Gender Beliefs Research Articles

The current shapes of cyberviolence in digital relationships

AbstractSocial life has moved toward the digital world in many aspects. As the original inhabitants of virtual life, young people face several adversities while flirting and dating online. The anonymity of the online environment enables aggression without consequences. Cyberviolence has no boundaries as time or place. Thus it may cause psychological distress.Young people frequently use online dating and social networking sites, which makes them vulnerable to cyber dating violence, sextortion, and revenge porn. Cyberdating violence usually targets young women and girls. It is mainly related to stereotypical gender beliefs: presented as controlling behavior and psychological violence. Survivors of cyber dating violence tend to feel anger, hostility, and loneliness. Sextortion is image-based sexual abuse, which includes threats with intimate pictures or videos. Perpetrators of sextortion can be hackers, ex-partners, or admirers. Exposure to sextortion is related to shame, fear, and helplessness. Former partners may use revenge porn to control one’s behavior. It is another kind of image-based sexual abuse. Perpetrators may use nonconsensual pornography to punish or humiliate their ex-partners.Cyber victimization is as traumatic as real-life victimization. That results in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Moreover, the absence of time and space restrictions can make cyberviolence even more debilitative. I aim to inform European psychiatrists about the current shapes of cyber psychological trauma in the context of online flirting and dating. So that psychiatrists can better understand its content and outcomes, especially while working with young people.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Individual differences in self-regulated learning profiles of Chinese EFL readers: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study

AbstractThis study explored the latent profiles of self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies (cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational regulation) endorsed by Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) readers in a high-stakes testing environment, and also their associations with individual factors (gender, grade, reading proficiency, and motivational beliefs). With a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, students in grades 11 and 12 (n = 1,113) completed a reading comprehension test and a questionnaire regarding their strategy use and individual factors, and some (n = 16) were randomly selected for follow-up semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed three SRL profiles, characterized by high, medium, and low levels of SRL-strategy use. Self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation most powerfully predicted an individual’s profile membership; all the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation variables were significantly higher for learners from the higher strategy-use profile. Moreover, reading proficiency did not significantly predict profile membership, but more self-regulated students still achieved higher reading scores as a group tendency.

Tracing the Gender Confidence Gap in Computing: A Cross-National Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Assessed Technological Ability

The gender composition of information and communication technology (ICT) fields remain uneven across countries. One explanation is that gender stereotypes lead women to believe that they do not have the same aptitude for ICT fields as men, resulting in a deficit in women's self-assessed tech ability. Yet, studies on ICT confidence document wide variation in both the direction and magnitude of gender differences. This study asks whether there is, in fact, a gendered confidence gap in technological ability. Methods of meta-analysis evaluate gender differences in tech confidence based on the results of 120 effect sizes from 115 studies conducted in 22 countries from 1990 to 2019. While men report higher levels of self-assessed tech abilities compared to women, the gap is narrowing over time. Further, significant cross-national variation undermines essentialist explanations that imply universal sex differences. Rather, results are consistent with theorizing that emphasizes variations in cultural gender beliefs and opportunities.

Mosaic of beliefs: Comparing gender ideology in China across generation, geography, and gender

Modernization accounts of cultural change hold that economic development drives liberalization of social values, including gender beliefs. Some comparative gender scholarship suggests that societal affluence is often accompanied by the growth of gender-essentialist beliefs, and that these beliefs coexist comfortably alongside gender-egalitarian values. The multidimensional conceptualization of gender ideology that is required to assess these competing claims has been applied so far mostly to Western societies. China is an obvious case for extending knowledge of these relationships, given its rapid economic growth and its recent history of state-imposed gender-egalitarian discourses. Applying latent class analysis to the Chinese General Social Survey (2010–2017), this study links different tenets of gender ideology in China to temporally and spatially specific histories and gendered interests. The results show that the relative importance of modernization and gender accounts depends on the generational, regional, and gendered identities being examined. Unlike in the West, moreover, egalitarian and essentialist beliefs do not always coincide in contemporary China. The friction between these beliefs reflects the resilience of male-primacy ideology.

The contributions of gender identification and gender ideologies to the purposes of social media use in adolescence.

Gender differences in adolescent social media use are often documented in the research literature, yet few studies delve into why they occur. Accordingly, we investigated whether gender identification and gender ideologies are associated with five major purposes of social media use in adolescence (emotion and activity bonding with friends, social compensation, appearance validation, and bullying). Participants were 309 cisgender U.S. high school students (Mage = 15.74; 59% girls; 53% white) primarily using Instagram and Snapchat but also TikTok (more popular with girls) and Discord (more popular with boys) in 2019. Girls reported greater use of social media for emotion bonding, appearance validation, and social compensation compared to boys, who reported greater competitive activity bonding. Girls and boys did not differ in their use of social media for bullying. In linear regressions, masculinity ideology predicted purposes associated with girls (appearance validation, social compensation), as well as those associated with boys (competitive activity bonding), regardless of gender. Femininity ideology uniquely predicted emotion bonding and social compensation but only mediated the effect of gender for the latter. Findings illustrate that gender is important for understanding uses and gratifications of social media in adolescence, but traditional masculinity ideology is similar across genders and relates to multiple functions of social media in boys' and girls' lives. More work is needed to conceptualize gender beliefs and values in Gen Z, given recent challenges to gender binary ideology and low reliability of the scales in this study, which were developed before social media.

One Woman, One Life Story and Much to Say about the Contributions of Working in Women’s Life

This study tries to explore a deeper understanding of the facts of women workers. The qualitative approach makes it possible to examine directly the individual experiences of women. By adopting a life story, which provides a connection with the past, this study aims to understand the meaning of work for a woman. With this aim, the life story of Z.S. who works as a kitchen staff is interviewed in the study. By examining the individual experience in depth through a life story, this study shows that the meaning of work for a woman is not just gaining a living but also includes how a woman perceives gender beliefs and how the specific events of the past have been reflected in her working life.

Social overshadowing: Revisiting cue-competition in social interactions.

In a large variety of contexts, it is essential to use the available information to extract patterns and behave accordingly. When it comes to social interactions for instance, the information gathered about interaction partners across multiple encounters (e.g., trustworthiness) is crucial in guiding one's own behavior (e.g., approach the trustworthy and avoid the untrustworthy), a process akin to trial-by-trial learning. Building on associative learning and social cognition literatures, the present research adopts a domain-general approach to learning and explores whether the principles underlying associative learning also govern learning in social contexts. In particular, we examined whether overshadowing, a well-established cue-competition phenomenon, impacts learning of the cooperative behaviors of unfamiliar interaction partners. Across three experiments using an adaptation of the iterated Trust Game, we consistently observed a 'social overshadowing' effect, that is, a better learning about the cooperative tendencies of partners presented alone compared to those presented in a pair. This robust effect was not modulated by gender stereotypes or beliefs about the internal communication dynamics within a pair of partners. Drawing on these results, we argue that examining domain-general learning processes in social contexts is a useful approach to understanding human social cognition.

Professional Identity in Nursing: Adopting a Systems Approach Regarding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.

Professional Identity in Nursing: Adopting a Systems Approach Regarding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.

Barriers to male partner accompaniment and participation in maternal and child health care in Thika and Kiambu Level Five Hospital, Kenya.

the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) recommended that men should share responsibility and be actively involved in responsible parenthood, sexual and reproductive health. The level of male involvement in Kenya remains low despite growing evidence showing its benefits in maternal and newborn health. This study sought to determine factors influencing male partner involvement in maternal and child health with focus on accompaniment to maternal and child health (MCH) department. a qualitative study utilizing exploratory design was used to gather the views of men and nurse-midwives working in the MCH department of Thika and Kiambu County Teaching and Referral hospitals in January 2022. Qualitative data were collected from focused group discussions from nurses and men respectively. The number of participants per Focused Group Discussion (FGD) ranged between six to eight. The principal author moderated the FGD that were audio recorded and lasted between 60-90 minutes. Content analysis was used to analyse data following the five steps to yield themes using MAXQDA 2022 software. five categories emerged as factors influencing male accompanying their spouses to MCH clinic: traditional gender norms, roles and beliefs, unfavorable MCH environment, work commitment, fear of HIV testing and men's work commitment. traditional gender roles and norms, work commitment by men and unfavourable MCH set-up were key barriers identified that hinder men from accompanying their spouses to MCH clinic. There is need to develop an effective, feasible and sustainable intervention that will encourage male partners to accompany their spouses and participate in MCH services.

Workplace Diversity and Employee Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Nigeria’s Banking Sector

The rapid growth in the Banking industry has posed several challenges such as workplace diversity which is a natural phenomenon that has both negative and positive impacts on employee performance depending on how well it is managed. Studies have shown its management or mismanagement can affect the overall performance of commercial banks in the financial service sector. It is in this context and against this backdrop that this study explores the impact of Workplace diversity proxied by Age diversity, Gender diversity, Ethnic diversity, Income diversity, Education diversity and Belief diversity on the dependent variable, employee performance proxied by employee effectiveness. The study adopted a survey research design. While the study population consisted of all twenty-two Commercial Banks in Nigeria. A sample size of three hundred (300) respondents was selected. The internet mail survey had a 90% response rate. Data collection was by use of a questionnaire through the internet MS survey link. Analysis was done by use of descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 25.0. The Regression analysis coefficient indicated the strength and direction of the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable and tested at a 5% significance level. The study, therefore, concludes that workplace diversity variables like Gender diversity, Income diversity, Ethnic diversity and Belief diversity have a significant impact on employee effectiveness thus their respective performance. However, Age and Educational diversity is found to be having no significant effect on the performance of employees in the organization. The study was concluded with few recommendations and limitations. The study recommended that to leverage the existing and observed diversity impact on employee effectiveness, the organizations need to begin to get conscious of why it is needful that they deal with demographic characteristics to gain a competitive advantage over competitors and stay competitive and make certain that great effort is taken to ensure that workers are properly informed of the present or existing initiatives and programmes of diversity and ensure to educate or train existing and newly employed employees on issues of diversity and its importance.

ESPO AND ACADEMY FOR GERONTOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION SECTION SYMPOSIUM: TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATING DIVERSITY IN AGING EDUCATION PRACTICES

Abstract This symposium intends to echo one of the core values for the GSA 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting — embracing diversity. In an increasingly humanistic society, addressing and accommodating diversity is a constant topic in the field of education. Diversity includes many different factors: race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, ability, age, religious or political beliefs. There is no longer just one type of student in the classroom. Therefore, it is very important to adjust our teaching methods to accommodate the diverse backgrounds of students and to help students understand their different fellow classmates. In accordance with the AGHE gerontological education competencies, these authors will provide insightful teaching strategies for integrating diversity in aging education practices. The first speaker will introduce a new pedagogy in promoting learning in diverse classrooms — Sharestart. The second speaker will focus on building community-based partnerships to promote diverse, intergenerational service-learning opportunities for interprofessional gerontology students. The third speaker will discuss their experience on fostering connections across generations in the LGBTQ+ community through intergenerational conversations. The fourth speaker will present humanist values on understanding aging diversity. Finally, the fifth speaker will discuss curriculum mapping as a strategy to teach diversity in gerontology programs.

Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Self-Criticism, Guilt, and Gender Beliefs.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) predicts anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet the role of cognition in these pathways is poorly understood. This study explored whether self-criticism, guilt, and gender beliefs predicted psychological symptoms, using self-report data from 50 Colombian female IPV survivors with diverse socioeconomic statuses. Self-criticism and guilt were high and significantly associated with IPV. Self-criticism significantly predicted depression and PTSD, whilst only guilt predicted anxiety. Traditional gender role beliefs were associated with emotional abuse, but not with self-criticism, guilt, or symptoms. In conclusion, self-criticism and guilt are important treatment targets for female IPV survivors, regardless of gender beliefs.

Leadership, Centering Equity Vital to Future of Medical Education

Leadership, Centering Equity Vital to Future of Medical Education

Religious Schools, Home Schools, and Gender-Role Beliefs in Adulthood

Background When parents in the United States choose to send their children to religious schools or to home school, they are often motivated, at least in part, by a desire to transmit religious beliefs to their children. These religious beliefs may in some cases promote traditional gender roles that are built into religious tenets, practices, and subcultural identities. Purpose With this in mind, we examine whether religious schools act as distinct sites of religious gender socialization by considering the following questions: (1) do Americans who attend religious high schools and homeschools hold more conservative gender-role beliefs later in life compared to their public school peers? and (2) does attending a religious school have a differential effect on gender beliefs for men or women? Methods We use data from the Cardus Education Study—the largest nationally representative survey that includes religious high school and home school graduates as well as measures of religiosity—and logistic regression to explore the gender-role beliefs of 24–39 year olds who graduated from conservative Protestant, Catholic, public, and home schools. Results Graduates of the different religious school sectors we examined varied in their tendencies to hold more traditional gender-role beliefs. Specifically, we find that graduates of conservative Protestant schools and home schools held more conservative gender-role beliefs than graduates of other sectors. In contrast, Catholic school graduates—particularly female graduates—held more egalitarian beliefs compared to the other sectors. Conclusions and Implications In light of these findings, we discuss potential mechanisms within school environments that may contribute to the enactment of gender and religion. We extend empirical and theoretical knowledge about gender socialization, an area of critical importance given its ability to influence people's aspirations, choices, and life outcomes as well as social norms and policies.

Prevention of Bullying Situations in the Workplace

This work will particularly focus on the phenomenon of bullying in the workplace, and the misfortune that haunts victims of bullying. In many workplaces, victims of bullying lose their jobs, increase the number of absences or resign. Bullying in the workplace is also associated with loss of self-confidence and self-control. Also other problems related to bullying in the workplace are problems with stress, health problems. The results provide data-driven recommendations to facilitate HR staff to design and develop policies, rules and approaches against bullying, which should be comprehensive and meaningful, to ensure that bullies and victims are not excluded from the workplace, but to educate and regulate staff behavior. In recent years, bullying in the workplace has become a key issue for many companies and the policies developed by these companies have not been effective, at least referring to the workplace in Albania. Therefore, this is an issue that requires the attention and effort of many actors to be properly identified and addressed, for the benefit of all employees involved in this phenomenon.Harassment in the workplace is defined as a situation where an individual has been exposed to negative acts by one or more individuals for a long period of time for which it has been difficult to defend. In Albania 47% of respondents say that bullying situations have started in the last years, so we have a growing tendency to raise awareness about the phenomenon of bullying. In other countries, the respondents indicate that this phenomenon has existed for a long time, an answer that we receive from young people in Albania. This shows that the younger generation is giving more importance to psychological and emotional well-being in the work environment. In European countries, the highest percentages of bullying come from colleagues due to competition to "appear", while in Albania, bullying is committed by direct superiors to show their superiority.Most Albanian employees are not aware of the regulations and norms of the organizations where they work. They are not interested in knowing their rights, and what are worse, human resources do not do their job in the On-boarding process. Employees who fall prey to the phenomenon of bullying have the most serious consequences for the desire for work, which is declining, and for the decline in performance at work. From experience and literature we encounter a very important phenomenon: in European countries, at the moment when the employee has a decrease in efficiency, the task of human resources is to identify the problem and intervene in solving it. While in Albania, in most companies, whether corporations or smaller businesses, this process does not take place. It is preferable to personify the problem with the person, which not only does not solve the situation but further aggravates it. The Constitution of the Republic of Albania, approved by Law no. 8417, dated 21.10.1998, amended by Law no. 9675, dated 13.1.2007 and by Law no. 9904, dated 21.4.2008, provides that all citizens are equal before the law and no one may be unjustly discriminated against on grounds such as gender, race, religion, ethnicity, language, political, religious or philosophical beliefs, economic, educational, social or parental status.The Labor Code is the basic law that regulates labor relations in Albania.The Labor Code, as well as the Constitution of the Republic of Albania, sanctions the principle of prohibition of discrimination. More specifically, the Labor Code provides that any kind of discrimination in the field of employment and occupation is prohibited. Non-discrimination and the right to employment are the main axes provided by the Labor Code.
 
 
 Received: 18 September 2022 / Accepted: 24 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022

Complicating Patriarchy: Gender Beliefs of Muslim Facebook Users in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia

Western stereotypes often characterize gender relations in Muslim-majority societies as uniformly traditional and patriarchal. Underlying this imagery is a unidimensional understanding of gender ideology as moving along a single traditional-to-egalitarian continuum. In this study, we interrogate these assumptions by exploring variability across and within Middle Eastern, North African, and South Asian (MENASA) societies in beliefs related to two regionally salient gender principles: women’s chastity and marital patriarchy. Data from a new online survey of Muslim Facebook users show substantial heterogeneity across and within six MENASA societies in support for these principles. These data also reveal a multidimensional structure, in that societies show different configurations of chastity and marital patriarchy beliefs, and each of these gender principles is influenced by respondents’ religious beliefs and gender status in different ways. Although religious absolutism predicts agreement with both gender principles, piety is associated with support for chastity but not for marital patriarchy. Results also show a clear gender divide in attitudes toward hierarchy in marriage but not with respect to chastity. Findings complicate broad-brush depictions of patriarchy in the region and corroborate previous research on the multidimensionality of gender beliefs and the multifaceted attitudinal influences of gender and religious beliefs.

Adolescents’ Individual Characteristics and Intentions to Seek Help from Types of Peers and Parents

Adolescents’ relationships with friends and with parents provide them with access to potential sources of assistance when they are experiencing problems. However, we lack more nuanced information about the types of peers and parents they intend to approach and about the contributions their individual characteristics make to their plans. This study examined adolescents’ intentions to seek help for a personal/emotional problem from five types of peers and parents (female friend, male friend, romantic partner, mother, father) and evaluated the unique, common, and total contributions of youth’s individual characteristics (gender, adaptable temperament, negative affect, self-disclosure competence, and conformity to the emotional control, self-reliance, and nice in relationships gender norms) to their intentions. Participants were 358 Canadian adolescents (51% boys; Grades 9–12) who completed a survey at school. On average, adolescents reported moderate intentions to seek assistance from each type of peer and parent. Hierarchical regression and commonality analyses showed that adolescents’ gender, self-disclosure competence, and emotional control beliefs made the largest total contributions to help-seeking intentions for both types of friends; self-disclosure competence and emotional control and self-reliance beliefs were most salient for help-seeking intentions for a romantic partner; and self-reliance beliefs and negative affect were most salient for help-seeking intentions for each parent, with emotional control beliefs also contributing to help-seeking intentions for mother. These results highlight the need to include more precise terms for peers and parents in help-seeking models and in assessments of adolescents’ help-seeking intentions, and the benefit of examining the unique, common, and total contributions of adolescents’ individual characteristics to clarify their relevance to youth’s plans to seek help.

Women Empowerment among students of selected Degree Colleges

Women Domestic violence, dowry related violence, female feticide, gender inequality are some of the social evils faced by women all over the world. Most of the women in our society are the victims of one or the other social evils. Still gender bias and beliefs are playing as chief obstacle for the growth of women empowerment worldwide. The data was collected students studying at Om Prabha First Grade College for Women who fulfill the inclusion criteria. After a brief introduction of self, the investigator and the participants were seated in the class room and self-administered questionnaire was distributed to get response from each subject. The students took about 30 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The purpose of the study was explained and confidentiality was assured. Thanking the respondents, then the data collection procedure was terminated. Thus the attitude regarding women empowerment was assessed. The attitude towards women empowerment was assessed through 5 point rating scale, majority of the respondents 64% had favourable attitude regarding women empowerment and 36% of the respondents had moderately favourable attitude regarding women empowerment. The mean of overall attitude score was 118.28, mean % was 78.9 with standard deviation 15.2 and standard deviation % 10.1. Hence the association between attitude and selected demographic variables is statistically significant with respect to Age, Religion, Type of family, Number of siblings and Source of information and non-significant with respect to occupation of mother and occupation of father. Hence H1-there will be a significant association between attitude and demographic variables was accepted. The study concluded that Attitude brings about remarkable changes in the status of women. This study will throw light to empower women in all dimensions which in turn improve the society

“People just Didn’t Respect Women who Were not Married”: Revisiting the Question of why Abused Wives Stay in Marriage in Reneilwe Malatji’s Short Story “Love Interrupted”

This article is an African feminist analysis of the short story “Love Interrupted” by South African writer Reneilwe Malatji in terms of how it deepens our understanding of why abused wives stay in marriage. Drawing on African cultural conceptions of marriage, motherhood and family relationships—as elucidated in African feminisms—the analysis unravels several reasons why women stay in marriage despite persistent abuse: 1) they stay to meet cultural expectations of a good wife; 2) they stay because of feelings of indebtedness to husbands who married them at great cost; 3) they perceive marriage as the sole means of accessing and maintaining respectability in society; and 4) they stay out of a sense of responsibility towards children born to perpetuate the patrilineal line. Malatji’s story shows that these reasons do not exist in isolation of each other but rather inform and reinforce each other. Thus, this article argues that the intricate connectedness of these reasons illustrates the ubiquity of cultural gender roles, values and beliefs in compelling women to manage abusive marriages rather than end them.

Kosova’da Yaşayan Müslümanların Dini Eğilimleri

Balkan coğrafyasında Müslüman nüfusun en yoğun olarak yaşadığı ülke Kosova Cumhuriyetidir. Ülkede farklı etnik ve dini inançlara sahip insanlar yaşıyor olsa da genelde Müslüman Arnavutlar yoğunluktadır. Ülkede Osmanlı döneminden sonra çok farklı sıkıntılar yaşanmış olmasına rağmen toplumun hem etnik hem de dini inanç açısından güçlü bir konumda olduğu söylenebilir. Zira bu konuda resmi bir çalışma olmasa da sivil toplum kuruluşların veya anket merkezlerinin çalışmalarında Kosova halkının %95’inin Müslüman olduğu görülmüştür. Biz de bu çalışma ile ülkede yaşayan Müslümanların dini eğilimlerini tespit etmeye çalıştık. Bunun yanı sıra cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaşadığı yer, gelir durumu ve dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmeye çalıştık. Çalışma, tarama yöntemine uygun, anket tekniğinin kullanıldığı bir saha araştırması niteliğindedir. Örneklem, Kosova’da yaşayan Müslüman bireylerden (N=319) oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, cinsiyet ile Dini İnanç, yaşanan yer ile Dini İbadet ve Bilgi ve Dini Davranış ve Ahlak, gelir durumu ve dindarlık durumu ile tüm boyutlar arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu görülmüştür. Medeni durum açısından ise herhangi anlamlı bir fark tespit edilememiştir.