Gender Role Attitudes Research Articles

Are Men Who Pay for Sex Sexist? Masculinity and Client Attitudes Toward Gender Role Equality in Different Prostitution Markets

Prostitution clients’ attitudes toward gender equality are important indicators of how masculinity relates to the demand for commercial sexual services. Research on male client misogyny has been inconclusive, and few studies compare men in different markets. Using an online survey of 519 clients of sexual services, we examine whether male client attitudes toward gender role equality are related to the main methods customers used to access prostitution services (i.e., through print or online media vs. in-person contact). We found no differences among men in these markets in attitudes toward gender role equality in the workplace and home. This is in a context where all clients had more egalitarian attitudes toward women’s roles than the U.S. male population in the General Social Survey (GSS). However, clients in in-person markets were less supportive of affirmative action than in online markets in a context where all clients were less supportive compared to the national average. These findings point to need to rethink how masculinity and gender role attitudes affect patterns of male demand for paid sex.

Gender Role Attitudes in Germany, 1982-2016: An Age-Period-Cohort (APC) Analysis

The present study investigates the change of gender role attitudes in Germany between 1982 and 2016. Nine waves of the German General Social Survey are used (N = 26,389). In contrast to previous trend studies, which largely ignore age effects, a mechanism-based age-period-cohort model (Winship/Harding 2008) is applied. It becomes clear that age, period and cohort independently have an impact on gender role ideology. Compared to earlier research, new insights concerning the shape of cohort effects come to light: Specific to traditional gender ideology in Western Germany, it is apparent that the trend towards increasingly egalitarian attitudes comes to a halt in men born around 1956 and later and in women born 1966. For Eastern Germany we observe that the cohort-specific trend towards liberalisation in younger cohorts either is diminishing or even tends to reverse. This pattern of effects mainly mirrors the phases of the feminist movement in Western Germany and the rise and decline of the German Democratic Republic, respectively.

It’s All about the Money? Family policies, individual gender-role attitudes, and childbearing intentions in an international perspective

This study aims to explore whether individual gender-role attitudes moderate potential policy effects on planned childbearing. This is done by employing a typology of earner-carer and traditional-family support in multilevel analyses, pooling data from 2010 for 23 countries. It is expected that individuals preferring earner-carer arrangements react more positively to earner-carer support, while individuals preferring traditional-family arrangements react more positively to traditional-family support. The results show that gender-role attitudes moderate the effect of family policies on mothers’ and childless men’s planned childbearing. Gender-egalitarian mothers have stronger childbearing intentions with higher income replacement in earner-carer support. Contrary to expectations, gender-egalitarian childless men have stronger childbearing intentions with higher income replacement in traditional-family support. Moreover, the results show that both family policies and gender-role attitudes influence childbearing intentions independently, and that family policies play a role mainly for childless respondents.

The relation of gender role attitudes with depression and generalised anxiety disorder in two Russian cities

BackgroundReported traditional gender role attitudes (GRAs) have been related to worse mental health in western countries. This study examined the link of GRAs with symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in two Russian cities. MethodsWe used interview data from the cross-sectional Know Your Heart Study conducted among 5099 adults aged 35-69 in the Russian cities of Arkhangelsk and Novosibirsk between 2015 and 2017. Attitudes about gender inequality and division of labour between women and men at home or in the public sphere were measured by single items. Binary variables indicating presence of symptoms of depression and GAD were defined by a cut-off of ≥ 5 of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine crude and adjusted associations. ResultsThere was evidence that all types of GRAs were associated with symptoms of depression and GAD consistent with a U-shape after controlling for confounding with stronger evidence for all relationships for depression than for GAD. Odds of depressive symptoms were elevated among participants strongly agreeing to gender inequality and gender division of labour. There was good evidence for effect measure modification by age. LimitationsThe possibilities of measurement error of the exposure and outcomes, residual confounding and reverse causality are important limitations of this study. ConclusionsAgreeing to gender inequality and gender division of labour was associated with reporting symptoms of common mental disorders in Russia. This study adds evidence for a link of GRAs with mental health from a non-western context.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes: Evidence from Immigrant Mothers-in-Law

Previous literature has shown that attitudes and preferences are intergenerationally transmitted from parents to their children. We contribute to this literature by analyzing whether gender role attitudes are also transmitted across cultural boundaries, i.e., from immigrants to natives. Focusing on mixed couples, we examine whether the gender role attitudes of foreign-born mothers-in-law can explain the fertility and labor supply decisions of native US women. Our results reveal that women's labor market participation is significantly positively related to the gender role attitudes in her mother-in-law's country of origin. Employing a new identification strategy, we show that this finding is due to the intergenerational transmission of gender norms rather than other unobservable characteristics of the mother-in-law's country of origin. These results suggest that the cultural values held in their source country do not only influence the behavior of immigrants and their descendants, but can also affect the labor force participation of native women. We do, however, not find evidence that intergenerationally transmitted gender role attitudes affect the fertility behavior of native women.

Preliminary Findings of the Links Between Gender Role Attitudes and Sexual Behaviors in Mexican American Early Adolescent Boys.

This study explored the relations between Latino gender role attitudes (traditional machismo attitudes and caballerismo attitudes) and sexual behaviors among 242 Mexican American early adolescent boys in the southwest United States. Specifically, a multiple mediator model estimated the association between gender role attitudes and sexual activity through a mediational pathway connecting substance use, sexual motives, and peer influence. Results from analyzing this structural equation model indicated that traditional machismo attitudes were not associated with sexual behaviors. Caballerismo gender role attitudes, however, were indirectly linked with reduced sexual motives and substance via peer influence. This study underscores the importance of social context, behavior, and psychological motivations in explaining differences in sexual motives and substance use among young Mexican American adolescent boys who hold different kinds of beliefs about their gender.

Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Revisited: Evidence from the United States

Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Revisited: Evidence from the United States

Ebelik Öğrencilerinin Erkek Ebelere İlişkin Görüşleri ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rol Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki

Ebelik Öğrencilerinin Erkek Ebelere İlişkin Görüşleri ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rol Tutumları Arasındaki İlişki

Suddenly a Stay-at-Home Dad? Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Fathers' Job Loss on Time Investment in the Household

Commonly described as “gender care gap”, there is a persistent gender difference in the division of unpaid domestic responsibilities in developed countries. We use German survey data to provide novel evidence on short- and long-run effects of an exogenous shock on paternal availability, through a job loss, on the intra-household allocation of domestic work. We find that paternal child care and housework significantly increase in the short run on weekdays, while we do not see any similar shifts on weekends. Effects are positive and persistent for fathers who remain unemployed or have a working partner, but reverse after re-employment. We also find significant changes for female partners as well as in cumulative household time investments and outsourcing of tasks. Our results are in line with theoretical predictions regarding time availability and financial constraints, while we find no strong evidence for changes in bargaining powers, gender role attitudes or emotional bonding.

The Effects of Transition to Parenthood on Gender Role Attitudes among Men and Women

The Effects of Transition to Parenthood on Gender Role Attitudes among Men and Women

The role of sexual orientation in differentiating between perceptions of rape myths, gender role stereotypes and social distance: The case of Israel

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationships between Israeli gender role stereotypes, rape myths toward male and female victims, and social distance from sex crime victims and sex offenders, according to the observer?s sex and sexual orientation (gay men, lesbian women, and heterosexual men and women). The data was collected during the end of 2016 and included 401 Israeli participants. A multivariate analysis of variance, as well as series of Pearson analyses, were used to examine the differences between groups as well as to examine the correlations between research variables. Results broadly conformed to predictions, with men generally more negative than women. However, people with a same-sex orientation endorse more liberal gender role attitudes than heterosexuals. In addition, overall, participants expressed greater willingness to maintain social contacts with victims than with offenders. Nonetheless, only among heterosexuals significant negative correlations between rape myths and willingness to maintain social contacts with victims were found.

Gender Gaps in PISA Test Scores: The Impact of Social Norms and the Mother’s Transmission of Role Attitudes

The existence of gender gaps in test scores has been documented in the relevant literature for a wide range of countries. In particular, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) conducted by the OECD over the past ten years reveals that on average girls underperform (outperform) boys in maths (reading) scores in most of the countries that take part in the evaluation programme. Focussing primarily on maths we find that differences in culture and social norms across countries and across regions within the same country are crucial determinants in understanding gender differences in PISA 2009 scores: girls perform relatively better in societies where gender equality is enhanced, and the effect varies over the distribution of scores. In addition, we find substantial evidence for the intergenerational transmission of gender role attitudes within the family, especially from mothers to daughters, as the relative performance of girls with respect to boys is better in families where the mother is active in the labour market.

Becoming a Female‐Breadwinner Household in Australia: Changes in Relationship Satisfaction

AbstractObjectiveThis study longitudinally investigated the associations between becoming a female‐breadwinner household and changes in relationship satisfaction for men and women.BackgroundFemale‐breadwinner households pose a fundamental challenge to gender norms, particularly in countries such as Australia with a strong male breadwinner culture. Despite an increase in their prevalence, the implications for relationship satisfaction is understudied. Hypotheses were formulated based on specialization, relative resource, role collaboration, and doing gender theories.MethodA total of 17 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia household panel survey (76,866 observations, 11,986 people) and fixed effects models were used to study the associations between changes in breadwinner arrangements and relationship satisfaction. Building on previous research our breadwinner typology combined employment and income differences between partners, differentiating single earners from dual earners.ResultsBoth men and women became less satisfied when they transitioned to dual‐earner households where women out‐earned their partners. Becoming a female‐breadwinner household due to male unemployment or illness decreased relationship satisfaction for women. Respondents were most satisfied when they were in male‐breadwinner, female‐homemaker households. For women, but not men, gender role attitudes influenced some of these associations.ConclusionThe results extend our understanding of the consequences of the increasing prevalence of female‐breadwinner households and suggest that they may be contributing to lower relationship quality and stability.

Determination of nurses’ views on gender role attitudes: A Ccoss-sectional Study

<b>Background:</b> Gender roles have been defined as the roles and responsibilities attributed by the society to women (feminine) and men (masculine) and how the society views, perceives, thinks of them and the expectations of the society about how they should behave. Awareness should be increased in nurses so that they can take a look at their own lives critically. This study was conducted to find out the views of nurses about gender role attitudes. <br><b>Methods:</b> This descriptive study was conducted with 200 nurses who agreed to participate in the study in a training and research hospital between June 15 and August 15, 2017. The data were collected through face to face interview with a questionnaire form. Questionnaire form consists of descriptive characteristics form and Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). Descriptive and analytical statistics were used in the assessment of data. <br><b>Results:</b> Average age of the nurses who participated in the study was found as 30.37±7.28. It was found that 83.5% of the nurses had not received any education for gender roles. It was found that almost half of the nurses thought the best aspect of being a man was “being free”, while the best aspect of being a woman was “being a mother”; it was also found that men should not “show violence” and women should not “be unfaithful”; both genders should be taught to “be respectful” and “not be allowed to be disrespectful”. Nurses’ average GRAS score of 121.18±11.37 showed that they had equalitarian attitude about gender roles. Conclusion: The results that nurses can look at their own lives with a critical eye and have an equalitarian attitude in gender roles are significant in terms of more quality and equality-based health services.

Stressors at the work-family interface and satisfaction with the quality of the couple relationship: a comparative analysis of men and women

ABSTRACT This study examined the contribution of stressors deriving from the work-family interface to explaining two aspects of the quality of the couple relationship among men versus women: satisfaction with sexual life and satisfaction with couplehood. The sample comprised 276 heterosexual Israeli participants (136 men, 140 women). The examined stressors included objective overload at home and at work (assessed by the number of hours devoted daily to each domain), subjective overload, and the experience of role conflict (family interferes with work [FIW], and work interferes with family [WIF]). The data were analyzed using structural equation modelling. For both genders, satisfaction with the daily amount of time that the partner devotes to the home and family domains explained satisfaction with sexual life and satisfaction with couplehood. Among women, satisfaction with sexual life was explained by the experience of WIF conflict, whereas satisfaction with couplehood was explained by the experience of FIW conflict. Furthermore, egalitarian gender-role attitudes correlated positively with men’s sexual satisfaction and negatively with the intensity of FIW conflict. We concluded that for women, work-family stressors affected the quality of the couple relationship, whereas the impact of egalitarian gender-role attitudes on the quality of the couple relationship was greater for men.

Relating Gender to Sex: Gendered Attitudes, Sexual Double Standard, Sexual Intentions and Behaviors in two Chinese Adolescent Samples

ABSTRACT Adolescence is a critical life stage when individuals further consolidate their gender role concepts, develop sexual beliefs, and likely begin to experiment with sexual behaviors. While there have been numerous studies on adolescents’ gender role attitudes, sexual beliefs, and sexual behaviors, the bulk of this research has been based on Western samples. The current study aimed to expand our knowledge of adolescents’ gender and sexuality by examining gender role attitudes, sexual beliefs, and sexual behaviors in an urban sample (n = 613) and a rural sample (n = 408) from China. Adolescent boys reported stronger identification with the negative male role, less sexual guilt, and stronger sexual intention than their female counterparts. Compared to the urban sample, adolescents in the rural sample were more likely to endorse both negative and positive male roles, hold the sexual double standard, and experience sexual guilt. Regression analyses yielded significant interaction effects between sex and negative male role on sexual guilt and sexual intention, suggesting that the negative male role was differentially associated with sexual guilt and sexual intention in boys versus in girls. Moreover, the negative male role was the only significant predictor of sexual behavior. Cultural implications of these findings were discussed.

Does Higher Education Empower Women? Evidence from China's Higher Education Expansion

Empowering women and closing the gender gap are key issues for economic and social development. This paper explores whether higher education expansion could empower women by influencing gender norms and the level of gender equality in both the labor market and the marriage market. I evaluate the impact of China's higher education expansion since 1999. The results show that the reform significantly increases higher educational attainment for both women and men. However, women's gender-role attitudes tend to become less progressive after the expansion. The retreat in egalitarian gender views could be attributed to the findings that women's opportunities in the labor market become more disadvantaged relative to those of men. The results are significantly driven by married women and people who live in high sex ratio areas. The practical conditions that women confront in the labor market and households may shape their gender-role attitudes in the reverse direction.

Wives influence climate change mitigation behaviours in married-couple households: insights from Taiwan

Mitigating climate change requires collective action of various sectors and on multiple scales, including individual behavioural changes among citizens. Although numerous studies have examined factors that influence individuals’ mitigation behaviours, much less attention has been given to interpersonal influence. Children have been suggested to influence parents’ climate change concerns; however, how the interactions between couples—typically the primary decision-makers in married-couple households—influence each other’s climate change concerns has seldom been discussed. In this study, we surveyed married heterosexual couples to investigate the interdependency of husbands’ and wives’ motivations for behavioural change to mitigate climate change. We found that wives’ psychological constructs, including climate change risk perception, self-efficacy, and gender role attitudes, demonstrated stronger effects on their husbands’ motivation than did husbands’ own constructs on their own motivation, whereas husbands’ psychological constructs did not influence their wives’ motivation. Our results suggest the importance of wives’ role in motivating household climate change mitigation behaviours.

The influence of parenting attitude, gender role attitude and view of the child on view of the marriage in female high school student

The influence of parenting attitude, gender role attitude and view of the child on view of the marriage in female high school student

Ugandan Adolescents’ Descriptive Gender Stereotypes About Domestic and Recreational Activities, and Attitudes About Women

In Eastern Uganda, 201 adolescents aged 11- to 17-years old (48% girls; Mage = 14.62) answered close- and open-ended questions about gender stereotypes of domestic and recreational activities and gender-role attitudes about women’s behavior, rights, and roles. Adolescents answered questions such as “who is more likely to . . .?” assessing descriptive stereotypes (i.e., stereotype knowledge) and questions such as “is it ok for women to . . .?” assessing prescriptive stereotypes (i.e., stereotype endorsement) about gender roles. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics, correlations, and thematic coding. Findings indicate that Ugandan adolescents were fairly egalitarian in some domains (e.g., leisure and recreation) but were non-egalitarian in other domains (e.g., marital and domestic roles). Adolescents held a mix of gender-stereotyped and non-stereotyped views about domestic and recreational activities as well as attitudes about women. Findings present reasons for hope and for continued work toward gender equality in Uganda. Results may inform interventions that foster gender egalitarian attitudes in youth.