Gender Beliefs Research Articles

Critical femininities: exploring young women’s digital sexual cultures

ABSTRACT This study adopts a Critical Femininities approach to examine the under-theorised domain of sexual norms on dating apps, with a focus on the self-representations of Spanish heterosexual women on Tinder. Through an analysis of three hundred profiles, this research investigates the gendered dynamics influencing these women’s portrayals of themselves in the digital dating context. Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the findings reveal patterns in women’s online-mediated intimacies and sexual subjectivities, highlighting the pervasive influence of femmephobia in this space. Empirical data underscore how these dynamics operate, providing insight into the extent to which hegemonic gender beliefs and regulatory norms shape digital femininities. Moreover, a discursive examination of the ways these Spanish women construct their gendered and sexual identities on Tinder offers a critical view of the constraints and possibilities they face within this specific socio-cultural framework. This study’s focus on linguistic and representational strategies in digital self-presentation deepens our understanding of how normative gender expectations continue to shape social and sexual interactions in contemporary online spaces. In so doing, this research contributes to broader discussions in Gender Studies and linguistics, illustrating how femininity is performed, policed, and navigated in digital dating environments.

Measuring laypeople’s notions of intersex in the Netherlands and Flanders

Abstract Introduction In emancipation policy, the ‘I’ is often added to the LGBTI+-acronym. Yet it is still unknown to what extent this term is known and understood by the general population, and what attitudes toward intersex (people) are. In the current study, we describe the construction and development of the Intersex Knowledge and Attitudes Scale (IKAS), as well as the results from this baseline measurement in the Dutch and Flemish population. Methods The IKAS was developed after a carefully documented stepped process of literature scan, expert consultations, and pretesting. A representative sample of 2,003 respondents (1,000 Dutch and 1,003 Flemish) participated in the study. To determine the dimensionality of the scale, we performed EFA and CFA with measurement invariance constraints. We also performed a baseline measurement of knowledge and attitudes towards intersex people in the general population, and determined predictors of attitudes toward intersex people in regression analyses. Results Two-thirds of the sample had no (correct) knowledge of the term intersex. Even among the intersex respondents, only one person was aware of the term intersex. The average attitude was moderately positive to neutral. Having a female gender or birth sex, an advanced level of education, lower importance of religion, belonging to a minority group, more tolerant gender beliefs, and preexisting knowledge on the topic all resulted in more positive attitudes. Conclusions Both in Flanders and the Netherlands there still is room for improvement in terms of knowledge and attitudes towards intersex people. More knowledge may lead to more understanding, so that intersex people can be more open. Second, it is recommended to challenge beliefs of sex and gender as binary categories, because people who have less issues with people who do not entirely fall in these categories, also have more accepting attitudes toward intersex people. Key messages • It is vital to include intersex in monitoring studies of population attitudes, to be able to genuinely incorporate the ‘I’ in LGBTI+ in emancipation policies. • To increase acceptance of intersex people in society, knowledge about intersex in the general population should be expanded, and acceptance of people who do not fit into the binary should be promoted.

Association between victimization and perpetration of cyberhate: The moderating role of social dominance orientation.

Expressions of cyberhate motivated by characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, and religious beliefs are now present and prevalent on social networks. Past research, both in online and offline contexts, has identified that, although there may be an overlap between victims and perpetrators of violence; this is not always the case. Nevertheless, the number of studies focused on variables that moderate the relation between victimization and perpetration is still low. The current study aims at analyzing the relation between cyberhate victimization and perpetration and the potential moderating role of social dominance on this relation. During the 2019/2020 school year in Andalusia, Spain, a prospective longitudinal study was implemented. The study used a representative sample of 1498 adolescents enrolled in compulsory secondary education in the first wave (51.8% female; Mage = 13.58) and 1195 adolescents in the second wave (53.2% female; Mage = 14.04). Surveys administrated to adolescents were used for data collection. The findings revealed a positive correlation between cyberhate victimization and perpetration. They supported the notion that social dominance not only predicted the perpetration of cyberhate several months later, but also its moderating effect on the relation between cyberhate victimization and perpetration. Cyberhate victims who reported higher levels of social dominance were more likely to become perpetrators several months later. Results suggest the need to implement preventive programs considering the influence of social dominance. These strategies could promote social equality and help to interrupt the cycle in which victims can become perpetrators of cyberhate.

The relationship between gender and cultural beliefs of malaria into typhoid progression among rural rice farmers in Central Kenya

Background: Women have an increased risk of contracting malaria in Kenya and the developing world because of gender roles and the cultural belief systems about disease progression and treatment. Cultural belief systems about illness progression have important implications for gender-based health intervention. Objectives: The main objective of this research is to explore how rice farming Kikuyu ethnic group in the Mwea division of central Kenya cultural beliefs about malaria into typhoid progression. It also aims to examine the association between gender and malaria into typhoid progression cultural belief system. Design: The study employs cross-sectional study design (N=250). Variables related to demographic and cultural beliefs on malaria into typhoid progression were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: More than 62% of women and 47% of men interviewed adhere to malaria into typhoid progression belief system. Multivariable logistic analysis shows women are more than twice as likely than men to believe in malaria into typhoid progression (aOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.21, 3.79, p < 0.009). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the underlying cultural factors related to the gender disparity in the appropriate knowledge on cultural belief system of malaria into typhoid progression which could influence the overall women’s health outcomes in developing countries. Keywords: Malaria; Typhoid; illness progression; cultural beliefs; gender disparity in Health.

Selective and consistent news avoidance in Aotearoa New Zealand: motivations and demographic influences

ABSTRACT This study explores selective and consistent news avoidance in Aotearoa New Zealand. Existing research suggests that selective news avoidance rates are high in Aotearoa New Zealand (Myllylahti M, Treadwell G. 2023. Trust in News in Aotearoa New Zealand 2023. Journalism, Media and Democracy: AUT Research Centre for Journalism, Media & Democracy., Myllylahti M, Treadwell G. 2024. Trust in News in Aotearoa New Zealand 2023. Journalism, Media and Democracy: AUT Research Centre for Journalism, Media & Democracy.) but we know little about why this is and if reasons for avoiding the news differ depending on the type of news consumer. Drawing from a nationally representative survey of 1204 participants, this study explores the relationships between news avoidance, motivations and demographic factors. We confirm the high rates of selective news avoidance and report that Aotearoa New Zealand has high rates of consistent news avoiders. New Zealanders’ primary motivations to avoid the news are because of how the news negatively affects their well-being, or because they do not trust the news, or are turned off by the quality of news reporting. We also find that gender and political beliefs are associated with the frequency of and motivations for news avoidance. We discuss why New Zealand has high rates of selective and consistent news avoidance, as well as the implications, and furthermore why women, and people with very left-wing or very right-wing political beliefs may avoid the news more frequently than other groups.

Gender Representation in English Language Textbooks of Primary Education

Textbooks are carriers of social change. It is through textbooks and classroom experiences that from the stage of childhood in the school itself, students start learning to accept gender socialization, social norms, beliefs, gender roles, inequality, and bias. Hence, the need to make the textbooks gender neutral arises becausetheir analysis is necessary for this; it is in this light that the present study has analyzed English textbooks at the primary level of education in India toexaminethe incubation of gender stereotypes and bias. These were coupled with content analysis and qualitative and documentary research. The major findings reflect that gender patriarchy and bias are reflected in English textbooks.Overall, the results indicated that males were more prominently featured in textbooks, both in images and in text. Females were still underrepresented, had fewer diverse occupations, and were often depicted doing household chores in three textbooks. However, there were some positive portrayals and efforts to challenge stereotypes, with examples of gender-neutral language and activities shared by both genders.The findings of this study can also be used to shape policies at the state or national level in creating and applying guidelines for gender-neutral content in educational materials. These guidelines would guide the efforts of a textbook development agency,writers, and teachers in creating gender-sensitive curricula and textbooks.

Public concerns about terrorist threats amid Vietnam's high-tech boom

This study analyzed 1200 samples from the 2020 World Values Survey in Vietnam. Ordinal logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to explore the impact of seven sociodemographic variables on concerns about terrorist attacks, including sex, age, education level, occupation group, social class, income level and religion. Additionally, the Spearman rank correlation test was employed to examine whether there is a significant relationship between concerns about terrorist attacks and perceptions of technological development. The results indicated that different gender, educational level, occupation, income, and religious beliefs significantly influence concerns about terrorism. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between those who do not believe that technological development will lead to a better life and heightened concerns about terrorist attacks. Thus, when implementing policies to reduce the insecurity of Vietnam citizens, in addition to taking into account relevant demographic factors, it would be advisable to consider incorporating strategies that enhance positive perceptions of high technology.

Family Structure and Female Enrollment into Engineering and Technology Programmes in English Speaking State Universities of Cameroon

This study seeks to find out the influence of family structure composition and gender beliefs on female enrolment in to Engineering and Technology programmes in the English speaking state universities in Cameroon. The methodology used in this study was an explanatory sequential mixed method design where data were collected from 276 students from the two universities and an interview administered to 10 parents whose children are enrolled in any engineering or technology department within the two English speaking state universities in Cameroon. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire administered to the students and an interview guide administered to the parents. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and Point Biserial Correlation Analysis was also used to find the relationship between Family Structure Composition and Female Enrolment in Engineering and Technology Programmes. Paired Sample T-Test was also used to find out if gender within the family has an impact on enrolment in engineering and technology programmes and finally a Binary Logit Regression was used to show the impact of family structure on Female Enrolment in Engineering and technology Programmes. Findings from this study indicates that there is a weak relationship between family structure composition and female enrolment in engineering and technology. Indicating that performance in sciences and subsequent enrolment in engineering and technology by female students are supported by other factors other than the family structure. Paired sample T-Test and Binary logit regression analysis indicates a strong family belief system that female children should pursue the art discipline and this beliefs had a significant impact on female enrolment in engineering and technology fields. Parents should be encouraged to devote the same amount of their resources in educating their girl child as they do for the male children. House chaos and other constrains should be adequately managed within the family during school periods and negative family beliefs that have an impact on the schooling of the girl child should be avoided.

Study on psychological resilience and associated influencing factors in lung cancer patients with bone metastases

BACKGROUND Evaluating the psychological resilience of lung cancer (LC) patients helps understand their mental state and guides future treatment. However, there is limited research on the psychological resilience of LC patients with bone metastases. AIM To explore the psychological resilience of LC patients with bone metastases and identify factors that may influence psychological resilience. METHODS LC patients with bone metastases who met the inclusion criteria were screened from those admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The psychological scores of the enrolled patients were collected. They were then grouped based on the mean psychological score: Those with scores lower than the mean value were placed in the low-score group and those with scores equal to or greater than the mean value was placed in the high-score group. The baseline data (age, gender, education level, marital status, residence, monthly income, and religious beliefs), along with self-efficacy and medical coping mode scores, were compared. RESULTS This study included 142 LC patients with bone metastases admitted to our hospital from June 2022 to December 2023, with an average psychological resilience score of 63.24 ± 9.96 points. After grouping, the low-score group consisted of 69 patients, including 42 males and 27 females, with an average age of 67.38 ± 9.55 years. The high-score group consisted of 73 patients, including 49 males and 24 females, with a mean age of 61.97 ± 5.00 years. χ 2 analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups in education level (χ 2 = 6.604, P = 0.037), residence (χ 2 = 12.950, P = 0.002), monthly income (χ 2 = 9.375, P = 0.009), and medical coping modes (χ 2 = 19.150, P = 0.000). Independent sample t -test showed that the high-score group had significantly higher self-efficacy scores (t = 3.383, P = 0.001) and lower age than the low-score group (t = 4.256, P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression hazard analysis confirmed that self-efficacy is an independent protective factor for psychological resilience [odds ratio (OR) = 0.926, P = 0.035, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.862-0.995], while age (OR = 1.099, P = 0.003, 95%CI: 1.034-1.169) and medical coping modes (avoidance vs confrontation: OR = 3.767, P = 0.012, 95%CI: 1.342-10.570; resignation vs confrontation: OR = 5.687, P = 0.001, 95%CI: 1.974-16.385) were identified as independent risk factors. A predictive model based on self-efficacy, age, and medical coping modes was developed. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve value of 0.778 (95%CI: 0.701-0.856, P < 0.001), indicating that the model has good predictive performance. CONCLUSION LC patients with bone metastases are less psychologically resilient than the general population. Factors such as self-efficacy, age, and medical coping modes influence their psychological resilience. Patients with low self-efficacy, old age, and avoidance/resignation coping modes should be closely observed.

Gender Role Mindset and Beliefs about Own Personal Goals as a Guide for Young People's Behaviors towards the Romantic Partner.

Dating violence (DV) is a form of intentional abuse carried out in young couples, which over the years has increasingly gained attention for its pervasiveness and high frequency. The present study represents an effort to expand and deepen the literature on factors associated with DV perpetration. The sample consisted of 225 Italian young people who completed an online survey. A model was tested, in which DV perpetration is affected by the presence of gender stereotypes and personal values oriented to power and dominance (i.e., self-enhancement) and to universalism and interest in others (i.e., self-transcendence) through the mediation of the perception of the romantic relationship quality, controlling for age. Sex was also considered in the model. The findings showed that self-enhancement and self-transcendence were, respectively, linked positively and negatively to a negative perception of the relationship quality, which in turn explained DV perpetration. The results also suggested that hostile sexism, self-enhancement and being male were directly linked to DV perpetration, thus representing potential risk factors for it. The study suggests the importance of working on gender role beliefs and personal orientation to power, which guide the way people perceive their romantic relationships and behave toward their partners, providing interesting insights for the implementation of DV prevention programs. Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of working with families and other educational agencies to foster a change in cultural terms.

Watching Televised Counter-Stereotypes Alone or with Mom: Studying the Effects on Preadolescents’ Gender Attitudes and Beliefs

ABSTRACT Despite the dominant presence of traditional gender portrayals on television, there is a growing effort to incorporate more diverse gender representations, including in youth television series. The impact of such counter-stereotypical portrayals on preadolescents’ gender attitudes and beliefs remains largely unexplored. This mixed-design experimental study among 75 mother-child dyads (M age child = 10.69, SD = 1.37) examined the effects of watching an episode of an entertainment television program that positively portrays a transgender character, either alone or with the mother. The findings indicated that watching the episode lowered preadolescents’ gender essentialism, but did not increase acceptability of and willingness to befriend gender-nonconforming peers. Maternal presence did not further impact the findings. Perceived similarity to and liking of the transgender character did not act as moderators, but had a direct impact on preadolescents’ gender attitudes and beliefs. In conclusion, the results suggest that exposure to counter-stereotypes in entertainment television can influence components of preadolescents’ gender attitudes and beliefs. Gender-diverse television characters who are perceived as highly similar and likeable appear to be particularly influential.

The Role of Identity and Gender Beliefs in Self-Identification of Abuse for Male Victims of IPV.

Men experience numerous barriers in seeking help or resources after intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, with one barrier being a reluctance or lack of ability to identify that they have been victims of IPV. This study examines factors relating to male victims of IPV self-identification of abuse. Using a gender socialization approach, demographics and facets of masculine honor ideology were tested to see whether they were significantly related to self-identifying as experiencing abuse in their relationship. Using a sample of 289 men, the frequency of individuals who self-identified as someone who had been in an abusive relationship was compared to the number of individuals who indicated IPV victimization on the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), and percentages of correct identification were calculated. In addition, a binary logistic regression was run to examine factors that were related to someone identifying as a victim of IPV compared to those that were not. When directly asked if they had ever experienced abuse in a romantic relationship, a total of 41 (14.2%) men self-identified as having been a victim of IPV. However, when examining scores on the CTS2, 69 (23.9%) reported some sexual IPV, 201 (69.6%) indicated psychological abuse, and 59 (20.4%) indicated physical abuse. Subscales of the Masculine Honor Belief Scale were not found to have a significant relationship with self-identification, but differences were found among types of IPV and demographics. Specifically, men who identify as LGBTQ+ were significantly more likely to identify when they experienced IPV victimization. Barriers to male self-identification and treatment are discussed.

Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Imagery Depiction of Textbooks prescribed by West Bengal Board of Primary Education, India

India is a diverse country. Ethnic, Linguistic, Racial, Gender, and Socio-Religious, etc. diversity is observed in India. Educational institutions play a vital role in socializing children and creating gender-friendly attitudes. Textbooks serve as a vehicle for social change. From childhood in school through textbooks and classroom experiences students embrace gender socialization, societal norms, and beliefs, gender roles, inequality, and bias. So, it is very important to make textbooks gender-neutral, to do this, textbook analysis is required. This study investigates the images used in textbooks of primary education in West Bengal, India, to examine gender stereotypes and bias. The study adopted qualitative and documentary research approaches through content analysis. The findings demonstrate that gender patriarchy and bias are reflected through visual imagery in textbooks. Images often lack representation of women and tend to portray them engaging in indoor tasks such as domestic and household work, or menial labor. Meanwhile, men are predominantly shown in outdoor, professional, and leadership roles, reinforcing gender disparities in identity and societal roles. There is a limited attempt to showcase gender neutrality, and there's minimal encouragement for gender reflection, hindering the development of sustainable perceptions of gender roles in Indian society. The findings of the study provide a foundation for policy changes at the state or national level to ensure the development and implementation of guidelines that promote gender-neutral content in educational materials and are useful for textbook development agencies, textbook writers, and teachers in developing a gender-sensitive curriculum, and textbooks.

Correction to: Generational Dissonance or Cultural Persistence? European Immigration and the Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Beliefs

Correction to: Generational Dissonance or Cultural Persistence? European Immigration and the Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Beliefs

Who Can Do STEM?: Children’s Gendered Beliefs about STEM and Non-STEM Competence and Learning

Who Can Do STEM?: Children’s Gendered Beliefs about STEM and Non-STEM Competence and Learning

Online Dating in The U.S. During This Politically Divided Time: Association Among Political Affiliation, Gender Role Beliefs, And Partner Preferences

While there has been a surge in popularity of online dating, the current polarized political climate in the U.S. may influence how online daters select a desired partner. The present study examined the relation between political affiliation, partner preferences, and gender beliefs with a sample of 373 online dating users. Democrats (n = 196) showed stronger preference for an intimate partner of the same party compared to Republicans (n = 90). Democrats (particularly women) also identified that having a different political affiliation as a deal-breaker more so than Republicans. Regarding gender role beliefs, Republicans (particularly men) showed significantly higher traditional gender role beliefs than Democrats. However, gender-based differences were not observed among Democrats; both Democratic men and women showed equally less traditional gender role beliefs compared to Republican women and men. Implications for dating prospects, particularly for Republican men, are discussed.

Promoting Gender Equity through Teacher Education: A Comparison of Turkish and American Preservice Teachers’ Perspectives

Gender perception and beliefs of teachers constitute a significant dimension of gender inequities in education. Even in societies that have made significant progress in achieving gender equity, the structure and content of teacher education remains insufficient to create gender awareness among teacher trainees and to develop an egalitarian understanding of education. Utilizing a multiple case study design, the present study examines the extent to which the teacher education programs in two different countries, Türkiye and the USA, prepare pre-service teachers to be gender sensitive in their practices as teachers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 student teachers from two countries. Student teachers talked about their experiences inside the teacher education programs and their views regarding how issues surrounding gender were embedded into the teacher education curriculum. Interviews revealed the nature and quality of teacher education, social mechanisms and relations within the teacher education programs in shaping the gender norms of prospective teachers. The study has important implications for educational policies, school practices, and teacher education programs.

Kondisi Altruisme Pengamal Tasawuf di Pondok Pesantren Darul Afkar

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">Individualistic tendencies can trigger selfish attitudes. Indonesia has a high generosity index score, but has experienced a decline in helping behavior. This research aims to describe the condition of altruism among Sufism activists and identify the factors that influence it. This is a qualitative phenomenological approach and data was collected through interviews and observations with six people of Sufism activists at the Darul Afkar Islamic Boarding School. The results show that the conditions of altruism that emerge among Sufism activists are based on understanding and belief in Islamic values, understanding and belief form attitudes that have an impact on altruistic behavior, and is able to give rise to various positive feelings. The altruism condition influenced by internal fakctor (gender, cognitive ability, empathy, and religious beliefs) and external factors (experience, interpersonal interactions, and environmental factors). This is a valuable finding in the realm of implementing Sufism in life.</span></p>

Recruit Profiles Across the U.S. Armed Forces: Implications for Increasing Gender Integration in Recruit Training.

This article uses recent survey data from a study on gender integration at recruit training across the U.S. Armed Forces to examine service, gender, and training differences in recruit's gender attitudes, beliefs, and cohesion metrics. In addition to providing a descriptive understanding of our recruit sample, this article examines factors germane to gender integration at recruit training such as gender attitudes, sexist beliefs, and unit cohesion. This article uses data from a survey of U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Coast Guard recruits as part of a USMC-commissioned study to develop alternate models and recommendations for increasing gender integration in USMC recruit training. At all sites but the USMC, recruits completed the survey 1 to 2 weeks before graduation. At the Marine Corps Recruit Depots, recruits participated in the survey at the beginning (week 2) and end (week 11) of their 13-week training cycle. A 19-question survey captured sociodemographic information, perspectives and experiences during recruit training, and gender attitudes and beliefs. Analyses were conducted on the sample with complete data on the measures reported, including those USMC recruits observed at both week 2 and week 11 (n = 629). Descriptive statistics (percentage) were calculated for all categorical outcome variables. Outcome variables (cohesion, gender, and sexism attitudes) were compared between groups using chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. Recruits differed significantly across services in perceptions of unit cohesion on 3 of the 4 indicators: Platoon members are cooperative, know they can depend on each other, and really respect each other (P < .05). These differences appear to be driven by female recruit difference across service. They reported significant differences in gender role attitudes across the services, with USMC recruits being most likely to endorse traditional gender roles compared to other service recruits. Male USMC recruits were significantly more likely than their female peers to agree that men should achieve outside the home and women should take care of the home and family (21.3% versus 6.3%, P < .05). The only statistical differences in attitudes about equality of treatment and opportunity among recruits were between male and female USMC recruits. All items capturing sexist attitudes elicited statistically significant differences between male USMC recruits and male recruits in other services (P < .05). There were significant differences in all sexism measures between male and female USMC recruits (P < .05). There is a significant decline in some sexist attitudes between weeks 2 and 11 of training among male USMC recruits (P < .05). Nearly one-half to three-fourths of male USMC recruits hold sexist attitudes, even near the end of recruit training. The disparate gender and sexism attitudes of male USMC recruits compared with their peers in other services, and their fellow female USMC recruits suggest efforts to increase gender integration at entry-level training are needed, but also may be challenging since male USMC recruits report the highest levels of sexist attitudes among all recruits.

Інтерпретація авторського «Я» крізь призму епістолярного дискурсу Ольги Кобилянської

The paper highlights the postulates of personal discourse theories (egotext) designed for the aspectual clarification of Olha Kobylianska’s epistolary discourse originality. The strokes of the writer’s biography are analyzed via the prism of her self-awareness concerning individual preferences, passions, and aspirations, in particular with an indication of the incomplete life potential realization (loneliness is critically evaluated), the presentation of the philosopher’s key worldviews, primarily feminist (gender) beliefs, and the understanding of her own creative potential national-genetic basics. It is demonstrated how O. Kobylianska expresses her views on the environment, religion, mysticism, psychology, and shows her love for learning and mastering Polish and German as foreign languages; her artistic writing in general, the tendency to intuitive prediction reflections, and her interest in music and theater are also discussed in the piece of research. The artist sincerely admits that her emotions are not always controlled during the creative process, as well as in real-life situations. In the writer’s epistolary thesaurus, one can trace the vocabulary and phraseology frequency to indicate certain psychological states and emotions, which proves that in O. Kobylianska’s nature are high sensuality, emotionality, and expressiveness. The artist’s epistolary behavior features (politeness,self-irony, humorous tone, benevolence and emotionality) display her epistolary idiostyle originality, indicating a distinct soul sensitivity. The lexeme soul has a high frequency in the text of the considered letters and presents powerful semantic and pragmatic content. O. Kobylianska’s letters analysis makes it possible to claim that she is a talented writer, an introverted type of thinking individual, a born psychologist, as well as a connoisseur of Ukrainian and other linguistic cultures.