Gene Expression In Women Research Articles

The Effect of Interval Training Program on Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-like 2 (NFE2L2/Nrf2) Gene Expression in Women

Purpose in this work, to investigate whether interval training program has an effect on Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NFE2L2/Nrf2) gene expression in women.The research was made on 12 women. Participants were given a medium-term interval training program for 8 weeks, 3 days a week. The blood samples of the participants were collected before and after the 8 weeks of training. RNA isolation was performed using TRIzol Reagent from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. NFE2L2 gene expression was determined by Biomark Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). The participants was a significant increase in heart rate and maximal oxygen use capacity (VO2 max ) after the exercise (p <0.001). There was a significant decrease in the body weight and body mass index of women after the exercise (p <0.001). There was a decrease in NFE2L2 gene expressions after 8 weeks of the training program (p <0.05,). It shows that interval exercise reduces NFE2L2 gene expression in women.

HOXA-10 gene expression in ectopic and eutopic endometrium tissues: Does it differ between fertile and infertile women with endometriosis?

ObjectiveTo compare HOXA-10 gene expression in eutopic endometrium samples, between fertile and infertile endometriosis patients and the fertile control cases, and in endometrium and endometrioma specimens, between severe and moderate endometriosis cases. Study DesignProspective clinical study included women without infertility and endometriosis (Group 1); women without infertility but with endometrioma (Group 2); and infertile women with endometrioma (Group 3). In addition, the Group 2 and 3 cohort were assessed based on the findings obtained during laparoscopy, based on the (rAFS) scoring, as women with a rAFS score of 16–40 were evaluated in Group A, whereas those with rAFS score above 40 were considered in Group B. HOXA-10 gene expression was evaluated in both secretory endometrium tissue and endometrioma specimens. ResultsEutopic endometrium samples from group 2 (reference gene = 0,680 vs. target gene = 0,362) and group 3 (reference gene = 0,641 vs. target gene = 0,183) patients revealed a 1,871-fold and 3,509-fold decrease in HOXA-10 gene expression, respectively, as compared to group 1. Endometrial HOXA-10 gene expression was 1,778-fold down-regulated in group 3 women (reference gene = 1,510 vs. target gene = 0,850), when compared to group 2. Both eutopic endometrium and endometrioma tissue samples from severe endometriosis patients revealed 1,259-fold (reference gene = 1,523 vs. target gene = 1,210) and 1,338-fold (reference gene = 1,274 vs. target gene = 0,952), down-regulation in HOXA-10 gene expressions, respectively, as compared to moderate cases. ConclusionEndometrial HOXA-10 gene expression in women with endometriosis is significantly down-regulated than in those without endometriosis. Endometriosis patients with infertility have significantly lower levels of endometrial HOXA-10 gene expression than endometriosis without infertility; thus decreased expression of this gene may, directly or indirectly, be related with the endometriosis-associated infertility. Severe endometriosis cases express, in their both endometrium and endometrioma tissues, significantly lower levels of HOXA-10 gene than moderate endometriosis cases.

Comparison of the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet with usual dietary advice on expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma gene in women: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUNDPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) which controls body weight, glucose homeostasis, and adipocyte differentiation is a valuable candidate gene for insulin resistance (IR). The present study aimed to compare the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and usual dietary advice (UDA) on PPAR-γ gene expression in women at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).METHODSThis randomized controlled trial was performed on 44 women aged 20-50 years at risk for CVD (BMI > 25 kg/m2 and low physical activity). Participants were randomly assigned to the UDA (n = 22) or DASH (n = 22) diets for 12 weeks. The DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains and sweets, with a total of 2400 mg/day sodium. The UDA diet was a regular diet with healthy dietary advice. Anthropometric indices and PPAR-γ gene expression were measured and compared between the two groups at the end of the study.RESULTSAfter the intervention, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) significantly decreased in the DASH group (P < 0.050) but the results showed no significant differences between the two groups. At the end of the trial, PPAR-γ gene expression was significantly different between the UDA and the DASH diet groups (P = 0.040) and this difference remained significant after adjustment for BMI, and physical activity (P = 0.030).CONCLUSIONThe result of the study showed that the DASH diet significantly decreased the expression of PPAR-γ. This finding was unexpected and future studies on the current topic are therefore recommended.

Age-induced and photoinduced changes in gene expression profiles in facial skin of Caucasian females across 6 decades of age

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including ultraviolet irradiation, lead to visible signs of skin aging. We evaluated molecular changes occurring in photoexposed and photoprotected skin of white women 20 to 74years of age, some of whom appeared substantially younger than their chronologic age. Histologic and transcriptomics profiling were conducted on skin biopsy samples of photoexposed (face and dorsal forearm) or photoprotected (buttocks) body sites from 158 women. 23andMe genotyping determined genetic ancestry. Gene expression and ontologic analysis revealed progressive changes from the 20s to the 70s in pathways related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, senescence, and epidermal barrier; these changes were accelerated in the 60s and 70s. The gene expression patterns from the subset of women who were younger-appearing were similar to those in women who were actually younger. Broader application of these findings (eg, across races and Fitzpatrick skin types) will require further studies. This study demonstrates a wide range of molecular processes in skin affected by aging, providing relevant targets for improving the condition of aging skin at different life stages and defining a molecular pattern of epidermal gene expression in women who appear younger than their chronologic age.

Changes in Global Transcriptional Profiling of Women Following Obesity Surgery Bypass.

Differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is poorly characterized. Markers of these processes may provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these events. The main goal of this study was to identify changes in PBMC gene expression in women with obesity before and 6months after RYGB-induced weight loss. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) of PBMCs from 13 obese women was analyzed before and 6months after RYGB; the RNA of PBMCs from nine healthy women served as control. The gene expression levels were determined by microarray analysis. Significant differences in gene expression were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Microarray analysis for comparison of the pre- and postoperative periods showed that 1366 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The main pathways were related to gene transcription; lipid, energy, and glycide metabolism; inflammatory and immunological response; cell differentiation; oxidative stress regulation; response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli; substrate oxidation; mTOR signaling pathway; interferon signaling; mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB1), heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) gene expression; adipocyte differentiation; and methylation. Six months after bariatric surgery and significant weight loss, many molecular pathways involved in obesity and metabolic diseases change. These findings are an important tool to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and clinical practice of nutritional genomics in obesity.

Social well-being is associated with less pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic leukocyte gene expression in women after surgery for breast cancer.

Satisfaction with social resources, or "social well-being," relates to better adaptation and longer survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Biobehavioral mechanisms linking social well-being (SWB) to mental and physical health may involve inflammatory signaling. We tested whether reports of greater SWB were associated with lower levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic leukocyte gene expression after surgery for non-metastatic breast cancer. Women (N=50) diagnosed with non-metastatic (0-III) breast cancer were enrolled 2-8weeks after surgery. SWB was assessed with the social/family well-being subscale of the FACT-B. Leukocyte gene expression for specific pro-inflammatory (cytokines, chemokines, and COX-2) and pro-metastatic genes (e.g., MMP9) was derived from microarray analysis. Multiple regression analyses controlling for age, stage of disease, days since surgery, education, and body mass index (BMI) found higher levels of SWB related to less leukocyte pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic gene expression (p<0.05). Emotional well-being, physical well-being, and functional well-being did not relate to leukocyte gene expression (p>0.05). Greater SWB remained significantly associated with less leukocyte pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic gene expression after controlling for depressive symptoms. Results have implications for understanding mechanisms linking social resources to health-relevant biological processes in breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment. NCT01422551.

(429) Baseline pain intensity and pain interference moderate effects of cognitive behavioral stress management on leukocyte inflammatory gene expression in women with breast cancer

(429) Baseline pain intensity and pain interference moderate effects of cognitive behavioral stress management on leukocyte inflammatory gene expression in women with breast cancer

Exposure to phthalate, an endocrine disrupting chemical, alters first trimester placental gene expression in women

Altered placental function can result in abnormal fetal development and pregnancy complications and may affect health in later stages of life. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer, has been shown to alter the placental transcriptome in animal models. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to phthalates alters first trimester placental gene expression in women.

Aberrant Endometrial DNA Methylome and Associated Gene Expression in Women with Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent, progesterone-resistant disorder largely derived from retrograde transplantation of menstrual tissue/cells into the pelvis, eliciting an inflammatory response, pelvic pain, and infertility. Eutopic endometrium (within the uterus), giving rise to pelvic disease, displays cycle-dependent transcriptomic, proteomic, and signaling abnormalities, and although its DNA methylation profiles dynamically change across the cycle in healthy women, studies in endometriosis are limited. Herein, we investigated the DNA methylome and associated gene expression in three phases of the cycle in eutopic endometrium of women with severe endometriosis versus controls, matched for ethnicity, medications, smoking, and no recent contraceptive steroid use. Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression were coassessed in each sample. Cycle phase was determined by histology, serum hormone levels, and unsupervised principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses of microarray data. Altered endometrial DNA methylation in endometriosis was most prominent in the midsecretory phase (peak progesterone), with disruption of the normal pattern of cycle-dependent DNA methylation changes, including a bias toward methylation of CpG islands, suggesting wide-range abnormalities of the chromatin remodeling machinery in endometriosis. DNA methylation changes were associated with altered gene expression relevant to endometrial function/dysfunction, including cell proliferation, inflammation/immune response, angiogenesis, and steroid hormone response. The data provide insight into epigenetic reprogramming and steroid hormone actions in endometrium contributing to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis.

Endometrial gene expression of women with recurrent pregnancy losses and infertility

Endometrial gene expression of women with recurrent pregnancy losses and infertility

Endometriosis Located Proximal to or Remote From the Uterus Differentially Affects Uterine Gene Expression.

The mechanisms that lead to the altered uterine gene expression in women with endometriosis are poorly understood. Are these changes in gene expression mediated by proximity to endometriotic lesions or is endometriosis a systemic disease where the effect is independent of proximity to the uterus? To answer this question, we created endometriosis in a murine model either in the peritoneal cavity (proximal) or at a subcutaneous remote site (distal). The expression of several genes that are involved in endometrial receptivity (homeobox A10 [Hoxa10], homeobox A11 [Hoxa11], insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 [Igfbp1], Kruppel-like factor 9 [Klf9], and progesterone receptor [Pgr]) was measured in the eutopic endometrium of mice transplanted with either proximal or distal endometriosis lesions. Decreased expression of Hoxa10, Igfbp1, Klf9, and total Pgr genes was observed in the eutopic endometrium of mice with peritoneal endometriosis. In the mice with distal lesions, overall expression of these genes was not as severely affected, however, Igfbp1 expression was similarly decreased and the effect on Pgr was more pronounced. Endometriosis does have a systemic effect that varies with distance to the end organ. However, even remote disease selectively and profoundly alters the expression of genes such as Pgr. This is the first controlled experiment demonstrating that endometriosis is not simply a local peritoneal disease. Selective alteration of genes critical for endometrial receptivity and endometriosis propagation may be systemic. Similarly, systemic effects of endometriosis on other organs may also be responsible for the widespread manifestations of the disease.

Skeletal Muscle CAP Expression Increases after Dietary Restriction and Aerobic Training in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes.

The purpose is to determine the effects of 6 months caloric restriction and aerobic training (3x/wk) (CR+AEX) on c-CBL associated protein (CAP) gene expression in women with a history of GDM. CAP is involved in cell signaling and protein ubiquitination, and is linked to the development of insulin resistance. Obese (BMI=32 ± 1 kg/m2, % fat=46 ± 2, X ± SEM), sedentary (VO2 max=21.2 ± 1.2 ml/kg/min), women aged 52 ± 2 years participated in 6 months D+WL (n=10) with body composition, fitness (VO2 max), and glucose tolerance testing. Insulin sensitivity was assessed during the last 30 min of 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40 mU.m-2.min-1) pre and post interventions. Vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies (n=7) were conducted and CAP, GLUT4 and glycogen synthase (GS) gene expression measured by RT-PCR. No change in FFM by DXA was observed, but body weight decreased 8% with losses of total body fat mass (P<0.05) and a 10% increase in VO2 max (P<0.01). Glucose and insulin areas under the curve by OGTT decreased (P<0.05). Glucose utilization during the clamp increased 27% (23.1 ± 3.8 vs. 29.4 ± 3.6 umol.kg.min-1, P<0.05). Vastus lateralis skeletal muscle CAP expression increased 21% (P<0.05) but GLUT4 did not. Results suggest that changes in CAP could be involved in the improvement in glucose metabolism with caloric restriction and aerobic training in women with a history of gestational diabetes.

Vaginal Gene Expression During Treatment With Aromatase Inhibitors

BackgroundAromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment suppresses estrogen biosynthesis and causes genitourinary symptoms of menopause such as vaginal symptoms, ultimately affecting the quality of life for many postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine vaginal gene expression in women during treatment with AIs compared with estrogen-treated women. The secondary aim was to study the presence and localization of vaginal aromatase. Patients and MethodsVaginal biopsies were collected from postmenopausal women treated with AIs and from age-matched control women treated with vaginal estrogen therapy. Differential gene expression was studied with the Affymetrix Gene Chip Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA) system, Ingenuity pathway analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. ResultsThe expression of 279 genes differed between the 2 groups; AI-treated women had low expression of genes involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell adhesion. Some differentially expressed genes were found to interact indirectly with the estrogen receptor alpha. In addition, aromatase protein staining was evident in the basal and the intermediate vaginal epithelium layers, and also in stromal cells with a slightly stronger staining intensity found in AI-treated women. ConclusionIn this study, we demonstrated that genes involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell adhesion are differentially expressed in AI-treated women. The expression of vaginal aromatase suggests that this could be the result of local and systemic inhibition of aromatase. Our results emphasize the role of estrogen for vaginal cell differentiation and proliferation and future drug candidates should be aimed at improving cell differentiation and proliferation.

Placental expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase and NO metabolism in gestational hypertension: a case–control study

Objective: Hypertension is one of the most common medical disorders in pregnancy and a role of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism has been described. Thus, the present work aimed at determining placental gene expression of eNOS and iNOS, to measure NO and ONOO− levels in patients with gestational hypertension (GH). Methods: Fifteen patients with GH and 15 healthy pregnant controls were enrolled in the study. Placental tissue was taken immediately after delivery and was stored at −80 °C until analysis. A piece of frozen tissue was homogenized in the appropriate buffer. Total RNA was extracted and was reverse transcribed to obtain complementary DNA that was used for real-time PCR for iNOS and eNOS expression, whereas NO and ONOO− production were measured by commercially available kits. Results: Placental eNOS and iNOS mRNA levels were significantly reduced in GH when compared to controls. NO and ONOO− production were both significantly higher in GH than controls. Conclusions: The reduced eNOS and iNOS gene expression in women with GH reinforces the hypothesis that the mechanisms involving NO pathways, may promote oxidative damage, by contributing to the reduced blood flow and increased resistance in the feto–maternal circulation and suggests the use of NO modulators as useful tools in GH management.

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension influence on insulin receptor substrate-1gene expression: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background:Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) Type 1 is a main substrate for the insulin receptor, controls insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the vascular, so it is an important candidate gene for insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to compare the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Usual Dietary Advices (UDA) on IRS1 gene expression in women at risk for cardiovascular disease.Materials and Methods:A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 44 women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomly assigned to a UDA diet or the DASH diet. The DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets, with a total of 2400 mg/day sodium. The UDA diet was a regular diet with healthy dietary advice. Gene expression was assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction at the first of study and after 12 weeks. Independent sample t-test and paired-samples t-test were used to compare means of all variables within and between two groups respectively.Results:IRS1 gene expression was increased in DASH group compared with UDA diet (P = 0.00). Weight and waist circumference decreased in DASH group significantly compared to the UDA group (P < 0.05) but the results between the two groups showed no significant difference.Conclusion:DASH diet increased IRS1 gene expression and probably has beneficial effects on IR risks.

115: A comprehensive analysis of the human decidual and placental villous transcriptomes in women with preeclampsia (PE) using next generation sequencing (RNA-seq)

In depth understanding of the decidual and placental villous transcriptomes promises to yield insight into the pathogenesis of PE. We performed genome-wide transcriptome RNA sequencing analysis to discover key transcripts and signature transcriptome pathways involved in gene expression of the preeclamptic decidua and placental villi. The placental decidua basalis and villous tissue transcriptomes were evaluated in women with severe PE (sPE), n=5, mean±SD, GA: 30±2wks. For comparison we used placental decidua and villous biopsies of women matched for GA with spontaneous idiopathic preterm birth (iPTB), n=5, GA: 32±1wks, and physiologic pregnancy at term, n=5, GA: 39±1 wks. Deep RNA sequencing was performed on long and short sequence libraries using the Illumina platform. Statistical analysis and pathway mapping were performed using 'DESeq2', 'edgeR', DIANA miRPath and KEGG. sPE was differentiated from term gestation by 17 miRNA and 632 long decidual transcripts. Comparative analysis among the same groups identified 20 miRNAs and 663 long RNA transcripts that were different in the villi. Analysis of the sequence reads of the decidua and villi of sPE vs iPTB identified a number of up- and down- regulated miRNAs linked to a large number of biological processes (Table). By using RNAseq we report novel candidate miRNAs, long RNAs, and pathways that may be instrumental in the transcriptional regulation of decidual and villous gene expression in women with sPE.

Gene expression of cumulus cells in women with poor ovarian response after dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation

ObjectiveOur previous study showed the potential benefits of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation in women with a poor ovarian response (POR). Because the connection between cumulus cells (CCs) and oocytes is a key step for oocyte maturation, we supposed that altered gene expression of CCs in women with POR after DHEA supplementation might favor oocyte maturation. Materials and methodsWomen with POR treated with flexible daily gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles at The Reproductive Center in Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan between January 2013 and October 2013 were enrolled for this prospective study. CCs were isolated during IVF before and after DHEA (CPH-Formulation, Oakdale, CA, USA) supplementation. Nine genes of isolated CCs, including hyaluronan synthase (HAS2), versican (VCAN), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), chromobox homolog 3 (CBX3), tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), and ankyrin repeat domain 57 (ANKRD57), were compared. ResultsThere was a significant difference in the expression of genes in women with POR before and after DHEA supplementation (all p < 0.05). All genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, including HAS2, VCAN, and THBS1, were upregulated. By contrast, all genes involving cell development, differentiation, and apoptosis regulation were downregulated. Unknown function gene ANKRD57 was also downregulated after DHEA supplementation. Although expressions of both BCL2 and BAX were decreased in women with POR after DHEA supplementation compared to those before treatment, the ratio of BCL2 and BAX was significantly increased in women with POR after DHEA supplementation, suggesting that DHEA supplementation might activate the antiapoptosis process of CCs, which might be beneficial to the improvement of ovarian function in women with POR. ConclusionThe study showed that DHEA therapy positively affected the gene expression of CCs in women with POR, and provided evidence to support the positive effect of DHEA supplementation on women with POR.

JAK2, STAT3 and SOCS3 gene expression in women with and without breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a disease that arises from the accumulation of alterations in the genome of cells that make up the mammary gland. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway has been reported to participate in the development of breast cancer and is activated by adipocytokines such as leptin, which are elevated in obesity. In contrast, alterations in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene expression have been found in patients with decreased breast cancer metastasis. The current study sought to identify whether JAK2, STAT3 and SOCS3 gene expression is associated with body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer. This was a cross-sectional prospective study. JAK2, STAT3 and SOCS3 gene expression levels were determined using RT-qPCR from the biopsies of 26 patients with breast cancer and 43 patients with benign breast lesions. We compared the expression of these genes, relative to the housekeeping genes, ACTB and GAPDH, against BMI, clinical stage and immunohistochemistry. STAT3 gene expression was increased in breast cancer patients (p≤0.001; AUC=0.65; AUC 95% CI: 0.5-0.8), and SOCS3 expression was decreased in obese patients with benign breast lesions (p≤0.001; AUC=0.51; AUC 95% CI: 0.36-0.65). With regard to the clinical stage, there were significant differences in STAT3 gene expression between stage II and III (p≤0.011) and stage II and IV (p≤0.033) breast cancers. Among all women, there was a positive correlation between JAK2 and STAT3 expression (R=0.493, p=0.000). In addition, breast cancers that were negative for HER2 were associated with JAK2 and SOCS3 (R=0.645, p=0.003). High levels of STAT3 expression were associated with early stages of breast cancer development and patients in the control group with obesity showed higher expression of SOCS3 regarding overweight.

Hedgehog signalling in primary cervix xenograft (OCICx) models: A potential new therapeutic target in combination with chemoradiotherapy.

11120 Background: Overcoming treatment resistance and repopulation in patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy for primary treatment of cervical cancer is critical in order to improve long-term survival. Upregulation of Hh gene expression in women with cervical cancer prior to chemoradiotherapy is associated with a worse outcome. Aim: to investigate inhibition of the Hh pathway in combination with chemoradiotherapy in orthotopic primary cervical cancer xenograft models (OCICX). Methods: mRNA expression levels of Hh pathway members were characterized using qRT-PCR analysis in OCICx models. To simulate clinical treatment 5E1 (antibody blocking SHH and IHH ligand interaction with PTCH1) was administered to mice bearing cervix xenografts (20 mg/kg/weekly) with localized fractionated irradiation (15 x 2Gy fractions given 5 days/wk over 3 wks). Tumor growth delay, lymph node metastases, survival and toxicity were assessed. Results: The OCICX models exhibited matched levels of Hh gene expression compared to the pa...

Therapeutic Properties of Aerobic Training After a Cancer Diagnosis: More Than a One-Trick Pony?

Until recently there was a prevailing dogma that cancer patients may be unable to safely participate in, benefit from, or tolerate structured exercise training/rehabilitation. Nevertheless, two factors pointed to the potential benefit of exercise in cancer patients: 1) the robust efficacy of exercise to favorably impact multiple physiological and psychosocial outcomes in noncancer clinical populations with similar symptomatology and limitations to exercise and 2) the emergence and importance of cancer survivorship. These factors provided the ideal platform and rationale to launch initial studies testing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of exercise in patients with cancer (1). The past decade has witnessed a relative explosion in research, as well as clinical interest, in the application of exercise, as well as more general physical activity, in the context of cancer control efforts (1).