Occupational Gender Research Articles

Does she compensate the victim while he punishes the perpetrator? No gender differences in anonymous economic games across 11 nations

AbstractSocial role theory posits that occupational gender roles give rise to gender differences in behavior, such that men and women engage in qualitatively different prosocial behaviors. Therefore, we expected that women who observed an unfair situation (involving a victim and a perpetrator) would respond by demonstrating communal prosocial behavior (by compensating the victim), whereas men would respond with agentic prosocial behavior (by punishing the perpetrator). Furthermore, on the basis of social role theory, we expected that gender differences would be more pronounced in countries with a more unequal distribution of men and women in communal and agentic occupational roles. The current research tested the predictions using an economic game. Two studies consisting of samples from 10 countries (Study 1, N = 1,791) and a student sample from Germany (Study 2, N = 193) showed no support for the predicted gender differences in prosocial behavior and no systematic relationship between prosocial behavior and gender roles across countries.

Application of smart wearable sensors in office buildings for modelling of occupants’ metabolic responses

This paper reports and discusses the results of a field study focusing on the examination of thermal comfort conditions in two public buildings in Croatia. The wearable sensors were used for monitoring the occupants’ metabolic responses, along with the standard equipment for measuring thermal comfort. The occupants’ subjective comfort sensation was also investigated through a survey questionnaire and was used in conjunction with the measured data. A total number of eight occupants participated in the study, located in two office buildings in different climates. The modeling of the metabolic responses was obtained by means of artificial neural networks and the simulated values were compared with the measured ones. The validation of the models showed overlapping of 90%. However, they should be tested on a larger number of occupants. The study results revealed that the MET response usually varied between values 1.0 and 2.0, no matter the season, which is rather high for office activities according to standards, and indicates the inapplicability of static MET value usage in the calculation of PMV indexes. The implementation of wearable sensors provided accurate information on the dynamic changes of the building occupant's metabolic rate during working hours, enabling the reliable model algorithm creation to increase occupant satisfaction and potential energy savings. Finally, the differences between the two examined buildings’ thermal conditions were analyzed and useful findings regarding age, gender and physical fitness of occupants and their satisfactory level of comfort conditions were presented.

Resource Profiles in Late Working Life – A Latent Profile Analysis Using the HILDA Panel Survey

Resources are central to both the challenges posed by aging workforces, as well as the strategies that can be used to manage these challenges. This study aims to contribute to the literature on resources and aging at work by providing a novel person-centered approach to resources in late working life. Using Latent Profile Analysis with data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics Australia (HILDA) Panel Survey, and an extensive typology of resources drawn from the resources literature, five distinct resource profiles are identified in the 50-70 year old Australian worker sample (N = 1361). Differences were found between the five distinct resource profiles on mean intended retirement age, perceived employability, job and life satisfaction 1-year later. Occupational status, gender and marital status were found to significantly decrease the likelihood of belonging to a resource profile with high levels of resources in one or more resource categories. Theoretical implications of these findings for key concepts in the resource and aging at work literatures including successful aging and sustainable employability are discussed.

Gender at Work Across Nations: Men and Women Working in Male‐Dominated and Female‐Dominated Occupations are Differentially Associated with Agency and Communion

AbstractOccupational gender segregation is a worldwide phenomenon. Research from Western regions such as the United States and Europe shows that the observation of occupational gender segregation can perpetuate gender stereotypes (social role theory; men are ascribed agentic traits, whereas women are ascribed communal traits). However, predictions from social role theory have not been well‐tested in non‐Western nations. In a study with 1,918 participants from 10 nations systematically differing in gender inequality, we investigated the extent to which target men and women in gender‐segregated occupations are associated with stereotype‐relevant traits. Results showed that 12 preselected occupations were perceived as gender‐segregated in all nations. In line with social role theory, across nations, target men and women in male‐dominated occupations were associated with agentic traits, whereas targets in female‐dominated occupations were associated with communal traits. Targets’ gender, but not national‐level gender inequality, moderated these results. The relevance of cross‐national research for understanding gender stereotypes and pathways to reduce gender inequality are discussed.

Women’s empowerment in the period of the rapid expansion of higher education in Turkey: developments and paradoxes of gender equality in the labour market

Turkey has experienced an expansion in its higher education sector over the last 15 years, fuelled by the cancellation of tuition fees, the establishment of at least one public university in each city, an increase in the number of foundation universities, and the abolition of the headscarf ban. Within this period, women have overtaken men in terms of higher education attainment. In this paper, we study whether this development has gone alongside improved gender equality in the labour force. We analyse household labour force survey data for the years 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2017 to track the changes in core SDG5-indicators for gender equality: labour force participation, gender segregation in employment, and the gender pay gap. Overall, we find that women with higher education still enter the labour force at a significantly higher rate than women without higher education. While both the occupational gender segregation and the gender wage gap persist among graduates, these gaps remain relatively small when compared to other countries. Our analysis shows that higher education has contributed significantly to the development of a somewhat more equal labour market outcomes for the most recent cohort, despite the nuanced and entrenched gender inequalities that are difficult to change.

From long-term sickness absence to disability retirement: diagnostic and occupational class differences within the working-age Finnish population

BackgroundIt is well documented that sickness absence is strongly associated with disability retirement. A long-term sickness absence (LTSA) in particular increases the risk of disability retirement, but little is known about the variation of this risk across diagnostic causes. Further, as occupational classes differ in their diagnostic profiles, it is likely that the role of diagnosis in the pathway from LTSA to disability retirement varies between occupational classes. We examined how LTSA of different diagnostic causes predicts all-cause disability retirement and disability retirement due to the same diagnostic group or due to some other diagnostic group than that which caused the LTSA spell in different occupational classes.MethodsCox proportional hazards models were used to analyse a 70% random sample of all employed Finns aged 25–62 Finns in 2006 (N = 1,458,288). Disability retirement was followed from 2007 to 2014. The risk of disability retirement was compared between occupational classes with at least one LTSA spell due to musculoskeletal diseases, mental disorders, respiratory diseases, or circulatory diseases and those who had no LTSA spells due to these diagnostic groups during 2005.ResultsThose who had LTSA due to musculoskeletal diseases or mental disorders transferred more often to disability retirement due to same diagnostic group, whereas those who had LTSA due to respiratory or circulatory diseases transferred more often to disability retirement due to some other diagnostic group. The largest occupational class differences in all-cause disability retirement were found among those with LTSA due to mental disorders. For men, the hazard ratios (HR) varied from HR 5.70 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.00–6.52) in upper non-manual employees to 2.70 (95% CI 2.50–2.92) in manual workers. For women, the corresponding HRs were 3.74 (95% CI 3.37–4.14) in upper non-manual employees and 2.32 (95% 2.17–2.50) in manual workers.ConclusionsThe association between LTSA and disability retirement varies between diagnostic groups, and the strength of this association further depends on the person’s occupational class and gender.

Rekreasyonel Talepler ve Sosyo-Demografik Özellikler Arasındaki İlişkiler: Bilecik Şehri Örneği

Recreational activities are part of the leisure industry. Today, the demand for recreational activities are growing, especially in cities. For this reason, put emphasis on the creation of recreational areas at cities and the surrounding areas of the cities is increasing. The relationship between recreation participants' socio-demographic status and demand can be important at determining the investments will be made. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to determine the recreational demands of the local people and to explain the differences between their socio-demographic characteristics. The research population is the local people living at the Bilecik city. Quantitative research methods have been used in the research. Questionnaire technique has been applied to collect primary data. The data has been collected by easy sampling method and face to face interviews. In the study, factor analysis, t-test and ANOVA test has been used. According to the results of the factor analysis the local people have outdoor, urban, sportive and indoor recreational demands. According to ANOVA and t test results; significant differences have been found between income level, education level and occupational groups, gender and marital status variables and recreational demand factors.

Investigating occupant injury severity of truck-involved crashes based on vehicle types on a mountainous freeway: A hierarchical Bayesian random intercept approach

Earlier research on injury severity of truck-involved crashes focused primarily on single-truck and multi-vehicle crashes with truck involvement, or investigated truck-involved injury severity based on rural and urban locations, time of day variations, lighting conditions, roadway classification, and weather conditions. However, the impact of different vehicle-truck collisions on corresponding occupant injury severity is lacking. Therefore, this paper advances the current research by undertaking an extensive assessment of the occupant injury severity in truck-involved crashes based on vehicle types (i.e., single-truck, truck-car, truck-SUV/pickup, and truck-truck), and identifies the major occupant-, crash-, and geometric-related contributing factors. A series of log-likelihood ratio tests were conducted to justify that separate model by vehicle and occupant types are warranted. Injury severity models were developed using 10 years of crash data (2007–2016) on I-80 in Wyoming through binary logistic modeling with a Bayesian inference approach. The modeling results indicated that there were significant differences between the influences of a variety of variables on the injury severities when the truck-involved crashes are broken down by vehicle types and separated by occupant types. The age and gender of occupants, truck driver occupation, driver residency, sideswipes, presence of junctions, downgrades, curves, and weather conditions were found to have significantly different impacts on the occupant injury severity in different vehicle-truck crashes. Finally, with the incorporation of the random intercept in the modeling procedure, the presence of intra-crash and intra-vehicle correlations (effects of the common crash- and vehicle-specific unobserved factors) in injury severities were identified among persons within the same crash and same vehicle.

Segmentación en el ingreso por trabajo según condición migratoria, género y ascendencia étnico-racial en Uruguay

La incorporación de los inmigrantes recientes en el mercado de trabajo uruguayo se ha caracterizado por una mayor concentración en ocupaciones de media y alta calificación, con importante incidencia de la sobreeducación. Este proceso ocurre en un mercado de trabajo ya segmentado por distintos ejes de desigualdad por clase ocupacional, género y ascendencia étnico-racial. Este artículo examina si la condición migratoria introduce un nuevo eje de segmentación. Los resultados derivados del análisis de los ingresos por trabajo con base en la Encuesta Continua de Hogares del período 2013-2017, muestran que efectivamente esto es así. La condición migratoria y la duración de la estancia en Uruguay se entrelazan con otras capas de segmentación del mercado laboral uruguayo, pero de manera variable a lo largo de la distribución del ingreso.

When a Specialty Becomes "Women's Work": Trends in and Implications of Specialty Gender Segregation in Medicine.

The gender composition of physician specialties varies dramatically with some becoming increasingly female predominant while others remain overwhelmingly male. In their analysis of physician workforce data, the authors demonstrate that despite large increases in the number of female physicians over 4 decades, the degree of gender segregation between specialties has not declined. The authors describe lessons from the highly gender-segregated U.S. workforce as a whole to understand these demographic patterns in the physician workforce. Echoing U.S. workforce findings, women physicians are becoming overrepresented in certain specialties, and this appears to be associated with a relative decline in earnings for physicians in these specialties over time. The authors found a strong negative relationship between the proportion of female physicians in a specialty and its mean salary, with gender composition explaining 64% of the variation in salaries among the medical specialties.Female physicians face biases in the workplace and fall behind male peers in leadership attainment, academic advancement, and earnings. Tenacious gender stereotypes and the conflation of gender and status contribute to these biases and reinforce occupational gender segregation. The clustering of women in certain specialties means these specialties will be disproportionately affected by gender bias. Recognizing the consequences of gender demographics within physician specialties is important to maintain the strong and diverse physician workforce needed to support the health care needs of the populations who depend on these specialties for care.

Vocational interests, gender, and job performance: Two person–occupation cross‐level interactions

AbstractVocational interest theories imply a person–occupation cross‐level interaction effect (e.g., artistic interests predict job performance better in artistic occupations), which has rarely if ever been tested as such. Using a large military sample, we find person–occupation interest congruence effects are supported: (a) on core technical job performance for six of eight interest dimensions, and (b) on job performance ratings for structural/machines and rugged outdoors (i.e., Realistic) interests. Another cross‐level interaction involves the person–occupation gender congruence effect. Our data also confirm the job performance gap favors men when in male‐dominated occupations, but favors women when in gender‐balanced occupations. Due to strong overlap between vocational interests and gender, we conduct a critical test of whether person–occupation interest congruence might be due to person–occupation gender congruence. In only two of six cases (i.e., rugged outdoors and administrative interests), did the person–occupation interest congruence effect disappear after controlling for the person–occupation gender congruence effect; the gender congruence effect also remained significant after controlling for the interest congruence effect. Consequently, the two cross‐level interactions on job performance (for vocational interests and for gender) appear to represent distinct effects. In a second, service organization sample, the person–occupation interest congruence effect (for Realistic interests) on job performance ratings and the person–occupation gender congruence effect were both replicated.

Pipeline Dreams: Occupational Plans and Gender Differences in STEM Major Persistence and Completion

In the United States, women are more likely than men to enter and complete college, but they remain underrepresented among baccalaureates in science-related majors. We show that in a cohort of college entrants who graduated from high school in 2004, men were more than twice as likely as women to complete baccalaureate degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, including premed fields, and more likely to persist in STEM/biomed after entering these majors by sophomore year. Conversely, women were more than twice as likely as men to earn baccalaureates in a health field, although persistence in health was low for both genders. We show that gender gaps in high school academic achievement, self-assessed math ability, and family-work orientation are only weakly associated with gender gaps in STEM completion and persistence. Gender differences in occupational plans, by contrast, are strongly associated with gender gaps in STEM outcomes, even in models that assume plans are endogenous to academic achievement, self-assessed math ability, and family-work orientation. These results can inform efforts to mitigate gender gaps in STEM attainment.

Adult Learning and Development Goals for Female Veterans’ Career Transitions Amid Cultural Adaptation and Identity Formation

AbstractDifferences between military culture and civilian culture can affect the postmilitary experience for transitioning veterans. Adult educators should acquire and maintain a high level of military cultural competence to effectively serve female veterans as they transition out of the military. For women, the military‐to‐veteran transition also includes unique challenges related to identity formation, including occupational gender identity formation, which is not a salient concern for male veterans. Six learning and development goals are presented to guide adult educators in successfully facilitating the cultural adaptation and identity formation process for new female veterans.

Occupational Gender Segregation In Rural Urban Economy

Occupational Segregation by gender is an improved labor market based on gender equality. This study uses an index-D to measure segregation that occurred in four rural areas categorized urban districts and counties Banyuasin Ogan Ilir South Sumatra Province. It was found that in all four regions of the occupation by gender still be integrated because the value of the index-D approaches 1. Meanwhile, based on the Pearson correlation coefficient is known that occupational segregation by gender has a significant relationship, very strong and negative direction with the percentage of women in the workforce and age, while the direction of the opposite relationship with the difference in the percentage of men and women who have a high school education and above.

A Proposed Algorithm to Assess Concussion Potential in Rear-End Motor Vehicle Collisions: A Meta-Analysis.

Concussions represent an increasing economic burden to society. Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are of the leading causes for sustaining a concussion, potentially due to high head accelerations. The change in velocity (i.e., delta-V) of a vehicle in a MVC is an established metric for impact severity. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to analyze findings from previous research to determine the relation between delta-V and linear head acceleration, including occupant parameters. Data was collected from previous research papers comprising both linear head acceleration and delta-V at the time of incident, head position of the occupant, awareness of the occupant prior to impact, as well as gender, age, height, and weight. Statistical analysis revealed the following significant power relation between delta-V and head acceleration: head acceleration = 0.465delta‐V1.3231 (R2 = 0.5913, p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that alongside delta-V, the occupant's gender and head position prior to impact were significant predictors of head acceleration (p = 0.022 and p = 0.001, respectively). The strongest model developed in this paper is considered physiologically implausible as the delta-V corresponding to a theoretical concussion threshold of 80 g exceeds the delta-V associated with probability of fatality. Future research should be aimed at providing a more thorough data set of the occupant head kinematics in MVCs to help develop a stronger predictive model for the relation between delta-V and head linear and angular acceleration.

Effects of Nonstereotyped Occupational Gender Role Portrayal in Advertising

ABSTRACT Stereotyped occupational gender-role portrayals still are used frequently in advertising. Despite this, no previous research has examined their effects. Tentative findings from the advertising industry and some recent research suggest that other types of nonstereotyped gender-role portrayals in advertising can have a number of positive effects. This article corroborates these findings in three empirical studies that demonstrate the positive brand-related and social effects of nonstereotyped occupational gender-role portrayals in advertising on respondents, regardless of their gender. The findings also reveal that the positive effects of nonstereotyped occupational gender-role portrayals can be explained by signaling mechanisms. This article thus contributes to the literature on stereotyped gender-role portrayals as well as to the wider application of signaling theory and the growing research interest in how social and brand-related effects are connected.

The Earnings and Employment of Community Colleges’ Graduates: Occupational Field and Gender Analysis

Community College Malaysia is one of the Technical Education and Vocational Training Institutions in the country that plays an important role in steering the country's aspirations to become a developed nation by 2020. It focuses mainly on the supply of human capital among the youth future worker fit with skills, competencies and efficient industry requirements. However, the income earned varies widely based on the industry's ability to provide employment. The income factors led to an increase or decrease in the number of graduates' employability. There are more than ten categories of programs offered by community colleges and the numbers of employability relating to the demand from industries providing job opportunities to skilled workers. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a descriptive analysis of the earnings and employment of Community Colleges graduates based on occupational field and gender. The data were obtained by the survey of Community Colleges graduates in 2018. The study population consisted of 7725 graduates and 367 respondents were involved as samples who answered their respective job status in graduate's employability survey provided by the ministry. The result shows that most respondents received a salary between RM1501-RM2000, while the rest of the graduates earned between RM1001-RM1500 and RM1001-RM1500. In the gender factor of employment, female graduates exceed compared to male graduates on the income scale of RM1000 and below. However, at higher income levels of RM1501-2000 and above, male graduates earn more than their counterparts, the female graduates. The findings of this study are expected to be a future guide and encouragement, especially for community colleges to study skill programs that are in line with industry requirements and produce a competent and dynamic human capital to enhance the country's economy.

Evaluation of the Development of Women's Employment Laws in an Islamic State: The Case of Islamic Republic of Iran (1989-2017)

The researcher in this paper attempts to examine and analyze the factors of underdevelopment in women's employment in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The goal of this paper was to assess the implementation of women's employment development laws in the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1989 to 2017. This research paper examined the text of laws, policies, and interviews with key informants through the theories of occupational inequality, gender theories, and feminism. The results show that despite policies and planning for the development of women's employment, the necessary infrastructure to enhance women's employment is still lacking. Whereas the identity and personality of individuals in Iranian society are formed among the family; the role of the family is therefore significant, that adds to its importance in preserving and affecting it. In other words, Iranian society is confronted with a two-tiered structure of social policy and family-oriented discourse, and different governments apply different development policies with respect to their certain method to the family institution. During periods of supportive policies that lead to women being excluded from employment, and in other periods, focusing on the issue of gender rights and freedom, policies are being developed that encourage women to participate more economically. However, what stands out among them is the centrality and power of the family in society that raises such issues and challenges in the development of women's employment.

Occupational Attributes and Occupational Gender Segregation in Sweden: Does It Change Over Time?

Sweden consistently ranks at the top of international assessments of gender equality, but paradoxically exhibits marked horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. By combining administrative and respondent-collected data, this study investigates whether occupational attributes are associated with sex distribution in Swedish occupations over a 10-year period between 2002 and 2011. Results show that the proportion of women was higher, on average, in occupations high in people orientation and verbal demands and lower in occupations high in things orientation and numerical demands. Mixed linear models showed a trend for desegregation during this period, as the proportion of women in people-oriented occupations has declined and a trend for an increase in the proportion of women in numerically demanding occupations was observed. Occupational attributes aid the understanding of gender segregation but patterns of segregation seem to change over time.

The academic “glass-ceiling”: investigating the increase of female academicians in Italy

Purpose This study addresses gender composition in universities. The purpose of this study is to define the vertical and horizontal gender segregation in both public and private universities. In particular, it measures the gender distribution throughout academic careers across levels and time, and among fields of science in Italian academia. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted the framework of Blackburn et al. (2002) as a theoretical lens through which they examine and explain occupational gender segregation in the university context. A mixed methodology of both document analysis and examining some statistical indicators was used to create gender-disaggregated measures to help the authors answer their research questions. The data collected represent academia in Italy for the period 2010-2018. The data were obtained from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. Findings The authors show the gendered nature of academic institutions in Italy. In particular, the authors acknowledge that hierarchies of power exist that privilege men and the masculine and devalue women and the feminine within academic institutions. Practical implications This paper provides theoretical and practical findings that support the literature on gender issues in universities and other public and/or private institutions. The academic community, practitioners and policymakers can use the results to design measures to address gender inequality in academia. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is novel because it provides gender-relevant insights on the gender composition in universities in the Italian context. These insights are also relevant for academic institutions that operate in an international setting.