Gender Trends Research Articles

Women in the New Labor Activism: Gender Trends in Attitudes Toward Unions

The gender gap in union membership rates has narrowed considerably in the last decades. How is this change related to women's attitudes toward unions? What is the profile of women who support union activism? Are there reasons to believe that women's support will continue to increase over time? Using data from the General Social Survey, I examine women's attitudes toward trade unions between 2002 and 2021. Data shows that support for unions is higher among non-white, less-educated, and younger women, as well as among women employed in female-dominated occupations. I conclude by discussing the implications of the findings for current and future labor activism.

A92 FEMALE AUTHORSHIP IN GASTROENTEROLOGY RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS: 2011 - 2021

Abstract Background Although tremendous strides have been made in the participation of women in medicine, female continues to be underrepresented in leadership positions and higher-level academic medicine. An important factor in determining career advancement in academic medicine is the quality and quantity of an individual’s scholarly publications. To date, no study has looked at female authorship in gastroenterology (GI) randomized control trials (RCTs), which remains the gold standard for evaluating intervention effectiveness. Purpose The primary outcome is to assess female authorship in gastroenterology randomized control trials from 2011 to 2021, and the secondary outcome is to assess female authorship within GI subspecialty RCT publications. Method In this observational study, the gender of the first and last author of gastroenterology RCTs from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021 was assessed. Python (v3.8.12) was used to extract publication data from PubMed. A validated algorithm, genderize.io, was used to determine gender. Author first names that cannot be determined by the algorithm were manually searched on publicly-available profiles. Result(s) A total of 5690 original gastroenterology RCTs were included from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021. The gender of the first and senior authors of the papers was determined for 5668 (99.6%) first authors and 5656 (99.4%) senior authors. Overall, 1937 (34.1%) of the first authors and 1138 (20.0%) of senior authors were female. There was an increase in the proportion of female first authors over the past decade, from 25.4% in 2011 to 37.8% in 2021 (p<0.05). For senior authors, there was a more gradual increase in female authorship from 14.2% in 2011 to 21.6% in 2021 (p<0.05). (Figure 1) Within GI subspecialties, 612 RCTs were included for inflammatory bowel disease, 1143 RCTs were included for hepatology, and 1856 RCTs were included for therapeutic endoscopy from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021. Further analysis will be performed to determine the gender trend for GI subspecialties. Image Conclusion(s) Female authorship in gastroenterology RCTs has increased from 2011 to 2021, although the rate of senior authorship has increased to a slower extent compared to first authors. Across all years, female authorship in gastroenterology RCTs has been lower than males. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below None Disclosure of Interest None Declared

High Hopes: Gender Trends in Educational Expectations for Graduate and Professional School, 1976-2019

ABSTRACT Educational expectations have increased over time, with greater increases among young women than men, yet research focused on expectations for post-baccalaureate degrees is limited. We investigate young men’s and women’s plans to attend graduate or professional school using Monitoring the Future data from 12th graders for 1976 to 2019, focusing on how academic performance and work and family values may be associated with post-baccalaureate expectations. We find that young women’s expectations for graduate or professional school began to exceed young men’s in the early 1990s and continued to do so afterward, although expectations for post-baccalaureate schooling declined some in recent years, especially among young men. Results also indicate that the gender gap over time is driven partially by more young women than men with B or lower average grades holding post-baccalaureate expectations. Work values may foster these high expectations, especially for lower-achieving young women. Finally, we examine whether post-baccalaureate expectations translate into higher attainments, and results suggest that higher-achieving students are better positioned to meet their post-baccalaureate expectations. Collectively, our findings suggest that sociocultural factors promoting women’s participation in the public sphere may encourage some young women to form high-level expectations that they are not academically equipped to meet.

Contributions of Women to Cardiovascular Science Over Two Decades: Authorship, Leadership, and Mentorship.

Background Women remain underrepresented in cardiology. We aimed to assess gender trends in research authorship, authorship in leading roles, mentorship, and research team diversity. Methods and Results We identified "cardiac and cardiovascular systems" journals from 2002 to 2020 using Journal Citation Reports 2019 (Web of Science, Clarivate Analytics). Gender authorship, mentorship, research team diversity, and trends were assessed. Associations between author gender and impact factor, journal region, and cardiology subspecialties were analyzed. Analysis of 396 549 research papers from 122 journals showed the percentage of women authors increased from 16.6% to 24.6% (β=0.38 [95% CI, 0.29-0.46]; P<0.001), whereas the proportion of women first (β=-0.03 [95% CI, -0.06 to 0.004]; P=0.09) or last authors (β=-0.017 [95% CI, -0.04 to 0.006]; P=0.15) was unchanged. Compared with men last authors, women last authors were more likely to mentor women first authors and lead more diverse research teams (both P<0.001). Journal impact factor was related to percentage of women authors overall (Spearman's correlation coefficient RS=0.208 [95% CI, 0.02-0.38]; P=0.03) but not first or last women authors (both P>0.5). Women comprised 18.4%-25.7% of authors in cardiology subspecialties. Journal region and author gender were unrelated (all P>0.4). Conclusions Women's inclusion as authors of cardiology papers increased slightly over the past 2 decades, yet the proportions of women in first and last authorship roles were unchanged. Women are increasingly likely to mentor women first authors and lead diverse research teams. Women last authors are essential to increasing diversity of future independent investigators and inclusive research teams, both of which are associated with innovation and excellence in science.

Evaluation of gender trends in first authorship in nephrology publications in four major US journals in the last decade.

To date, no data exist on gender-relatedpublication biases in nephrology.This study was conducted to determine whether gender differences exist in the current literaturepublished in high-ranking US nephrology journals, and how they may have changed over time. The PubMed search was performed using the easyPubMed package in R, which extracted all articles indexed in PubMed from 2011 to 2021 from theUS nephrology journals with the highest impact factors, i.e., Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (JASN), American Journal of Nephrology (AJN), American Journal of Kidney diseases (AJKD), and the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN). Gender with predictions > 90% were accepted and the remaining were manually identified. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the data. We identified 11,608 articles. On average, the ratio of male to female first authors decreased from 1.9 to 1.5 (p < 0.05). Additionally, in 2011, women accounted for 32% of first authors, a number that rose to 40% in 2021. All but the American Journal of Nephrology showed a variation in the ratio of men to women first authors. For the JASN, the ratio changed from 1.81 to 1.58, p = 0.001, for CJASN, the ratio declined from 1.91 to 1.15, p = 0.005 and forAJKD, the ratio declined from 2.19 to 1.19, p = 0.002. Our studyshows that gender biases in publications continue to exist in first-author publications inhigh-ranking Nephrologyjournals published in the US; the gap ishowever closing. We hope this study lays the groundwork to continue following and evaluating gender trends in publication.

Gender trends in cardiothoracic surgery authorship

ObjectiveIn recent years, the historically low proportion of women cardiothoracic surgeons and trainees has been a subject of intense focus. Publications remain a key metric of academic success and career advancement. We sought to identify trends in the gender of first and last author publications in cardiothoracic surgery. MethodsWe searched for publications between 2011 and 2020 in 2 US cardiothoracic surgery journals, identifying those with Medical Subject Heading publication types of clinical trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, commentary, reviews, and case reports. A commercially available, validated software (Gender-API) was used to associate gender with author names. Association of American Medical Colleges Physician Specialty Data Reports were used to identify concurrent changes in the proportion of active women in cardiothoracic surgery. ResultsWe identified 6934 (57.1%) pieces of commentary; 3694 (30.4%) case reports; 1030 (8.5%) reviews, systematic analyses, meta-analyses, or observational studies; and 484 (4%) clinical trials. In total, 15,189 total names were included in analysis. Over the 10-year study period, first authorship by women rose from 8.5% to 16% (0.42% per year, on average), whereas the percentage of active US women cardiothoracic physicians rose from 4.6% to 8% (0.42% per year). Last authorship was generally flat over the decade, going from 8.9% in 2011% to 7.8% in 2020 and on average, increased at just 0.06% per year (P = .79). ConclusionsOver the past decade, authorship by women has steadily increased, more so at the first author position. Author-volunteered gender identification at the time of manuscript acceptance may be useful to more accurately follow trends in publication.

Gender Trends for Women: Impact of a Global Pandemic

For years, men have dominated occupations in society due to presumed gender roles. Recently, due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, women have had to step into different lanes and transition from traditional duties into roles that center on the aftermath of the pandemic. An increase in stay-at-home duties allocated for a lot of women to shift from their normal routines towards household needs. There was also an influx in domestic violence against women and the need for reinforcing preventive measures as it came to safety concerns for women. This qualitative study analyzes research that illustrates gender trends that occurred as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to illustrate how to overcome the ongoing economic risks and hardships that women still face.

TRENDS IN REVISION HIP ARTHROPLASTY SURGERY: A 21-YEAR REVIEW OF THE NEW ZEALAND JOINT REGISTRY

This study aimed to examine the changing trends in the reasons for total hip replacement (THR) revision surgery, in one country over a twenty-one year period, in order to assess whether changes in arthroplasty practices have impacted revision patterns and whether an awareness of these changes can be used to guide clinical practice and reduce future revision rates.The reason for revision THR performed between January 1999 and December 2019 was extracted from the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR). The results were then grouped into seven 3-year periods to allow for clearer visualization of trends. The reasons were compared across the seven time periods and trends in prosthesis use, patient age, gender, BMI and ASA grade were also reviewed. We compared the reasons for early revision, within one year, with the overall revision rates.There were 20,740 revision THR registered of which 7665 were revisions of hips with the index procedure registered during the 21 year period. There has been a statistically significant increase in both femoral fracture (4.1 – 14.9%, p&lt;0.001) and pain (8.1 – 14.9%, p&lt;0.001) as a reason for hip revision. While dislocation has significantly decreased from 57.6% to 17.1% (p&lt;0.001). Deep infection decreased over the first 15 years but has subsequently seen further increases over the last 6 years. Conversely both femoral and acetabular loosening increased over the first 12 years but have subsequently decreased over the last 9 years. The rate of early revisions rose from 0.86% to 1.30% of all revision procedures, with a significant rise in revision for deep infection (13-33% of all causes, p&lt;0.001) and femoral fracture (4-18%, p&lt;0.001), whereas revision for dislocation decreased (59-30%, p&lt;0.001). Adjusting for age and gender femoral fracture and deep infection rates remained significant for both (p&lt;0.05). Adjusting for age, gender and ASA was only significant for infection.The most troubling finding was the increased rate of deep infection in revision THR, with no obvious linked pattern, whereas, the reduction in revision for dislocation, aseptic femoral and acetabular loosening can be linked to the changing patterns of the use of larger femoral heads and improved bearing surfaces.

Women in pediatric emergency medicine: Trends in gender from 2000 to 2020.

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

Gender trends in applicants to general surgery residency programs in Canada

BackgroundSurgical disciplines lag behind non-surgical disciplines in attracting female trainees. Female representation of Canadian General Surgeons has not been evaluated in recent years in the literature. The objectives of this study were to assess gender trends in applicants to Canadian General Surgery residency programs and practicing general surgeons and subspecialists. MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed gender data for residency applicants ranking General Surgery as their first-choice discipline from publicly-available annual Canadian Residency Matching Service (CaRMS) R-1 match reports from 1998 to 2021. Aggregate gender data for practicing female physicians in General Surgery and related subspecialties, including Pediatric Surgery, obtained from annual Canadian Medical Association (CMA) census from 2000 to 2019 was also analysed. ResultsThere was a significant increase in the proportion of female applicants from 34% in 1998 to 67% in 2021 (p < 0.001) and of successfully matched candidates from 39% to 68% (p = 0.002) from 1998 to 2021. Success rates between male and female candidates were significantly different in 1998 (p < 0.001), but not in 2021 (p = 0.29). The proportion of practicing female General Surgeons also significantly increased from 10.1% in 2000 to 27.9% in 2019 (p = 0.0013), with variable trends in subspecialties. ConclusionGender inequality in General Surgery residency matches has normalized since 1998. Despite females representing more than 40% of applicants and successfully matched candidates to General Surgery since 2008, a gender gap still exists amongst practicing General Surgeons and subspecialists. This suggests the need for further cultural and systemic change to mitigate gender disparities. Type of studyOriginal research article, clinical research. Level of evidenceLevel III (Retrospective cross-sectional study).

Weight-for-age z-scores of Japanese children using the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.

Weight-for-age z-scores of Japanese children using the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.

Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Disability and Social Support Among U.S. Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment Living Alone, 2000–2018

Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Disability and Social Support Among U.S. Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment Living Alone, 2000–2018

Exploring Gender and Ethnoracial Differences and Trends in Methamphetamine Treatment.

Given the significant rise in methamphetamine use and related mortality in the United States, it is critical to explore differences in treatment trends with particular attention to women and ethnoracial groups in hard-hit areas like Los Angeles County. We analyzed a large sample across 4 waves: 2011 (105 programs, 10 895 clients), 2013 (104 programs, 17 865 clients), 2015 (96 programs, 16 584 clients), and 2017 (82 programs, 15 388 clients). We completed a comparative analysis to identify differences across subgroups and a trend analysis of treatment episodes by gender and ethnoracial group to differentiate users of methamphetamine and users of other drugs. Treatment clients using methamphetamine increased over time for each gender and race. There were also significant differences across age groups. Women comprised a greater proportion of treatment episodes involving methamphetamine use (43.3%) compared to all other drugs combined (33.6%). Latinas represented 45.5% of methadone-related admissions. Compared with other drug users, methamphetamine users had a lower successful treatment completion rate and were served by programs with less financial and culturally responsive capacity. Findings highlight a sharp increase in treatment admissions for methamphetamine users of all gender and ethnocultural groups. Women, especially Latinas, saw the most significant increases, with a widening gender gap over time. All subgroups of methamphetamine users had a lower treatment completion rate compared with users of other drugs, and critical differences existed in the programs where they received services.

Age-varying Associations of Depressive Symptoms and Heavy Episodic Drinking Throughout Adulthood Among People with HIV and Receiving care in Cameroon Within a National "treat all" Policy.

Comorbid depression and heavy episodic drinking (HED) may threaten the success of "treat all" policies in sub-Saharan Africa as the population of people with HIV (PWH) ages. We investigated associations between depressive symptoms and heavy episodic drinking (HED) and the extent the relationship differed across ages among PWH receiving HIV care in Cameroon. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 18-60-year-old PWH on antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon from January 2016 to March 2020. Age-varying effect modelling was conducted to assess associations between depressive symptoms and HED across ages and by gender. Prevalence of depression and HED was highest at ages 20 and 25, respectively. After age 25, the magnitude of the association between depressive symptoms and HED was significant and increased until age 30 (aOR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.39), with associations remaining significant until age 55 (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.17, 2.29). Women had more variability and higher magnitudes of associations between depressive symptoms and HED than men. The interrelationship between depressive symptoms and HED was significant throughout most of adulthood for PWH receiving HIV care in Cameroon. Understanding age and gender trends in these associations can guide integration efforts in HIV care settings.

Gender disparities in shoulder and elbow publications.

Female representation in orthopedics, and specifically shoulder and elbow surgery, lags behind other surgical subspecialities. There has been a growing interest in recent years to better characterize, and address, gender disparities in the field. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize gender trends in authorship in the shoulder and elbow literature from 2002 to2020. Articles published from January 2002 to December 2020 in 15 clinical orthopedic and shoulder- and elbow-specific journals were extracted from the online PubMed database. Articles that included the first name of the first and senior authors and contained keywords related to the shoulder and elbow subspecialty were included. The Genderize algorithm was used to determine each author's gender. Gender-based publication trends from 2002 to 2020 were analyzed using descriptive and significance testing as well as logistic regression. 34,695 articles met inclusion criteria and 52,497 unique authors were identified. Of these unique authors, 10,175 (19.4%) were female and 42,322 (80.6%) were male. On average, each unique female author published 1.7±0.1 manuscripts since 2002 and each male author published 2.5±0.2 (P<.001). Female representation in shoulder and elbow publications began at 10.2% in 2002 and rose to 15.9% in 2020 (P<.001). Female representation in the lead author position began at 4.1% in 2002 and rose to 5.8% in 2020 (P=.009). Female representation in the senior author position began at 6.0% in 2002 and rose to 9.1% in 2020 (P<.001). Although female representation in first, senior, and general authorship lags behind male representation in the shoulder and elbow literature, female authorship has significantly increased since 2002. The same men tend to publish more frequently while the number of unique female authors surpasses the annual representation of female authorship. Efforts to improve female representation in the field of orthopedic surgery should include efforts directed at improving female representation in academic literature.

Trends in gender of first and senior authors of articles published in JMIRO.

Despite progress of women in science and medicine, women remain underrepresented in academic publication. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential gender differences in women authorship in the Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology (JMIRO). Gender of the first and senior author of all articles published in JMIRO between 2012 and 2021 were examined. Changes over time and differences among groups were compared using the chi-square test. In total, 1,138 articles were assessed. Women were first and senior authors on 34% and 25% of all articles respectively. The proportion of women as first author was 30%, 41% and 36% for medical imaging (MI), radiation oncology (RO) and combined MI/RO articles respectively. Similarly, the proportion of women as senior author was lower than men at 22%, 32% and 23% for MI, RO and MI/RO articles respectively. Women first authorship over the study period remained stable from 2014 (36%) to 2020 (38%); however, it decreased dramatically in 2021 to 28%. There was a trend of increasing women senior authorship from 2013 (15%) to 2017 (35%) but decreased to 23% in 2021. Over the past 10 years of publications, one in three first authors were women and only one in four senior authors were women. The acknowledgement of this imbalance is the first step to pave the way towards addressing underlying systemic issues related to academic publication and disparities in gender and other inequities.

Gender Disparities and Differences Among Urologists Included in Top Doctor Lists

To understand gender trends among urologists included in "Top Doctor" lists as more women practice urology, we (1) Evaluated whether Top Doctor lists reflect a contemporary distribution of urologists by gender; (2) Describe regional differences in gender composition of lists; (3) Report similarities and differences among men and women Top Doctors. All urologists in regional Top Doctor Castle Connolly lists published in magazines between January 1, 2020 and June 22, 2021 were included. Physician attributes were abstracted. American Urological Association (AUA) census data was used to compare the number of men and women Top Doctor urologists to the number of practicing men and women urologists within each list's zip codes. Log odds ratios (OR) and (95% confidence intervals) were used to compare likelihood of list inclusion by gender overall and by region. Four hundred and ninety-four Top Doctor urologists from 25 lists were analyzed, of which 42 (8.50%) were women. Women urologists comprised 0%-27.8% of each list, with 7 lists (28.0%) including zero women urologists. Using AUA census data, OR for list inclusion of men urologists compared to women was 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) overall, with OR=0.78 (0.36, 1.72) in the West, OR=1.39 (1.03, 1.89) South, OR=1.46 (0.8, 2.67) Northeast, OR=1.90 (0.50, 7.18) Midwest. Women top urologists completed fellowship more often than men (66.7%, 55.1%) and were significantly more likely to complete female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) fellowship (P <.001). Men urologists were significantly more likely to be included in Top Doctor lists than women urologists. Top women urologists were significantly more likely to complete FPMRS fellowship.

C-CASE 2022: Competence to Excellence01. The Queen Bee phenomenon in Canadian surgical subspecialties: an evaluation of gender biases in the resident training environment02. Barriers to surgical peer coaching — What have we learned, and where do we go from here?03. Shared decision-making and evidence-based medicine: Pivotal or trivial to patient care in orthopedic trauma?04. Immersive virtual reality and cadaveric bone

# 01. The Queen Bee phenomenon in Canadian surgical subspecialties: an evaluation of gender biases in the resident training environment {#article-title-2} The Queen Bee phenomenon describes the behavioural response that occurs when women achieve success in a male-dominated environment, and in this

Applying Representation Quotient Methodology to Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Trends of Applicants and Matriculants to Urology Residency Programs From 2010-2018

ObjectiveTo accurately examine the trends in the racial and gender composition of medical students applying and matriculating to urology residency programs. MethodsReports on race/ethnicity and gender for medical school graduates, and urology residency applicants and matriculants were obtained for years 2010-2018. The proportions of individuals representing different racial and gender identities among urology applicants and matriculants were divided by a denominator of their proportion in medical school graduating classes to produce representation quotients (RQapp and RQmat, respectively). Linear regression models were performed on yearly RQs to estimate the RQ changes over time. Nonparametric testing was used to evaluate for differences in applicant to matriculant representation within each identity. ANOVA was performed separately on RQapp and RQmat values to assess differences in representation between identities in the applicant and matriculant populations. ResultsAsian men experienced increases in representation among urology applicants (RQapp: slope 2.04 × 10−2; P = .03) and matriculants (RQmat slope: 7.46 × 10−2; P = .0076) during the study period. Black men trended towards under-representation among applicants (RQapp slope –1.51 × 10−1; P = .03) and matriculants (RQmat slope: –1.71 × 10−1; P = .02). When examining genders, both men (RQapp=1.43 vs RQmat=1.44; P = .80) and women (RQapp=0.52 vs RQmat = 0.51; P = .67) had unchanged representation in the applicant and matriculant cohorts, but women severely underrepresented on average. ConclusionsWomen and Black men are underrepresented in the urology workforce. These concerning findings demonstrate the dire need for initiatives regarding recruitment into urology to support and to ensure successful entry into the field for minority groups.

403P Gender trend over time of principal investigators within large Australian cancer clinical trials groups

Despite increased global effort in promoting gender equity in medicine, progress remains slow, particularly with respect to clinical research and leadership roles. Our study assesses trends in female Principal Investigators (PI) amongst academic Cancer Clinical Trials Groups in Australia.