Gender Trends Research Articles

Ethnicity and gender trends of UK authors in The British Medical Journal and the Lancet over the past two decades: a comprehensive longitudinal analysis

While gender equity among academic authors has been extensively investigated, there is a significant gap in our understanding of racial/ethnic authorship trends, despite the recognition of barriers to authorship along both ethnic and gender lines. Leveraging the meta-data for all articles published in The British Medical Journal (The BMJ) and the Lancet and between 2002 and 2022 (inclusive), we explore demographic trends among UK academic medicine authors in two of the world's leading British medical journals. We systematically searched PubMed's MEDLINE for all articles published in The BMJ and Lancet between January 1st 2002 and December 31st 2022. Filtering for articles with a UK affiliation, we predicted gender using a publicly-validated name-to-gender dictionary, while data was analysed to explore and investigate ethnicity using the Consumer Data Research Centre's (CDRC) Ethnicity Estimator. Data was analysed to explore and investigate: (a) the proportion of female/male author publications, (b) the proportion of the various UK author ethnicity groups, and (c) the overlap/intersection between gender and ethnic identities among first and last authors. This comprehensive longitudinal analysis was conducted on 82,143 articles (51,209 from The BMJ and 30,934 from the Lancet) which represents >97% of all published articles between 2002 and 2022. As we sought to understand how academic authorship reflects the diversity of the UK population, we limited our analysis to first and last authors who had a UK affiliation and excluded "news" and "comments" pieces (16,736 articles for The BMJ and 4678 articles from the Lancet). The main outcome measures were the trends in first and last authorship demographics of academic medicine, focusing on the proportion of female/male authors, ethnicity and their intersectionality. Our findings show that, while women have made substantial headway towards equity among first and last authorship in The BMJ (peaking at 42% and 43%), they remain under-represented in the Lancet (35% and 27%). In both The BMJ and Lancet, Black authors have remained severely under-represented as both first and last authors (below 1% for most of the two decades), while Asian authors have increased proportionally to match their fraction in the general population (ranging from 2 to 10%). Analysis over the past two decades has shown that the gender author gap is decreasing quickly in The BMJ and Lancet. However, despite the two journals' growing focus on structural inequalities in medical academia, little progress has been made in rectifying the large gap between White British authors and other ethnic groups, especially Black authors. Without more awareness, diversity initiatives which have resulted in positive gains for White women do not seem to translate well for authors of colour. None.

Racial, ethnic and gender trends in lung cancer mortality rates in the United States-Mexico border and non-border areas

BackgroundGeographic patterns of lung cancer mortality rate differ in the region bordering Mexico in contrast to the US. This study compares lung cancer mortality between border and non-border counties by race/ethnicity and gender. MethodsThis study utilized population-level death certificate data from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Internet Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research dataset between 1999 and 2020. Established algorithms were implemented to examine lung cancer deaths among US residents. We analyzed the age-adjusted data by year, race/ethnicity, gender, and geographic region. Joinpoint regression was used to determine mortality trends across time. ResultsLung cancer mortality rates were lower in border counties compared to non-border counties across time (p < 0.05). Hispanic lung cancer mortality rates were not different in border counties compared to non-border counties during the same period (p > 0.05). Lung cancer mortality among non-Hispanic White living in border counties was lower than non-Hispanic White residing in non-border counties (p < 0.01), and non-Hispanic Black living in border counties had lower lung cancer mortality than non-Hispanic Black in non-border counties in all but three years (p < 0.05). Both female and male mortality rates were lower in border counties compared to non-border counties (p < 0.05). ConclusionDifferences in lung cancer mortality between border counties and non-border counties reflect lower mortality in Hispanics overall and a decline for non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black living in border counties experiencing lower lung cancer mortality rates than non-border counties. Further studies are needed to identify specific causes for lower mortality rates in border counties.

Demographic and practice patterns among minimally invasive surgery fellowship graduates.

Previous reports show that over 85% of general surgery residents choose to pursue fellowship training after completing residency. There continues to be an increase interest among general surgery residents in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship. Moreover, demographic disparities, particularly gender disparities continue to persist among surgical sub-specialties. In this study, we evaluated the gender disparities and practice patterns among graduating MIS fellows. MIS fellows were surveyed, and 169 results were received from fellows who completed training in the years: 2010, 2015-2019. Surveys collected were used to create a descriptive analysis of the demographics, practice patterns and job finding measures. Loglinear regression model was performed to assess gender trend variation over training years. Fellows self-reported gender showed 65% male, 30% female, and 5% prefer not to say. The cohort of participants was described as 45.3% white, 5.3% African American, and 6.5% Hispanic or Latino. Further, results showed 87.1% of fellows work in MIS surgery with 91.8% reporting their fellowship experience facilitated their ability to find a job. Most alumni pursue a comprehensive MIS practice. Moreover, the proportion of female fellows increased from 29 to 41%, but this increase over time was not significant using loglinear regressions [p-value = 0.0810, Relative risk = 1.1994 (95% CI 0.9778, 1.4711)]. Overall, there is good evidence to support that fellowship training facilitates future career advancements. Further, MIS fellows have differential practice patterns. Finally, females remain underrepresented among the MIS fellows which should call for leadership action to bridge these gaps.

Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Critical Care Fellowship Programs in the United States From 2016 to 2021.

The purpose of this study is to determine the trends in gender, race, and ethnicity of U.S. critical care fellowships over the past 6 years (2016-2021). Data on gender, race, and ethnicity of critical care fellows in five Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited training programs (internal medicine, pulmonary and critical care, anesthesiology, surgery, and pediatrics) from 2015 to 2016 to 2020-2021 were obtained from the joint reports of the American Medical Association (AMA) and Association of American Medical Colleges published annually in the Journal of the AMA. From 2016 to 2021, the number of U.S. critical care fellows increased annually, up 23.8%, with the largest number of fellows in pulmonary critical care medicine (60.1%). The percentage of female critical care fellows slightly increased from 38.7% to 39.4% (p = 0.57). White fellows significantly decreased from 57.4% to 49.3% (p = 0.0001); similarly, Asian fellows significantly decreased from 30.8% to 27.5% (p = 0.004). The percentage of Black or African American fellows was not statistically significantly different (4.9% vs 4.4%; p = 0.44). The number of fellows who self-identified as multiracial significantly increased from 52 (1.9%) to 91 (2.7%) (p = 0.043). The percentage of fellows who identified as Hispanic was not significantly different (6.7% vs 7.5%; p = 0.23). The percentage of women and racially and ethnically minoritized fellows (Black and Hispanic) remain underrepresented in critical care fellowship programs. Additional research is needed to better understand these demographic trends in our emerging critical care physician workforce and enhance diversity.

Scholarly activity following National Institutes of Health Women’s Reproductive Health Research K12 training—a cohort study

National Institutes of Health funding to address basic reproductive health for common female conditions remains disproportionately low, in part because of low success rates of grant applications by obstetrician-gynecologists. This study aimed to evaluate the scholarly productivity of individuals supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Women's Reproductive Health Research K12 career development award, created to advance careers of obstetrician-gynecologist physician-scientists. We performed a cohort study of individuals who completed at least 2 years of Women's Reproductive Health Research training by June 30, 2015, and had at least 5-year follow-up. Earliest training start date was December 1, 1998. Primary outcomes from public data sources (National Institutes of Health RePORTER, PubMed, iCite) were (1) number of total and R01 National Institutes of Health grants as principal investigator; (2) numbers of total and first and last author publications; and (3) median and highest publication impact factor measured by the relative citation ratio. Secondary outcomes from an email survey subcohort were total number of research grants, federally funded grants, and number of National Institutes of Health grants as coinvestigator; institutional promotions and academic appointments, national and National Institutes of Health leadership roles; and career and mentorship satisfaction. Outcomes were recorded at 5, 10, and 15 years postgraduation, and aggregate anonymized data were divided into 3 groups using Women's Reproductive Health Research completion dates: June 30 of 2005, 2010, and 2015. Temporal trends were assessed. Results were stratified by gender, number of awarded grant cycles (1-2 vs 3-4), and specialty type. Analyses used Fisher exact or Pearson chi-square tests, and Mantel-Haenszel tests of trend. The distribution of the cohort (N=178) by graduation completion date was: on or before June 30, 2005 (57 [32%]); July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2010 (60 [34%]); and July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2015 (61 [34%]). Most participants were female (112 [64%]) and maternal-fetal medicine trained (53 [30%]), followed by no fellowship (50 [28%]). Of the 178 participants, 72 (40%) received additional National Institutes of Health funding as a principal investigator, 45 (25%) received at least 1 R01, and 23 (13%) received 2 to 5 R01s. There were 52 (31%) scholars with >10 first author publications, 66 (39%) with >10 last author publications, and 108 (63%) with ≥25 publications. The highest relative citation ratio was a median of 8.07 (interquartile range, 4.20-15.16). There were 121 (71%) scholars with relative citation ratio ≥5, indicating >5-fold greater publication impact than that of other National Institutes of Health-funded scientists in similar areas of research. No differences by gender, institution, or temporal trends were observed. Of the full cohort, 69 (45.7%) responded to the survey; most self-identified as women (50 [73%]) and White (51 [74%]). Our findings suggest that the infrastructure provided by an institutional K award is an advantageous career development award mechanism for obstetrician-gynecologists, a group of predominantly women surgeons. It may serve as a corrective for the known inequities in National Institutes of Health funding by gender.

Temporal trends in the physical fitness of Hong Kong children aged 6–12 years between 2003–04 and 2015–16

ABSTRACT Low physical fitness in childhood is linked with poor health now and in later life. This study estimated temporal trends in physical fitness for Hong Kong children aged 6–12 years from 2003–04 to 2015–16. Objectively measured body size and physical fitness data for 27,513 children were obtained from four population-representative surveys of Hong Kong primary school students. Temporal trends in means were estimated by population-weighted linear regression. Trends in distributional characteristics were visually described. Overall, there was a small increase in mean height (effect size (ES) = 0.20 (95%CI: 0.13, 0.28)), with a negligible increase (ES < 0.2) in mean body mass. When adjusted for trends in age, gender, and body size, there was a small decline in sit-and-reach performance (ES = –0.43 (95%CI: −0.43, −0.42)), a small improvement in 9-min run/walk performance (9-to-12-year-olds, ES = 0.26 (95%CI: 0.26, 0.27)), with negligible declines in handgrip strength, 6-min run/walk (6-to 8-year-olds), and sit-ups performance. Temporal trends were not always uniform across the population distribution, with declines in run/walk, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach performance generally largest in children with low fitness. Increased national health promotion strategies that address culturally specific factors are encouraged to further improve the existing trends, especially for children with low fitness.

Scientometric Analysis of Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Gender Trends in 30 Years of IEEE VIS Publications.

We present the results of a scientometric analysis of 30 years of IEEE VIS publications between 1990-2020, in which we conducted a multifaceted analysis of interdisciplinary collaboration and gender composition among authors. To this end, we curated BiblioVIS, a bibliometric dataset that contains rich metadata about IEEE VIS publications, including 3032 papers and 6113 authors. One of the main factors differentiating BiblioVIS from similar datasets is the authors' gender and discipline data, which we inferred through iterative rounds of computational and manual processes. Our analysis shows that, by and large, inter-institutional and interdisciplinary collaboration has been steadily growing over the past 30 years. However, interdisciplinary research was mainly between a few fields, including Computer Science, Engineering and Technology, and Medicine and Health disciplines. Our analysis of gender shows steady growth in women's authorship. Despite this growth, the gender distribution is still highly skewed, with men dominating (~75%) of this space. Our predictive analysis of gender balance shows that if the current trends continue, gender parity in the visualization field will not be reached before the third quarter of the century (~2070). Our primary goal in this work is to call the visualization community's attention to the critical topics of collaboration, diversity, and gender. Our research offers critical insights through the lens of diversity and gender to help accelerate progress towards a more diverse and representative research community.

Poster 388: Gender Diversity of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellowship Trainees, Faculty and Leadership

Objectives: Orthopaedic surgery has remained the most male-dominated field in medicine, despite recent efforts to recruit and retain more women. The objective of this study was to determine the gender composition of fellows, faculty, and leaders within orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship programs to provide a more complete analysis of gender diversity within this subspecialty. Methods: Official program websites of orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships listed on the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) fellowship directory were examined. Data collected for analysis included the gender of program directors, fellowship faculty, orthopaedic surgery department faculty, current sports medicine fellows and fellows who graduated within the last five years. Results: In the academic year 2021-2022, 132 sports medicine fellows were in fellowship training in the United States within 97 programs. Of these, 113 (85.6%) were men and 19 (14.4%) were women (p&lt;0.001). Within the past five years, 419 fellows were listed as completing a sports medicine fellowship, with 375 (89.5%) being men, and 44 (10.5%) being women (p&lt;0.001). There is no significant difference in the gender composition of current fellows compared to the composition of fellows within the last 5 years (p=0.74). When examining gender trends in sports medicine faculty, 639 (86.6%) were men and 99 (13.4%) were women (p&lt;0.001). There are 14 women (14.4%) orthopaedic sports medicine faculty in leadership positions (i.e., program directors or assistant program directors) compared to 83 men in such positions (85.6%) (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions: Orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships remain heavily male-dominated in their trainees, faculty, and leadership. There was no significant difference in the gender composition of current fellows when compared to those who graduated in the last five years, suggesting further and novel initiatives are needed to enhance gender diversity in sports medicine. [Table: see text][Table: see text]

Trends in gender, race, and ethnic diversity among prospective physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians.

As the proportion of women and individuals who are underrepresented in medicine slowly rises, disparities persist in numerous arenas and specialties. In physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), there is a continued need to focus on diversity among trainees. This study aims to evaluate diversity among PM&R applicants and residents over the past 6 years. To describe the demographic trends in PM&R over the last 6 years and compare those findings with trends in other specialties. Surveillance. Analyses of national databases from self-reported questionnaires. The study consists of 126,833 medical school matriculants, 374,185 resident applicants, and 326,134 resident trainees over the last 6 years. Self-reported demographic data from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were analyzed for medical school matriculants, PM&R applicants, and current residents for the cycles of 2014-2015 to 2019-2020. The data were then comparatively reviewed between PM&R and other medical specialties. In the 6 cycles evaluated, women accounted for 36%-39% of PM&R residents, but 47%-48% in non-PM&R specialties. Women applicants to the PM&R specialty averaged 34.4% over the 6 years analyzed, which was the fourth lowest of the 11 specialties examined. Black or African American and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin populations each accounted for only 6% of PM&R residents. PM&R demonstrated a noticeably higher proportion of White (62.1% vs. 60.3%) and an observably lower proportion of Black or African American (6.0% vs. 7.1%) and Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin (6.3% vs. 7.9%) residents compared with non-PM&R specialties. There is underrepresentation of women and multiple racial and ethnic minority groups in the field of PM&R from applicants to trainees demonstrating a need to improve recruitment efforts.

Age and Gender Trends in the Prevalence of Markers for Hepatitis E Virus Exposure in the Heterogeneous Bulgarian Population.

The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the Bulgarian population remains underestimated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate age and gender trends in HEV prevalence in the heterogeneous Bulgarian population. Stored serum samples from blood donors and different patient sub-populations-kidney recipients (KR), patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), Lyme disease (LD), patients with liver involvement and a clinical diagnosis other than viral hepatitis A and E (non-AE), hemodialysis (HD) and HIV-positive patients (HIV)-were retrospectively investigated for markers of past and recent/ongoing HEV infection. The estimated overall seroprevalence of past infection was 10.6%, ranging from 5.9% to 24.5% for the sub-populations evaluated, while the seroprevalence of recent/ongoing HEV infection was 7.5%, ranging from 2.1% to 20.4%. The analysis of the individual sub-populations showed a different prevalence with respect to sex. In regard to age, the cohort effect was preserved, as a multimodal pattern was observed only for the GBS sub-population. Molecular analysis revealed HEV 3f and 3e. The type of the population is one of the main factors on which the anti-HEV prevalence depends, highlighting the need for the development of guidelines related to the detection and diagnosis of HEV infection with regard to specific patient populations.

Persistent Lack of Female Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellows

To evaluate the gender composition of fellows, faculty, and leaders within orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship programs to provide a more complete description of gender diversity within this subspecialty. Official program websites of orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships listed on the Arthroscopy Association of North America fellowship directory were examined. Data collected for analysis included the gender of program directors, fellowship faculty, orthopaedic surgery department faculty, current sports medicine fellows, and fellows who graduated within the last 5 years. Of the 132 orthopaedic sports medicine fellows in training in the United States in the 2021 to 2022 academic year, 113 (85.6%) were men and 19 (14.4%) were women (P < .001). Within the past 5 years, 419 fellows were listed as completing a sports medicine fellowship, with 375 (89.5%) being men, and 44 (10.5%) being women (P < .001). There was no significant difference in the gender composition of current fellows compared with the composition of fellows within the last 5 years (P= .74). When we examined gender trends in sports medicine faculty, 639 (86.6%) were men and 99 (13.4%) were women (P < .001). There were 14 women (14.4%) orthopaedic sports medicine faculty in leadership positions (i.e., program director or assistant program director) compared with 83 men in such positions (85.6%) (P < .001). Orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships remain heavily male-dominated on all levels, including fellows, faculty, and leadership. There were no differences in the gender composition of current fellows when compared with those who graduated in the last 5 years, suggesting persistent gender disparity and the need for novel initiatives to enhance gender diversity in sports medicine. IV, descriptive study.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Indicators in Bipolar Disorder Patients with Healthy Controls

Aim: It is important to assess the likelihood of cardiovascular disease in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). In this study, indicators of increased cardiovascular disease risk on electrocardiogram (ECG) and laboratory were evaluated. Material and Methods: In the present investigation, we studied the demographic details, ECG variables, and blood test results of 90 healthy controls (HC) and 97 patients we followed for BD diagnosis. Results: Age and gender trends were similar between the BD and HC groups (p=0.844 and p=0.664). BD had a higher mean number of fragmented QRS (fQRS) than the HC group, and fQRS was more frequent (p=0.002 and p=0.007). The frontal QRS-T angle was wider in the BD group than it was in the HC group (p=0.038). Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), monocytes to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (MHR), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were statistically greater in BD patients (p=0.021, p&amp;lt;0.001, and p&amp;lt;0.001). Conclusion: In brief, the report indicates that impaired ventricular repolarization is related to an elevation in the frontal QRS-T angle in BD. As a result, BD patients have a greater risk of cardiovascular mortality and ventricular arrhythmias. As a result, clinicians ought to have a greater understanding of the frontal QRS-T angle and conduct an ECG examination on regular controls.

Gender Distribution and Trends of Ophthalmology Subspecialties, 1992-2020

To describe the gender trends in ophthalmology primary practice areas using the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) diplomates. A trend study plus a cross-sectional study of the ABO's database. The de-identified records of all (N=12,844) ABO-certified ophthalmologists between 1992 and 2020 were obtained. The year of certification, gender, and self-reported primary practice for each ophthalmologist was recorded. Subspecialty was defined as the self-reported primary practice emphasis. Practice trends of the entire population and the subpopulation of subspecialists were explored based on gender and were then visualized using tables and graphs and analyzed using the χ2 or Fisher exact test. A total of 12,844 board-certified ophthalmologists were included. Nearly half (47%) reported a subspecialty as their primary practice area (n=6042), of whom the majority were male (65%, n=3940). In the first decade, men outnumbered women reporting subspecialty practices by more than 2:1. Over time, the number of women subspecialists increased whereas the number of men remained stable, such that by 2020 women comprised almost half of new ABO diplomates reporting subspecialty practice. When all subspecialists were compared within gender, there was not a significant difference (P=.15) between the percentage of male (46%) and female (48%) ophthalmologist reporting a subspecialty practice. However, a significantly greater proportion of women than men reported primary practice in pediatrics (20.1% vs 7.9%, P < .001) and glaucoma (21.8% vs 16.0%, P < .0001). Alternatively, a significantly greater proportion of men reported primary practice in vitreoretinal surgery (47.2% vs 22.0%, P < .0001). There was no significant difference between the proportion of men and women reporting cornea (P=.15) or oculoplastics (P=.31). The number of women in ophthalmology subspecialty practice has increased steadily over the past 30 years. Men and women subspecialize at the same rate, but significant differences exist between the types of ophthalmology practiced by each gender.

Applying Representation Quotient Methodology to Racial/Ethnic and Gender Trends of Applicants and Matriculants to Neurology Residency Programs from 2007–2021 (P6-2.004)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To adopt new approaches to evaluating representation trends of racial groups entering neurology. <h3>Background:</h3> Studies examining representation trends of minority groups in neurology residencies do not evaluate diversity patterns in conjunction with the diversity changes occurring in medical schools. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Reports on race/ethnicity and gender of U.S. medical school graduates, neurology applicants, and matriculants between 2007–2021 were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges. The proportion of each racial/ethnic and gender identity among neurology applicants and matriculants were divided by a denominator of their proportion in the corresponding medical school graduating class year to produce representation quotients among applicants (RQ_app) and matriculants (RQ_mat). Linear regression was performed on yearly RQ values to evaluate for representation changes over time. Non-parametric testing was used to assess differences in average representation within identities among applicants and matriculants. P&lt;0.05 was deemed significant. <h3>Results:</h3> There were 36,383 neurology applicants and 36,196 matriculants. Among applicants, only Asian men had unchanged representation over time (RQ_app slope: +2.22’10⁻³/year); all other groups experienced statistical increases in representation. Asian men (RQ_app=1.19), Black men (RQ_app=1.16), and Hispanic men (RQ_app=1.07) were the only identities to have an average RQ_app&gt;1 among applicants. Only Asian men (RQ_mat slope: −8.04×10⁻³/year) and Asian women (RQ_mat slope: −1.54×10⁻²/year) had declines in matriculant representation during the study period, with all other groups having either positive or unchanged RQ_mat slopes. White men (RQ_app=0.50 vs. RQ_mat=0.82; p&lt;0.01) and White women (RQ_app=0.41 vs. RQ_mat=0.78; p&lt;0.01) had the largest increases in representation average when comparing applicants to matriculants. Despite having an RQ_app&gt;1, Black men experienced the largest decrease in representation average between cohorts (RQ_app=1.16 vs. RQ_mat=0.67; p&lt;0.01). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Most racial groups experienced increases in representation among neurology applicants and matriculants, but women and Black men were underrepresented as neurology matriculants. Greater support is needed for these groups to ensure their equitable recruitment into neurology. <b>Disclosure:</b> Mr. Persad-Paisley has received research support from NIH National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute (NHLBI) . Ms. Paracha has nothing to disclose. Dr. Daruvala has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mahta has nothing to disclose. The institution of Dr. Ayub has received research support from Brown Physicians Incorporated.

Gender trend of monkeypox virus infection

ABSTRACT Introduction An outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) in 2022 has been declared as a ‘public health emergency of international concern’ by the World Health Organization (WHO). There are many reports about the cases of male-to-male transmission of the recent mpox virus (MPXV). However, the mechanism and trend of male infection are unclear. We analyzed public data to test whether men are vulnerable to mpox by gender effect. Areas covered Public data of previously and recently reported cohort cases, including gender information of MPXV-infected patients, from PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO databases were collected and analyzed. Network analysis was used to explore the potent intersections between male hormone receptor, androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and mpox-related and -infected host cell response genes. Furthermore, gene ontology enrichment and KEGG genomic signaling pathways were analyzed using intersection genes. Expert opinion MPXV infections among the male population are more frequent than the female population using multiple cohort public data analysis. AR signaling-related gene list against mpox host cell response gene list data of two sets showed that the most intersection genes are related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, inflammation, and transcription. AR signaling may be essential to the infection and might be a potent target in anti-mpox infective therapy.

Persistent Lack of Female Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellows

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the gender composition of fellows, faculty, and leaders within orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship programs to provide a more complete analysis of gender diversity within this subspecialty. MethodsOfficial program websites of orthopaedic sports medicine fellowships listed on the Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA) fellowship directory were examined. Data collected for analysis included the gender of program directors, fellowship faculty, orthopaedic surgery department faculty, current sports medicine fellows, and fellows who graduated within the last five years. ResultsOf the 132 orthopaedic sports medicine fellows in training in the United States in the 2021-2022 academic year, 113 (85.6%) were men and 19 (14.4%) were women (p<0.001). Within the past five years, 419 fellows were listed as completing a sports medicine fellowship, with 375 (89.5%) being men, and 44 (10.5%) being women (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the gender composition of current fellows compared to the composition of fellows within the last 5 years (p=0.74). When examining gender trends in sports medicine faculty, 639 (86.6%) were men and 99 (13.4%) were women (p<0.001). There were 14 women (14.4%) orthopaedic sports medicine faculty in leadership positions (i.e., program director or assistant program director) compared to 83 men in such positions (85.6%) (p<0.001) ConclusionsOrthopaedic sports medicine fellowships remain heavily male-dominated on all levels, including fellows, faculty, and leadership. There were no differences in the gender composition of current fellows when compared to those who graduated in the last five years, suggesting persistent gender disparity and the need for novel initiatives to enhance gender diversity in sports medicine.

GENDER AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Language acquisition is a complex and lengthy process that has many levels and is affected by different variables. A Sociolinguistic approach to Language Acquisition (LA) is one that studies the relationship between social contextual variables. This review paper intends to focus on one of the variables of language acquisition i.e. gender, which is an important factor in First and Second Language Acquisition. A brief overview of research studies and general trends in sociolinguistic gender over time is presented in order to explore relationship of gender and its role in first and second language acquisition. Keywords: Genderlect; Language Acquisition; Language Change/Maintenance; Bilingualism; Multilingualism; Language Variation.

GENDER AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Language acquisition is a complex and lengthy process that has many levels and is affected by different variables. A Sociolinguistic approach to Language Acquisition (LA) is one that studies the relationship between social contextual variables. This review paper intends to focus on one of the variables of language acquisition i.e. gender, which is an important factor in First and Second Language Acquisition. A brief overview of research studies and general trends in sociolinguistic gender over time is presented in order to explore relationship of gender and its role in first and second language acquisition. Keywords: Genderlect; Language Acquisition; Language Change/Maintenance; Bilingualism; Multilingualism; Language Variation.

A comparative analysis of gender trend in academic achievement among history graduates of a University in Nigeria

Given gender as properties that distinguish organisms based on their reproductive roles as female or male, these properties have been argued to have discrepancies in the learning abilities of males and females. Therefore, this study analysed gender and academic achievement trend of graduates in History Studies from the University of Ilorin, Nigeria, from 2019 to 2021. This study adopted ex post facto research design within a census population. 1,491 male and female graduates of History Education from the Faculty of Education and History and International Studies from the Faculty of Arts from 2019 to 2021 were used as the sample. Therefore, the Order of Proceedings of the University of Ilorin for 2019, 2020, and 2021 was used for data collection. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, such as bar charts and percentages, to answer research questions, and inferential statistics, such as the independent t-test for the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings from this study revealed that the trend of academic achievement among male graduates with 2nd-Class-Upper and Lower was upward, while the proportion of males with 3rd Class and Pass was downward. The trend of academic achievement among female graduates with 2nd-Class-Upper, 2nd-Class-Lower, and Pass was upward, while the trend for 3rd-Class was downward. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the academic achievement of male and female graduates from the University of Ilorin. Therefore, it is recommended that male and female students should take their studies and courses seriously, among other recommendations.

Trends in Gender and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Disability and Social Support Among U.S. Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment Living Alone, 2000-2018.

Informal care is the primary source of support for older adults with cognitive impairment, yet is less available to those who live alone. We examined trends in the prevalence of physical disability and social support among older adults with cognitive impairment living alone in the United States. We analyzed 10 waves of data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey spanning 2000-2018. Eligible people were those aged ≥65, having cognitive impairment, and living alone. Physical disability and social support were measured via basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADLs, IADLs). We estimated linear temporal trends for binary/integer outcomes via logistic/Poisson regression, respectively. A total of 20 070 participants were included. Among those reporting BADL/IADL disability, the proportion unsupported for BADLs decreased significantly over time (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-0.99), and the proportion unsupported for IADLs increased (OR = 1.02, CI 1.01-1.04). Among those receiving IADL support, the number of unmet IADL support needs increased significantly over time (relative risk [RR] 1.04, CI 1.03-1.05). No gender disparities were found for these trends. Over time, Black respondents had a relatively increasing trend of being BADL-unsupported (OR = 1.03, CI 1.0-1.05) and Hispanic and Black respondents had a relatively increasing trend in the number of unmet BADL needs (RR = 1.02, CI 1.00-1.03; RR = 1.01, CI 1.00-1.02, respectively), compared to the corresponding trends in White respondents. Among lone-dwelling U.S. older adults with cognitive impairment, fewer people received IADL support over time, and the extent of unmet IADL support needs increased. Racial/ethnic disparities were seen both in the prevalence of reported BADL/IADL disability and unmet BADL/IADL support needs; some but not all were compatible with a reduction in disparity over time. This evidence could prompt interventions to reduce disparities and unmet support needs.