Gender Role Attitudes Research Articles

Money Management and Gender Equality: An Analysis of Dual‐Earner Couples in Western Europe

ObjectiveTo explore the conditions under which couples use different money management systems.BackgroundBoth joint and individualized money management systems are associated more with gender egalitarian values than with the traditional “breadwinner” system. However, prior research has not fully examined the differences between these systems in terms of power relation attributes amongst couples, such as couples' relative income, age difference, and the associations with gender egalitarian values.MethodThe International Social Survey Program “Family and Changing Gender Roles” 2012 module (N = 2,520) was used to estimate multinomial logistic regression models predicting the likelihood of using different money management systems.ResultsThe probability of using individualized or joint money management systems was much higher than traditional system for those who have more gender egalitarian beliefs. This probability was significantly higher for the individualized system. For a couple with income homogamy, the probability of using either the joint or the individualized system was higher. For relationships in which the males were older or earned significantly more money than their partners, the likelihood of using nontraditional systems (joint/individualized) was lower.ConclusionCouples who appeared relatively more traditional on characteristics such as individual gender role attitudes, relative income, and age difference are also more likely to use more traditional strategy. The individualized system, which is a newer method couples use to manage their money, is the most closely associated with gender egalitarian values.ImplicationsPolicymakers who focus on poverty and income inequalities should avoid treating the household as a single unit but rather take into consideration within‐household inequalities and gender differences. Furthermore, couple education and couple therapy–oriented policies can incorporate sessions about household money management into counselling programs for couples.

Personal Cognitive Factors Affecting Career Aspirations of Women Working in Financial Sector in India

Although much has been researched on the external contextual forces as barriers to women’s career development, there is a need to assess the role of women’s internal forces (personal cognitive) in determining their aspirations for advancement in career. The study aims at investigating the direct linkages among several personal cognitive factors in shaping up the career aspirations of working women. AMOS-based ‘structural equation modelling’ was performed and the results revealed a significant influence of occupational self-efficacy, proactive personality, work role salience and gender role attitude as cognitive factors in explaining the aspirations of working women for advancement in career. The findings present important implications for women as individuals, families, supervisors and organizations.

Development and Validation of Attitude Towards Honour Killing Scale

The present study aimed at developing a valid and reliable scale for assessing attitudes towards honour killing in Pakistan. The scale was developed in three phases; item pool generation, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The initial item pool was generated form in-depth interviews with professionals (i.e., lawyers, journalists, psychologists, religious scholars, police officials, and social activists) and perpetrators in jail. In order to validate the initial 19 item scale, 459 adults, within the age range of 18-60 years were recruited from the Federal capital city and other cities of Punjab by using convenient sampling technique. For validation of the factor structure, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was run using Maximum Likelihood (ML) extraction method and promax rotation method. The analysis yielded two factors (affirmation and deterrents of honour killing) that accounted for 32% variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out to validate the factor structure explored through EFA. An independent sample of 695 adults was recruited for confirmatory study. Results of CFA indicated a good model fit for the final scale comprising 17 items. The Cronbach alpha coefficients for the two factors were .79 and .61, respectively. The convergent and discriminant validity of the final scale was also determined using the Gender Role Attitude Scale (Anila & Ansari, 1992) and Extremism Scale (Gilani & Altaf, 2005.

Breast is Best, but Where? Hostile Sexism Underlies Men's Opposition to Breastfeeding in Public

AbstractBreastfeeding in public remains controversial in many Western nations. Prior work reveals that restrictive gender role attitudes and hostility toward women's empowerment contribute to the policing of women's bodies, especially when it comes to breastfeeding in public. Using a national sample of New Zealand adults (N = 16,789), we investigated the relationships of hostile and benevolent sexism with attitudes toward breastfeeding in public, as well as the potential moderating effects of gender. Results revealed that, although benevolent sexism only positively correlated with opposition to public breastfeeding for women, hostile sexism correlated positively with opposition to public breastfeeding among both women and men. These results suggest that opposition to breastfeeding in public is primarily rooted in hostile attitudes toward women who are perceived as violating traditional gender roles. Accordingly, social and health policies including information campaigns that reduce hostilely sexist stigmas of breastfeeding in public could help promote women's breastfeeding autonomy.

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerinin Marka Bağlılığı Üzerindeki Rolü

The individual willingly or unwillingly demonstrates the behaviors in the society in some roles. Gender is one of the prominent elements in the formation of these roles. Gender role shaped by sex is one of the important indicators in the selection of an individual such as occupation, residence place, product and brand. Gender, unlike biological gender, is the gender perception that develops and shapes as a result of the expectations of the society in which the individual resides from women and men. In addition, with the disappearance of the inter-market boundaries due to the impact of globalization, there are many product and brand options for the consumer. This leads to an increase in alternatives and makes the rivalry more challenging. As the brand is an important tool in competition, efforts to create brand loyalty increase its importance. While creating brand loyalty, it is necessary to analyze the consumer well. Gender roles of the consumer have an impact on brand loyalty. In this context, the aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between the gender role attitudes of consumers and the factors that affect brand loyalty. According to the data obtained from the study; gender role attitudes of consumers have an effect on brand loyalty.

Does Taiwan have a Gender Revolution? Assessment Based on Gender Role Attitude, Housework Division and Marriage Matching

Does Taiwan have a Gender Revolution? Assessment Based on Gender Role Attitude, Housework Division and Marriage Matching

Gender Role Attitudes in the International Social Survey Programme: Cross-National Comparability and Relationships to Cultural Values

Differences in societal views on the roles of men and women have been addressed in many large-scale comparative studies by employing indicators of gender roles attitudes from cross-sectional surveys. Assuming that cross-country differences in gender role attitudes are linked to the prevailing cultural value orientations in each society, this study aims at investigating the association between societal views on gender roles, as measured by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and the prevailing cultural values, as defined by Schwartz’s theory. However, to carry out meaningful comparisons, we first assessed the prerequisite of measurement equivalence between countries. The comparability of gender role attitudes is limited when using traditional methods based on the concept of exact equivalence (multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis). However, the recently established alignment optimization procedure reveals approximate measurement equivalence and suggests that the mean comparison is trustworthy. Based on these results, we correlate the national mean levels of gender role attitudes with the cultural values of embeddedness, hierarchy and egalitarianism, showing that traditional gender roles are displayed in societies emphasizing hierarchy and embeddedness while progressive views are more expressed in egalitarian societies.

Gender ideologies of youth in post-socialist China: their gender-role attitudes, antecedents, and socio-psychological impacts

In dialogue with the new gender ideology “egalitarian essentialism” which reveals uneven transformation of gender equity in public and private spheres, this study looks into the nuanced gender ideologies among Chinese youth, their antecedents and socio-psychological impacts on the young people. We apply latent class analysis to data on gender-role attitudes that were collected in 12 vocational colleges in China (N = 4,793). The three gender ideology profiles that we identify—egalitarian, essentialist, and neutral groups—demonstrate an alternative version of “egalitarian essentialism” in post-socialist China which highlights that a continuation of egalitarian attitudes in families co-exists with a growth of essentialist attitudes in employment. Furthermore, multivariate analysis shows that the three gender ideology profiles are structured primarily by sex and socio-economic backgrounds. We also find that the gender ideologies contribute to the prediction of the youth’s subjective well-being, especially their future expectations and psychological distress—the relations that have been under-researched in previous studies in China.

Factors Related to the Commute Time of Dual-earner Couples: From a Family Developmental Perspective

This study observed and investigated the commute time of dual-earner couples from a family developmental perspective. It tested whether the household responsibility hypothesis was effective in explaining the gender gap in the commute time for these couples. I extracted 2,103 time diaries written by 1,266 matched couples from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey data for this study. The sample was categorized by the age of the eldest child into four age groups of 0-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-29. Analytic results from ANOVA, Scheffé test, and OLS regression are as follows. First, husbands traveled longer hours to work than wives in all age groups, while the commute time of couples tended to increase along with the child’ age. However, couples in the child group aged 7 to 12 had the shortest commute time. Second, domestic labor time of wives were negatively associated with the commute time, which appeared to support the household responsibility hypothesis. Third, in the child group aged 7 to 12, wives spent more time for work commute as their income increased; however, wives with traditional gender role attitudes had a shorter commute time in the child group aged 0 to 6. Forth, neither the wives’ nor husbands’ work characteristics were related to the wives’ commute time; however, both wives’ and husbands’ work characteristics were related to the husbands’ commute time. The findings suggest the possibility of spatial entrapment by working wives throughout the family life cycle due to household responsibilities, which provides implications for policy intervention in consideration of the gender gap in commute time for dual-earner couples.

Boys keep swinging? Sex-composition of the school and pressure for gender-conformity

ABSTRACT This study assesses the effect of secondary schools’ sex-composition on boys’ and girls’ felt pressure for gender-conformity. Whereas gender-conformity pressure affects adolescents’ well-being, little large-scale research examines school features’ influence. Multilevel-analyses are conducted on representative Flemish data of first grade students, 2688 boys and 2430 girls, in 57 secondary schools, gathered at the beginning of school-year 2012/13 and the end of 2013/14. When estimating the effects on gender-conformity pressure at time 2, the gender-conformity pressure at time 1 is accounted for. For girls, no effects of the school’s sex-composition are found. Boys in schools with more girls display lower levels of felt pressure at the start of secondary education. The felt pressure at time 2 increases with the proportion of girls, indicating that boys forming a numerical minority at school, report more growth in gender-conformity pressure. This effect is stronger for boys holding more traditional gender-role attitudes.

Pro-choice and Pro-life Are Not Enough: An Investigation of Abortion Attitudes as a Function of Abortion Prototypes

Attitudes toward abortion were investigated as being comprised of two dimensions: attitudes toward abortion as a procedure and attitudes toward choice. By separating the two dimensions as conceptually distinct, attitudinal groups expand beyond the traditional “pro-choice” and “pro-life” absolutist categories to include dilemma and regulated groups. Dilemma people are those who are negative toward abortion but positive toward choice. Regulated individuals are those who are not negative toward abortion but believe that abortion should be strictly controlled rather than an individual choice. People in these situationist positional groupings were hypothesized to hold different abortion attitudes and exhibit different individual difference profiles relative to those endorsing the absolutist perspectives regarding abortion. Using a sample of university student participants, the study results partially supported the existence of the dilemma and regulated attitudinal groups. As expected, those endorsing pro-choice and pro-life positions regarding abortion were different from each other on abortion attitudes as well as on a number of sexuality-related, gender-role attitude, and conservatism individual difference measures. Of note were the findings that the situationists (i.e., dilemma and regulated groups) tended to fall in between the two absolutist groups in relation to abortion attitudes and differed on the personality measures. It is insufficient to dichotomize attitudes toward abortion as either pro-life or pro-choice; this research suggests that, at minimum, there is a substantial intermediate group of situationists. By identifying and understanding this middle group, the issue of abortion may become less polarized and divisive. The situationists are a large proportion of attitude holders; this group may have a substantial impact on laws, regulations, human rights, and research surrounding abortion issues.

Gender in the Twenty-First Century

We study how childhood exposure to a nontraditional family (a working married mother, a married mother that is the primary breadwinner, or a non-married mother) affects gender role attitudes in young adulthood. Boys and girls develop more liberal gender attitudes when they spend more time with a non-married mother. In intact families, boys' gender attitudes, more than girls', appear positively influenced by the role model of a working mother, especially if she is also the primary breadwinner. However, the effect of childhood exposure to a mother with greater economic power on boys' gender attitudes is smaller in more gender-conservative families.

Judgments of marital rape as a function of honor culture, masculine reputation threat, and observer gender: A cross-cultural comparison between Turkey, Germany, and the UK.

Previous research has shown that there is higher tolerance of violence against women in cultures with salient gender‐specific honor norms, especially when the violence occurs in intimate relationships and in response to threat to male honor. The present cross‐cultural study (N = 398) extended these findings to sexual aggression (i.e., marital rape) by comparing participants from a culture that emphasizes honor (Turkey) and participants from cultures without strong honor traditions (Germany and Britain). Turkish participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than did German and British participants. In all cultural groups, participants blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more when the husband's reputation was threatened than in the absence of such threat, and in all cultural groups, men blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator more than women. Yet, the effect of masculine reputation threat and this pattern of gender differences were somewhat more pronounced among Turkish than German or British participants. Results exploring the predictive role of honor norms at the individual level beyond rape myth acceptance and traditional gender role attitudes revealed that honor norms were the primary predictor of rape perceptions and blame attributions in Turkey (an honor culture), but not in Germany and Britain (dignity cultures) where rape myth acceptance was the strongest predictor. These results provide insights into the cultural factors influencing marital rape judgments in ways that may undermine victim's well‐being and fair handling of rape cases, and highlight the domains most urgently in need of potential intervention.

The Effect of Adult Attachment Types, Gender Role Attitude on the Heterosexual Relationship Satisfaction in University Students

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine adult attachment types, gender role attitudes and heterosexual relationship satisfaction of college students and to examine how they affect satisfaction with heterosexual relationships.Methods/Statistical analysis: This study is a descriptive correlation study to investigate the degree of adult attachment type, gender role attitude, and heterosexual relationship satisfaction of college students. The data were collected by 183. college students located in S, G and C province who agreed to participate in this study. The collected data were analyzed by frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation and multiple regression.Findings: The results of this study were as followings: Male 29.8% female 70.2%, mean age 24.8 years. There was a statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.622, p <.01) in satisfaction with heterosexual relationship and adult attachment, and significant positive correlation (r = 0.236, p <.01) between heterosexual satisfaction and gender role attitude. The worse the attachment anxiety, the worse the heterosexual relationship satisfaction (B= -.528, p<.001), the worse the attachment avoidance, the lower the Heterosexual relationship satisfaction (B= -.632, p<.001). On the other hand, the more classical the gender role attitude, the more likely the Heterosexual relationship satisfaction is fall (B= -.412, p=.001).Improvements/Applications: Therefore, it is necessary for a university student to develop a program that can identify his or her attachment type and actively cope with this relationship.

Predicting adolescent gender role attitudes

Abstract Research into the construction of individuals’ gender role attitudes (GRA) has primarily focused on the effects of socio-demographic characteristics and primary socialisation. Despite the school environment being recognised as a critical context of socialisation for adolescents’ GRA, quantitative research focusing on the dynamics of gender attitudes during adolescence remains conspicuously understudied. This study investigates the interplay between individual characteristics, the family context, and school peer gender culture on adolescents’ GRA in Flanders (Belgium). A longitudinal survey was administered (Npupil = 4063; Nschool = 57) and multilevel regression analysis confirms that pupils from lower socio-economic backgrounds as well as boys express traditional GRA. It also indicates the importance of religion, rather than religious affiliation, in the construction of traditional GRA. Furthermore, primary socialisation via parental GRA remains an important predictor, although GRA socialisation also takes place within schools through the prevailing school peer gender culture.

중년부부의 성역할 태도 유사성이 남편과 아내의 부부관계 만족도와 부부갈등 수준에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to examine the effect of similarity in gender role attitudes on husbands" and wives" marital satisfaction and conflict among middle-aged couples. For the analyses, the Third National Survey of Korean Families was utilized and the sample was 1,053 couples aged 40 to 60. The dependent variables were husbands’ and wives’ perceived marital satisfaction and conflict, and the independent variable was similarity in gender role attitudes between husband and wife. Covariates were age, education level, employment status, marriage duration, and number of children. Latent Profile Analysis was applied to identify the patterns of gender role attitudes. Using the results, similarity in gender role attitudes was generated by dummy- coding the coincidence of the gender role attitude pattern between husband and wife. Then, Seemingly Unrelated Regression was applied to analyze the effect of similarity in gender role attitudes on husbands’ and wives’ marital satisfaction and conflict. The results indicated that husbands who had similar gender role attitudes to their wives reported lower levels of marital conflict. However, the effect of similarity in gender role attitudes on marital satisfaction was not significant for husbands. On the other hand, wives who had similar gender role attitudes to their husbands reported both higher levels of marital satisfaction and lower levels of marital conflict. This study may provide insights to discussions about ways to better promote and understand marital quality in later life. Moreover, its findings may be useful in the field of marriage and family therapy to develop educational programs seeking to improve marital quality in later life.

The effect of gender role attitudes on the self-efficacy of the older adults: based on data from the third wave Survey of Chinese Women’s social status

ABSTRACT Based on data from the Third Wave Survey of Chinese Women’s Social Status, we analysed the relationship between gender role attitudes and the self-efficacy of older adults. We found that gender equality attitude had a positive correlation with self-efficacy among both male and female older adults, whereas the gender role division attitude correlated positively with self-efficacy only among women. Moreover, gender role attitudes acted as mediators and moderators for self-efficacy. Promoting the concept of gender equality can lead to the liberation of both older women and men and have a positive impact on increasing self-efficacy in both genders.

Embracing gender equality: Gender-role attitudes among second-generation immigrants in Norway

Background: The consequences of immigration for gender equality is of high public concern. A key issue is to what extent the children of immigrants adopt the more gender-egalitarian work–family attitudes and practices prevalent in the societies where they have grown up. Objective: This study examines the support for gender-equal work–family practices among second-generation immigrants in Norway, a country with high gender-equality ambitions. We analyze attitudes toward the role of both genders in the family and the labor market among descendants of Sri Lankan, Vietnamese, Turkish, and Pakistani origin, and make comparisons with the majority population and same-age immigrants. Methods: Cross-sectional data (N = 1,049/586 for descendants/immigrants) comes from the Survey on living conditions among persons with an immigrant background 2016 in Norway. Results: Second-generation immigrants embrace the ideas of the working mother, shared breadwinning, and shared care to the same extent as the majority population, but express somewhat more support for the homemaker role. There are few consistent dividing lines among descendants, although women express more gender-egalitarian attitudes than men, and men of Pakistani origin are less supportive than other male descendants. Religiosity and the composition of the friendship network matter for some groups. Descendants express slightly more gender-egalitarian work–family attitudes than same-age immigrants. Contribution: This study reveals that second-generation immigrants in Norway express overwhelming support for the dual-earner/dual-carer family model, suggesting that exposure to a gender-egalitarian institutional and cultural context is important in shaping gender-role attitudes post migration.

맞벌이 부부의 역할갈등이 갈등해결전략에 미치는 영향 - 성역할태도와 부부친밀감의 매개효과 -

맞벌이 부부의 역할갈등이 갈등해결전략에 미치는 영향 - 성역할태도와 부부친밀감의 매개효과 -

A Qualitative and Quantitative Examination of Gender Role Attitudes of Residencies and their Exposure to Gender Discrimination

Background: Gendered attitudes have been observed in medicine over the last 50 years, and the effects of social gender inequality can be seen in professional practices from various perspectives. We aimed to examine the attitudes of residency physicians towards their gender roles, and also to examine their exposure to gender discrimination while performing tasks in their daily work-life. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional type phenomenological research using a mixed method design. It was designed using the sequential strategy within the explanatory pattern. In the quantitative part of the study, 81.3% of the residency students were accessed, and a survey consisting of 78 items was performed using face-to-face interviews. In the qualitative part, personal interviews were performed with 11 residency students who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. Results: According to studies in medicine, the areas of specialty and the tasks to be performed in daily work-life were classified based on gender. Female physicians were exposed to gender inequality and discriminative attitudes, especially in surgical departments. Conclusion: Gender roles attributed to women negatively affect their professional and academic lives. Keywords: GENDER, WOMEN’S HEALTH, RESIDENCY PHYSICIANS, MIXED METHOD