Gene Expression In Liver Tissue Research Articles

Calpain 1 gene expression in liver tissue and the association of novel calpain 1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with meat quality in Bali cattle

Abstract. Calpain 1 (CAPN1) is an enzyme that influences meat tenderization, and it is involved in post mortem proteolysis. The bovine CAPN1 gene was chosen as a candidate gene for DNA sequencing to identify novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons 8–10 and assess their associations with meat quality in Bali cattle. In an analysis of 95 Bali cattle, two novel SNPs (g.5327C>T and g.5959C>T) were identified in exons and four novel SNPs (g.5534C>T, g.5807A>C, g.5857G>A, and g.5869T>C) were discovered in introns. Allelic frequency was evaluated, and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found for all SNPs in Bali cattle. The marbling score and intramuscular fat content as determined by ultrasound were associated with g.5869T>C and g.5959C>T. g.5327C>T was associated with pH and meat color in Bali cattle, whereas two other SNPs (g.5869T>C and g.5959C>T) were associated with Warner–Bratzler shear force and meat color. Furthermore, g.5869T>C was associated with linolenic acid content, and g.5959C>T with caprylic and linolenic acid levels. However, intronic SNPs (g.5534C>T, g.5807A>C, and g.5857G>A) did not significantly affect meat quality in Bali cattle. Quantitative real-time PCR of liver tissue revealed that the mRNA expression of CAPN1 significantly differed (P<0.05) among the CT, CC, and TT genotypes. The results suggest that genetic variability in loci within CAPN1 might be associated with meat quality in Bali cattle.

Stress-Related Gene Expression in Liver Tissues from Laying Hens Housed in Conventional Cage and Cage-Free Systems in the Tropics.

Global egg production is mainly based on cage systems, which have been associated with negative effects on the welfare of birds. Stress factors in restrictive production systems can lead to changes in gene transcription and protein synthesis, ultimately impacting the quality of poultry products. The liver serves various metabolic functions, such as glycogen storage, and plays a crucial role in animals' adaptation to environmental changes. Consequently, both internal and external conditions can influence liver functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of AGP, CRP, NOX4, SOD1, CAT, GPX1, SREBF1, and FXR in the liver of laying hens under two different production systems. Liver tissues from Hy-Line Brown hens housed in conventional cage and cage-free egg production systems at 60 and 80 weeks of production were used. mRNA transcript levels were determined by qPCR using the relative quantification method and ACTB as the reference gene. AGP, SOD1, and SREBF1 gene expressions were significantly higher in the conventional cage group at the 60 weeks of production. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of transcripts related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were higher in the group of laying hens housed in conventional cages compared to those in cage-free systems. These results suggest differential gene expression of genes related to oxidative stress in liver tissues from hens housed in conventional cages compared to cage-free systems. The conditions of the egg production system can impact the gene expression of oxidative stress and lipid synthesis genes, potentially leading to changes in the metabolism and performance of hens, including egg quality.

Castanopsis sieboldii Extract Alleviates Acute Liver Injury by Antagonizing Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis.

Castanopsis sieboldii (CS), a subtropical species, was reported to have antioxidant and antibacterial effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of CS have not been studied. This study aimed to investigate whether the 70% ethanol extract of the CS leaf (CSL3) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and LPS and ATP-induced pyroptosis in macrophages. CSL3 treatment inhibited NO release and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated cells. CSL3 antagonized NF-κB and AP-1 activation, which was due to MAPK (p38, ERK, and JNK) inhibition. CSL3 successfully decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increased IL-1β expression. CSL3 treatment diminished LPS and ATP-induced pore formation in GSDMD. The in vivo effect of CSL3 on acute liver injury was evaluated in a CCl4-treated mouse model. CCl4 treatment increased the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which decreased by CSL3. In addition, CCl4-induced an increase in TNF-α, and IL-6 levels decreased by CSL3 treatment. Furthermore, we verified that the CCl4-induced inflammasome and pyroptosis-related gene expression in liver tissue and release of IL-1β into serum were suppressed by CSL3 treatment. Our results suggest that CSL3 protects against acute liver injury by inhibiting inflammasome formation and pyroptosis.

Investigating the hepatoprotective potentiality of marine-derived steroids as promising inhibitors of liver fibrosis.

It has been reported that organic extracts derived from soft corals belonging to the genus Sarcophyton have exhibited a wide range of therapeutic characteristics. Based on biochemical and histological techniques, we aimed to assess the hepatoprotective role of the organic extract and its principal steroidal contents derived from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum on acetaminophen-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Serum liver function parameters (ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin) were quantified using a spectrophotometer, and both alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits while transformed growth factor beta (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in liver tissue homogenate were determined using ELISA, and TGF-β and TNF-α gene expression in liver tissue was determined using real-time PCR following extraction and purification. Histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue were also examined under a microscope. In order to prioritize the isolation and characterization of the most promising marine steroids from the organic extract of the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum as hepatoprotective agents, a computational approach was employed. This approach involved molecular docking (MDock) and analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) against glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and Cu-Zn human superoxide dismutase (Cu-ZnSOD) enzymes. Although the major role in the detoxification of foreign chemicals and toxic metabolites of GST and SOD enzymes is known, there is a lack of knowledge about the mode of action of the hepatoprotective process and those of the targets involved. The present study investigated the multiple interactions of a series of marine steroids with the GST and SOD enzymes, in order to reveal insights into the process of hepatoprotection.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Hepatotoxicity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Black-Spotted Frogs (Rana nigromaculata)

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is frequently detected in the environment and accumulates in amphibians such as black-spotted frogs (Rana nigromaculata) with toxic effects; however, the mechanism underlying this toxicity is unclear. In this study, male black-spotted frogs were exposed to 10 μg/L waterborne PFOA for 21 days. Subsequently, the effect of PFOA exposure on gene expression in liver tissue was investigated using transcriptomic techniques. In total, 754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 389 up-regulated and 365 down-regulated) were identified. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment and Gene Ontology functional enrichment analyses, the DEGs were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, endocrine functions, and immunity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 15 selected DEGs revealed a high correlation (R2 = 0.9917) with the transcriptomic results. These results indicated that the PFOA hepatotoxicity in frogs is mediated mainly by lipid metabolism dysregulation, endocrine system disruption, and immunotoxicity. This study provides insights into the hepatotoxic mechanism of PFOA and other perfluorinated compounds in amphibians.

Disentangling the developmental origins of a novel phenotype: enhancement versus reversal of environmentally induced gene expression.

Increasing evidence suggests that many novel traits might have originated via plasticity-led evolution (PLE). Yet, little is known of the developmental processes that underpin PLE, especially in its early stages. One such process is 'phenotypic accommodation', which occurs when, in response to a change in the environment, an organism experiences adjustments across variable parts of its phenotype that improve its fitness. Here, we asked if environmentally induced changes in gene expression are enhanced or reversed during phenotypic accommodation of a novel, complex phenotype in spadefoot toad tadpoles (Spea multiplicata). More genes than expected were affected by both the environment and phenotypic accommodation in the liver and brain. However, although phenotypic accommodation primarily reversed environmentally induced changes in gene expression in liver tissue, it enhanced these changes in brain tissue. Thus, depending on the tissue, phenotypic accommodation may either minimize functional disruption via reversal of gene expression patterns or promote novelty via enhancement of existing expression patterns. Our study thereby provides insights into the developmental origins of a novel phenotype and the incipient stages of PLE.

BIODEGRADED MANGO PEEL BASED DIETS ALTERS LIPOGENIC GENES AND mRNA EXPRESSION IN GROWING RABBITS.

This study investigated the effect of bio fermented mango peel meal (FMPM) on lipid metabolism – related gene expression in liver tissues and abdominal adipose tissue in weaned rabbits. Twenty (20) weaned New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to four dietary groups with five (5) rabbits in each group in a completely randomized design experiment. The diets had a control(G1) supplemented with unfermented mango seed meal, an experiment diet of mango peel fermented by either of P. ostreatus, (G2) and P. rivulosis (G3) and combinations of P. ostreatus plus P. rivulosis 50:50 (G4).The results showed that FMPM supplementation down regulated the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in liver tissues and the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression in abdominal fat tissues (P< 0.05). The mRNA expression of perixisomeproliferators activated receptor - alpha (PPAR-α) compared to control group, was up regulated in the livers of rabbits on fermented diets (P<0.05). However gene expressions of PPAR-γ and L-FABP liver fatty acid binding protein were not altered (P> 0.05) in rabbits fed FMPM supplemented diets. These findings indicated that FMPM regulated lipid metabolism by either increasing or decreasing the expression of lipogenic genes and altering multiple pathways in the liver. This information provided new essential information and demonstrated great potential inherent in nutrigenomics in researching nutrients added to livestock diets.

Multiomic analysis of dark tea extract on glycolipid metabolic disorders in db/db mice.

Glycolipid metabolic disorder is a serious threat to human health. Dark tea is a kind of traditional Chinese tea, which may regulate the glycolipid metabolic disorders. Dark tea extract (DTE) is the water extraction obtained from dark tea. Compared with traditional dark tea, DTE has the benefits of convenient consumption and greater potential for promoting health. However, the regulation of DTE on glycolipid metabolism and its molecular mechanism is rarely investigated. In our study, DTE was used as raw material to study the effect and molecular mechanism of its intervention on the glycolipid metabolic in db/db diabetic mice by using multiomics analysis and modern biological techniques. (1) DTE could significantly reduce fasting glucose in diabetic db/db mice, and the higher dose group has a better effect. Histopathological examination showed that DTE slightly improve the number of islets and decrease the number of islet β cells in the pancreatic tissue in db/db mice. (2) RNA-Seq was used to analyze the gene expression in liver tissue. In terms of biological processes, DTE mainly affected the inflammation and fatty acid metabolism. In terms of cell components, the lipoprotein and respiratory chain are mainly affected. In the aspect of molecular function, DTE mainly affected the redox related enzyme activity, iron ion binding and glutathione transferase. Arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, glutathione metabolism and PPAR signaling pathway were enriched by DTE with the results of KEGG pathway enrichment. In addition, real-time PCR results confirmed that DTE could significantly activate key genes of PPAR signaling pathway like Fabp1, Cyp4a1, Ehhadh, Cyp4a32, Aqp7 and Me1. (3) 16s rDNA showed that DTE could significantly decrease the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and the abundance of Proteobacteria, and increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia at the phylum level. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae, Bacteroides and Alloprevotella was significantly increased after DTE treatment. This study provides multiomics molecular evidence for the intervention effect of DTE on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and the application of precise nutritional diet intervention of dark tea extract.

Short-Term Effect of Aerobic Exercise and High-Fat Diet and Consumption of Curcumin Extract on Leptin Gene Expression in Liver Tissue in Male Rats

Short-Term Effect of Aerobic Exercise and High-Fat Diet and Consumption of Curcumin Extract on Leptin Gene Expression in Liver Tissue in Male Rats

A novel mouse model of diabetes, atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease using an AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y injection and dietary manipulation in db/db mice

Preclinical mouse models of cardiometabolic diseases are crucial to study the pathological mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases and to explore potential new therapeutic agents. Using double-knockouts in the background of ApoE−/− or Ldlr−/− mice requires an extensive amount of breeding and is costly. A significant breakthrough in atherosclerosis research is the use of AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y (a gain-of-function mutant of PCSK9 which promotes LDLR degradation) injection which can induce hyperlipidemia, increased endothelial stiffness, vascular calcification, aneurysm, and atherosclerotic plaque development in normal C57BL/6J mice. The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility that the injection of AAV8-PCSK9 vectors in db/db mice (a well-established animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus) produces a novel mouse model of diabetes, atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease to study the pathomechanisms of cardiometabolic disease and its complications. Db/db mice were injected with AAV8-PCSK9-D377Y (AAV8-PCSK9 for simplicity) or AAV8-control and fed with high-cholesterol diets for 8 weeks. Levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly elevated in AAV8-PCSK9-injected mice compared to the controls. AAV8-PCSK9 injection led to increased serum level of PCSK9, serious liver steatosis, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic plaque as determined by aortic arch/roots histopathological staining, with Oil Red O, Masson-trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RNA sequencing and bioinformatics were used to assess the global gene expression in liver tissues. We conclude that AAV8-PCSK9 injection in db/db mice is a promising and time-efficient approach to induce diabetic atherosclerosis with fatty liver. This mouse model can be a new one to investigate the etiology and therapeutics of atherosclerosis with diabetes and fatty liver beyond the traditional model established in ApoE−/− mice or LDLR−/− mice receiving streptozotocin (STZ) injection.

Treatment with spexin mitigates diet-induced hepatic steatosis in vivo and in vitro through activation of galanin receptor 2

It was reported that spexin as an adipocyte-secreted protein could regulate obesity and insulin resistance. However, the specific metabolic contribution of spexin to fatty liver remains incompletely understood. Herein, we investigated the effects of spexin on hepatosteatosis and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. HFD-fed mice were injected with spexin and/or GALR2 antagonist M871, while PA-induced HepG2 cells were treated with spexin in the absence or presence of M871 for 12 h, respectively. Gene expression in liver tissues and hepatocytes was assessed by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that body weight, visceral fat content, liver lipid droplet formation, hepatic intracellular triglyceride, and serum triglyceride were reduced in spexin-treated mice. Furthermore, spexin increased the expression of hepatic CPT1A, PPARα, SIRT1, KLF9, PGC-1α and PEPCK in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, spexin treatment improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice fed the HFD. Interestingly, these spexin-mediated beneficial effects were abolished by the GALR2 antagonist M871 in mice fed HFD and PA-induced HepG2 cells, suggesting that spexin mitigated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by activating the GALR2, thereby increasing CPT1A, PPARα, SIRT1, KLF9, PGC-1α and PEPCK expression. Taken together, these data suggest that spexin ameliorates NAFLD by improving lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation via activation of GALR2 signaling.

Mapping short tandem repeats for liver gene expression traits helps prioritize potential causal variants for complex traits in pigs

BackgroundShort tandem repeats (STRs) were recently found to have significant impacts on gene expression and diseases in humans, but their roles on gene expression and complex traits in pigs remain unexplored. This study investigates the effects of STRs on gene expression in liver tissues based on the whole-genome sequences and RNA-Seq data of a discovery cohort of 260 F6 individuals and a validation population of 296 F7 individuals from a heterogeneous population generated from crosses among eight pig breeds.ResultsWe identified 5203 and 5868 significantly expression STRs (eSTRs, FDR < 1%) in the F6 and F7 populations, respectively, most of which could be reciprocally validated (π1 = 0.92). The eSTRs explained 27.5% of the cis-heritability of gene expression traits on average. We further identified 235 and 298 fine-mapped STRs through the Bayesian fine-mapping approach in the F6 and F7 pigs, respectively, which were significantly enriched in intron, ATAC peak, compartment A and H3K4me3 regions. We identified 20 fine-mapped STRs located in 100 kb windows upstream and downstream of published complex trait-associated SNPs, which colocalized with epigenetic markers such as H3K27ac and ATAC peaks. These included eSTR of the CLPB, PGLS, PSMD6 and DHDH genes, which are linked with genome-wide association study (GWAS) SNPs for blood-related traits, leg conformation, growth-related traits, and meat quality traits, respectively.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the effects of STRs on gene expression traits. The identified eSTRs are valuable resources for prioritizing causal STRs for complex traits in pigs.

Obese rats intervened with Rhizoma coptidis revealed differential gene expression and microbiota by serum metabolomics

BackgroundIntegrating systems biology is an approach for investigating metabolic diseases in humans. However, few studies use this approach to investigate the mechanism by which Rhizoma coptidis (RC) reduces the effect of lipids and glucose on high-fat induced obesity in rats.MethodsTwenty-four specific pathogen-free (SPF) male Sprague–Dawley rats (80 ± 10 g) were used in this study. Serum metabolomics were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Liver tissue and cecum feces were used for RNA-Seq technology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively.ResultsWe identified nine potential biomarkers, which are differential metabolites in the Control, Model and RC groups, including linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, stearic acid, and L-Alloisoleucine (p < 0.01). The liver tissue gene expression profile indicated the circadian rhythm pathway was significantly affected by RC (Q ≤ 0.05). A total of 149 and 39 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were highly associated with biochemical indicators and potential biomarkers in the cecum samples (FDR ≤ 0.05), respectively, were identified.ConclusionThis work provides information to better understand the mechanism of the effect of RC intervention on hyperlipidemia and hypoglycemic effects in obese rats. The present study demonstrates that integrating systems biology may be a powerful tool to reveal the complexity of metabolic diseases in rats intervened by traditional Chinese medicine.

Study on mechanism of matrine in treatment of COVID-19 combined with liver injury by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

The aim of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of matrine in treatment of COVID-19 combined with liver injury. Potential targets related to matrine, COVID-19 and liver injury were identified from several databases. We constructed PPI network and screened the core targets according to the degree value. Then, GO and KEGG enrichment were carried out. Molecular docking technology was used to verify the affinity between matrine and the crystal structure of core target protein. Finally, real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the effects of matrine on hub gene expression in liver tissue of liver injury mice and lung tissue of lung injury mice to further confirm the results of network pharmacological analysis. The results show that six core targets including AKT1, TP53, TNF, IL6, BCL2L1 and ATM were identified. The potential therapeutic mechanism of matrine on COVID-19 combined with liver injury is closely related to regulate antiviral process, improve immune system and regulate the level of inflammatory factors. Molecular docking showed that matrine could spontaneously bind to the receptor protein and had strong binding force. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that matrine could significantly reduce the expression of AKT1, TP53, TNF, IL6 and ATM in mice with liver injury or lung injury (P < 0.05), and increase the expression of BCL2L1 to a certain extent (P > 0.05). Our results indicate that matrine can achieve simultaneous intervention of COVID-19 combined with liver injury by multi-dimensional pharmacological mechanism.

PCR analysis of the expression of chromosome 18 genes in human liver tissue: interindividual variability

Using human chromosome 18 (Ch18) genes as an example, a PCR analysis of the interindividual variability of gene expression in liver tissue was performed. Although the quantitative profiles of the Ch18 transcriptome, expressed in the number of cDNA copies per single cell, showed a high degree of correlation between donors (Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.963 to 0.966), the expression of the significant number of genes (from 13% to 19%, depending on the method of experimental data normalization) varied by more than 4-fold when comparing donors pairwise. At the same time, the proportion of differentially expressed genes increased with a decrease in the level of their expression. It is shown that the higher quantitative variability of low-abundance transcripts is mainly not technical, but biological. Bioinformatic analysis of the interindividual variability of the differential expression of chromosome 18 genes in human liver tissue did not reveal any statistically significant groups of genes related to certain biological processes that indicated a rather transient nature of the interindividual variability of their expression, probably reflecting the response of cells of an individual to specific external stimuli.

Full transcriptome analysis of gene expression in liver of mice in a comparative study of quercetin efficiency on two obesity models

Quercetin (Q; 3,3',4',5,7 - pentahydroxyflavone) can help alleviate the pathological effects of nutritional obesity and metabolic syndrome when taken as part of products for special dietary needs and food supplements. The mechanisms of action of Q at the genetic level are not well understood. To study gene expression in liver tissue of mice with alimentary and genetically determined obesity upon intake of Q with diet. During 46 days of the experiment on 32 male C57Bl/6J mice fed a diet with an excess of fat and fructose and 24 male genetically obese db/db mice the effect of Q in dose of 25 or 100 mg/kg of body weight was studied on differential expression of 39430 genes in mice livers by full transcriptome profiling on microchip according to the Agilent One-Color Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis Low Input Quick Amp Labeling protocol (version 6.8). To identify metabolic pathways (KEGGs) that were targets of Q exposure, transcriptomic data were analyzed using bioinformatics methods in an "R" environment. Differences were revealed in the nature of Q supplementation action in animals with dietary induced and genetically determined obesity on a number of key metabolic pathways, including the metabolism of lipids and steroids (Saa3, Cidec, Scd1, Apoa4, Acss2, Fabp5, Car3, Acacb, Insig2 genes), amino acids and nitrogen bases (Ngef, Gls2), carbohydrates (G6pdx, Pdk4), regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and proliferation (Btg3, Cgref1, Fst, Nrep Tuba8), neurotransmission (Grin2d, Camk2b), immune system reactions (CD14i, Jchain, Ifi27l2b). The data obtained help to explain the ambiguous effectiveness of Q, like other polyphenols, in the dietary treatment of various forms of obesity in humans, as well as to form a set of sensitive biomarkers that allow us to elucidate the effectiveness of minor biologically active food substances in preclinical trials of new means of metabolic correction of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Role of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse and the underlying mechanisms.

To investigate the role of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 (TRPM2) in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury of mouse (HIRI) and the possible mechanisms. Sixty adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: a sham group (S group), a HIRI model group (M group), a TRPM2 adenovirus interference vector group (T group), and a TRPM2 adenovirus control vector group (C group) (n=15 in each group). The liver tissues of mice before perfusion were obtained. The efficiency of adenovirus infection was detected by fluorescence microscopy, and the silencing efficiency of adenovirus against TRPM2 was detected by real-time PCR.The abdominal aorta blood and liver tissues were collected from mice at 2, 4 and 8 h after reperfusion. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum of mice were detected. Hepatic pathological changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The protein expression of TRPM2 and Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1) in liver tissues was detected by Western blotting. Changes of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities in liver tissues were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A strong signal of green fluorescence was observed in the liver tissues of mice in the T and C groups compared to the S or M group. Compared with the S, M or C group, the expression of TRPM2 mRNA in liver tissue in the T group was significantly down-regulated (all P<0.05). The morphology of hepatocytes was normal in the S group under light microscope.Hepatic sinus dilatation, congestion, hepatocyte degeneration, central necrosis of lobule, and massive inflammatory granulocyte infiltration were observed in the M and C group, respectively. The degree of hepatocyte damage in the T group was significantly reduced compared with that in the M and C group, respectively. Compared with the S group, the serum ALT and AST activities in the M, T and C groups were significantly increased at 2, 4 and 8 h after reperfusion (all P<0.05). Compared with the M or C group, the serum ALT and AST activities in the T group were significantly lower in serum of mice at 2, 4, and 8 h after reperfusion (all P<0.05). Compared with the M or C group, the serum SOD activity in the T group was significantly increased at 2, 4, and 8 h after reperfusion (all P<0.05), while the serum MDA and MPO activities were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). The protein expression of TRPM2 and RAC1 in liver tissues in the T group were significantly lower than those in the M and C groups at 2, 4 and 8 h after reperfusion (all P<0.05). Pretreatment with TRPM2 adenovirus interference vector can effectively silence TRPM2 gene expression in liver tissues of mice and attenuate HIRI, which may be related to inhibiting oxidative stress and reducing the expression of RAC1 protein.

The Protective Effect of Cinnamon against Thermally Oxidized Palm Oil in Broiler Chickens

The present study was planned to investigate the extent of the protective effect of cinnamon against the possible damage effect of thermally oxidized palm oil on broiler chicks. A total number of 150 one d-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The first group was served as control and fed the basal diet with tap water. While the 2ndgroup fed the basal diet supplemented with 2g cinnamon/kg diet, the 3rd group fed the basal diet supplemented with 5% thermally oxidized palm oil in combination with 2g cinnamon/kg diet. The experiment has lasted till chicks were 42 d old. Bodyweight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio was estimated. Estimation of the effect of different treatments on the PPAR-α gene expression, Estimation of the lipid profile in serum, Estimation of the cholesterol level in the liver tissue. Correlation between the cholesterol level in both serum and liver tissue and determination of oxidative stress markers in serum. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon increases body weight and feed consumption plus improving the feed conversion ratio. Cinnamon also causes a significant increase in the PPAR-α gene expression in liver tissue, decreases the cholesterol concentrations in serum and liver, decreases triglycerides in serum and decreases the oxidative stress markers.

Influence of Thermally Oxidized Palm Oil on Growth Performance and PPAR-α Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

The present study was planned to investigate the effect of thermally oxidized palm oil on the broiler performances, liver gene expression, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers. A total number of 150 one d-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups. The first group was served as control and fed the basal diets with tap water. The second group fed the basal diet supplemented with 5% fresh palm oil, the third group fed the basal diet supplemented with 5% thermally oxidized palm oil. The experiment continued till chicks were 42 d old. Body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio was estimated. Estimation of the effect of different treatments on the liver gene expression, Estimation of the lipid profile in serum, Estimation of the cholesterol level in the liver tissue. Correlation between the cholesterol level in both serum and liver tissue. Determination of oxidative stress markers in serum. The results showed that the supplementation of thermally oxidized palm oil decrease the body weight, reduce feed consumption, and increase the feed conversion ratio. Thermally oxidized oil cause a significant increase in the PPAR-α gene expression in liver tissue, increase the cholesterol concentrations in serum and liver, elevate triglycerides in serum and elevate the oxidative stress markers..

Identification of cadaveric liver tissues using thanatotranscriptome biomarkers

Thanatotranscriptome studies involve the examination of mRNA transcript abundance and gene expression patterns in the internal organs of deceased humans. Postmortem gene expression is indicative of the cellular status of a corpse at the time of death, a portion of which may represent a cascade of molecular events occasioned by death. Specific gene biomarkers identify perceptible transcriptional changes induced by stochastic responses to the cessation of biological functions. Transcriptome analyses of postmortem mRNA from a tissue fragment may determine unique molecular identifiers for specific organs and demonstrate unique patterns of gene expression that can provide essential contextual anatomical information. We evaluated the impact of targeted transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing to reveal global changes in postmortem gene expression in liver tissues from 27 Italian and United States corpses: 3.5-hour-old to 37-day-old. We found that our single blind study using eight liver tissue-specific gene biomarkers (e.g. AMBP and AHSG) is highly specific, with autopsy-derived organ samples correctly identified as tissues originating from postmortem livers. The results demonstrate that 98–100% of sequencing reads were mapped to these liver biomarkers. Our findings indicate that gene expression signatures of mRNA exposed up to 37 days of autolysis, can be used to validate the putative identity of tissue fragments.