected by mild to moderate DLB patients enrolled in this study. No new safety concerns were detected.

Modeling the mechanical behaviour of fibre reinforced sands

ABSTRACT The mechanical behaviour of Fibre-reinforced sands (FRS) has been extensively studied, presenting improved mechanical properties compared to unreinforced soils. Many models have been developed to predict its general stress-strain behaviour. However, the use of double-phase models in FRS is still incipient. Double-phase models are advantageous because they can simulate the whole FRS and the behaviour of its individual components, soil skeleton and reinforcement. This paper uses a modified model for Municipal Solid Waste to reproduce the FRS mechanical response. Introducing a new hardening parameter and a dilatant zone allowed the model to reproduce FRS dilatancy. The model’s variables are easily understood, allowing the reproduction of the mechanical behaviour of FRS formed by sands with void ratios ranging from 0.610 to 0.917 and mean grain size from 0.29 to 0.83 mm. The fibres’ lengths varied from 12.5 to 51 mm. The results of triaxial and hollow cylinder torsional tests under different stress paths had their main characteristics (peak strength, post-peak behaviour, dilatancy and reinforcement effectiveness) well captured by the model. Predicted and experimental FRS’s deviator stress usually differ by less than 15% and the model performance is equivalent or superior to other available models, even requiring fewer input parameters.

The impact of Internet pornography on children and adolescents: A systematic review

ObjectivesYoung people's exposure to online pornographic material has increased in the past years. Its impact is a complex topic but an important issue due to growing concerns. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on Internet pornography consumption and its impact on children and adolescents. Furthermore, we examined young people's thoughts about pornography and their reasons for consumption. MethodWe performed a systematic literature search in the online databases ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and PSYNDEX for peer-reviewed articles in English, published between 2000 and 2022 and additionally identified secondary references. ResultsWe could determine associations between pornography consumption and demographic variables (e.g., age, gender), personal characteristics (e.g., [sexual] sensation seeking, sexual interest and experience, general risk behavior), environmental variables (e.g., peers, family), attitudes (e.g., gender role attitudes, permissive sexual attitudes), behavior (e.g. sexual risk behaviour, sexting) and sexual aggression (e.g., sexual cybervictimization, grooming). Moreover, we found that girls have a more negative attitude towards pornography than boys who have an ambivalent opinion on the subject. Most adolescents are aware that the majority of pornographic material is exaggerated and unrealistic. Furthermore, pornography is not only watched out of curiosity and for sexual arousal but also used as a source of sexual information, especially by minority groups. DiscussionMany effects that impair children's development have been documented. The results found in this review are often contradictory. Therefore, further replication studies are needed. In addition, we propose several preventive measures, e.g., sexual health education at schools for both heterosexuals and LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) people.

Radiative dynamics of laser-driven Li@C n embedded in quantum plasma

This work considers a guest Lithium atom (Li@C n ) in an endohedral fullerene, embedded in a quantum plasma modeled by the more general exponential cosine screened Coulomb (MGECSC) potential, under the influence of a spherical confinement and laser radiation field. The system is examined in nonrelativistic form and the related wave equation is solved using the tridiagonal matrix method (TMM), thus obtaining the discrete-continuum spectrum and related wave functions. The numerical values of the relevant parameters in this process are physically accessible values. The effects of the plasma, laser field and endohedral cavity on the photoionization cross section (PCS) are analysed in detail. The shielding effect of the plasma medium and the pulsating effect of the laser field modify the effective potential energy of the system, affecting the localizations of the 2s and continuum states, causing various overlapping cases. Considering different values of the endohedral encompassement parameters, which means that different types of fullerenes are taken into account, overlapping cases occur for different spectra and wave functions. Scrutinising these overlappings, the confinement and Cooper resonances of the PCSs are analysed. This analysis provides many details for the radiative dynamics of an artificial system Li@C n . The relevant ranges and critical values of plasma, laser field, and endohedral encapsulation parameters in the formation process of these resonances and PCSs are explained, as well as the cross-section curves, resonance positions, effective photoelectron energy range, and general PCS behavior, which can be important for potential experiments in addition to other theoretical investigations.

Individual differences in spite predict costly third-party punishment.

Spiteful behaviors are those aimed at inflicting harm on another person while also incurring a cost to the self. Although spite sometimes reflects destructive and socially undesirable behaviors including aggression, the current work sought to examine a potentially socially beneficial aspect of spite: engagement in costly punishment for selfish behavior. Four studies used a costly third-party punishment task and measured individual differences in spite, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and motivations for engaging in punishment. Trait spite was positively associated with costly punishment of selfish behavior. That association was independent of other dark personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) and was statistically mediated by a desire for retribution. One of the studies also provided evidence that trait spite was associated with costly punishment of even generous behavior; however, rather than a desire for retribution, that association was mediated by a desire to threaten the person being punished. Punishing selfishness and other forms of wrongdoing plays an essential role in cooperative group living. The current work provides new insight into the role spiteful motivations might play in this crucial social behavior.