Gender Role Identity Research Articles

The Effects of Empathy and Gender Role Identity on Communication Competence in Nursing College Students

The Effects of Empathy and Gender Role Identity on Communication Competence in Nursing College Students

Muscle dysmorphia: what about transgender people?

Muscle dysmorphia is characterised by a strong preoccupation with being lean and muscular, with negative psychological and social consequences. The condition mostly affects men, mainly because of sociocultural messages promoting hyper-muscular forms as ideal male figures. Relatively few studies have examined muscle dysmorphia in transgender people. Using a sample of 293 Italian adults, in this study we compared muscle dysmorphia symptoms (drive for size, appearance anxiety/avoidance and functional impairment) across 60 binary transgender (women and men whose gender identity did not conform to their biological sex), 217 cisgender (women and men whose biological sex aligns with their gender identity) and 16 non-binary people (those whose gender identity did not fall within the binary gender system). We also investigated the effect of the internalisation of body ideals on the development of muscle dysmorphia, analysing the moderating role of gender identity. Findings showed that i) transgender and cisgender men scored similarly higher on drive for size, ii) transgender men scored higher on appearance anxiety/avoidance, compared to other gender groups, iii) no differences were found in functional impairment. The effect of internalisation of body ideals on drive for size was stronger in cisgender men. Findings signal the importance of investigating risk factors for muscle dysmorphia in transgender people.

Narrative Inquiry about Formation of Female Counselors’ Gender-Role Identity

Narrative Inquiry about Formation of Female Counselors’ Gender-Role Identity

Managerial aspiration: do gender and gender role identity make a difference in the Chinese context?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how gender and gender role identity separately and jointly affect managerial aspirations.Design/methodology/approachThe study was cross-sectional in nature. Survey data were collected from Chinese Government sectors. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed that gender role identity and combination of gender and gender role identity predict management aspirations while gender alone does not affect management aspirations. Androgynous individuals self-reported higher scores of managerial aspirations. Female managers who perceive themselves as androgynous and masculine tend to possess higher management aspirations. However, when they perceive themselves to exhibit feminine traits, they are more likely to hold lower management aspirations. Moreover, male managers with androgynous and feminine traits are inclined to have higher management aspirations.Research limitations/implicationsDue to cross-sectional survey data, research results may be biased by common method variance. In addition, because of a convenient sample, the research results may lack generalizability. Moreover, with participants from different organizations, the percentage of men and women in the organization and participants’ role conflicts between work and family life would impact the gender role identity of individuals. Future research should control for the gender composition of the workplace and participants’ role conflicts between work and family life.Practical implicationsThe findings can help narrow the gender gap of managerial aspirations through focusing on gender role identity in selecting managers and designing the leadership training program, ultimately resulting in diminishing disparity in top leadership positions between men and women.Originality/valueThis study examines how gender and gender role identity separately and jointly affects managerial aspirations in the Chinese context.

Is reading a feminine domain? The role of gender identity and stereotypes in reading motivation in Chile

In Chile, as in other countries, there are large gender gaps in reading achievement. One factor that may explain some of these results is male and female students’ motivation towards reading and books. The present study examined gender-related factors that contribute to explain students’ reading motivation. One hundred and fifteen Chilean secondary students completed measures of reading motivation, gender identity and reading gender stereotypes. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that after controlling for language arts achievement, female students exhibited higher levels of reading motivation, in both dimensions: self-concept and value. Paired samples t-tests showed that all participants, male and female, viewed reading as a more feminine endeavor, revealing reading gender stereotypes. A multiple regression analysis showed that reading gender stereotypes explained significant variance in students’ reading self-concept. Expressive identity traits (stereotypically feminine) as well as self-reported sexism both explained significant variance in the value that students associated with reading. The study offers empirical evidence about a relevant but understudied topic, especially in this region. These findings may contribute to the promotion of equal literacy development opportunities for students of both sexes in Latin America.

The psychology of consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism: a five-country study of values, moral foundations, gender identities and consumer orientations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which personal values, moral foundations and gender-role identities affect, in sequence, consumers' constructions of their ethnocentric and cosmopolitan orientations. Achieving a better understanding of the psychological makeup of consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism should help managers better design international market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe study's conceptual framework is anchored in attitude and values theories, and focuses on the social categorizations that consumers make and how these contribute to the formation of their ethnocentric and cosmopolitan orientations. Drawing data from consumers living in five European countries, we test our theoretical conjectures through structural equation modeling approaches, including multigroup analysis at the country level, as well as the identification and scrutiny of potential pan-European consumer segments.FindingsFindings show that personal values, moral foundations and gender-role identities do exert direct and indirect (partially mediated) effects on the formation of consumers' ethnocentric and cosmopolitan orientations. These provide numerous insights for managers in terms of how they can segment domestic and international markets, as well as how to position products and communicate brand strategies.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused on consumers' personal and role identities and offers implications based on data gathered from a sample of five European countries. Future work should broaden this perspective by including other identity facets, such as religious and ethnic identities, as well as product-category and brand-specific outcomes, in order to help develop a more comprehensive picture of the psychology underpinning consumers' identity-related orientations, and their effects on consumer behavior. Future research should also study these issues in a broader geographical context, by including national markets that have culturally diverse populations as well as places with dissimilar cultural and economic profiles.Originality/valueThe study shows that individuals' personal values, moral foundations and gender roles have a strong effect on the formation of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism orientations. Consideration of how these antecedent constructs operate in concert to shape consumers' in- versus out-group orientations has been overlooked in the international marketing literature. Beyond the ramifications for theory, the study offers numerous substantive managerial implications in terms of how consumers are likely to respond to local and global/foreign products/brands based on these orientations.

AGE AND GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONEY BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES

This article presents research on the relationships of gender role identification, biological sex, and age to the beliefs and behaviors about money. The participants were 240 whose age varied from 17 to 91 years (M = 38.68, SD = 1.81). Bulgarian adaptations of Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Furnham's Money Beliefs and Behavior Scale (MBBS) were used. The results indicated that people with different gender role patterns (masculine type, feminine type, androgynous type, undifferentiated type) differed in their beliefs and behaviors towards money. According to the results of this research, biological sex was related to male attitudes and beliefs that money could be the main purpose and value, and may be used to demonstrate excellence. The data showed that women tended to feel more tension, anxiety, and guilt when spending money, and also perceived money as a means of security and protection. The assumption that the participants from different age groups would have different beliefs and attitudes about money was also confirmed.

Practitioner eating disorder detection: The influence of health mindset, thin-ideal internalization, orthorexia and gender role.

The current study sought to determine what factors inhibited psychologists, naturopaths and fitness instructors from detecting an eating disorder (ED), and the discipline differences across these factors. Participants of the online study were 115 health practitioners who consisted of 35 psychologists, 50 naturopathic and 30 fitness practitioners. A vignette describing a female experiencing a sub-threshold bulimic variant without purging was presented alongside ED mental health literacy items such as assessing one's ability to detect a problem. Additional items examined factors that may inhibit detection, including practitioners' level of: thin-ideal internalization, orthorexia, health or fitness mindset (a newly developed scale measuring health and fitness obsessiveness) and gender role identity. A significant number of naturopaths and fitness instructors (20% and 33.3%, respectively) were found to have elevated orthorexia scores. Similarly, psychologists had the greatest tendency to internalize the thin-ideal (M = 3.60), which was comparable to levels seen in recent research for 20- to 21-year-old females with EDs. The two largest factors inhibiting ED detection were the strength of a health mindset and gender role identity. Practitioners who had higher health mindset scores or who associated with gender identities higher in masculinity traits (ie, either androgynous or masculine gender roles) were more likely to miss detecting an ED. While many present ED studies focus upon assessing and changing client cognitions, this study emphasizes the need for further research regarding training interventions to address practitioner cognitions and gender role biases, which may in turn improve ED detection.

Critical thinking and Caring according to Gender role identity of Nursing students

Critical thinking and Caring according to Gender role identity of Nursing students

Marta’s story: a female principal leading in challenge contexts

ABSTRACT Recent international research highlights the importance of a strong professional identity based on pedagogical leadership to achieve educational improvement. Several studies indicate a clear relationship between the role of gender identity and the development of a leadership identity. This article tells the story of a female school principal in a Spanish school context. Using a biographical narrative approach, we explore how this female principal built a professional identity oriented towards leadership based on professional commitment and social justice. This study is part of a more extensive international research project whose main objective is to explore the factors that influence the construction of a professional leadership identity for school principals. The analysis was based on an outpouring of deep reflections through a professional biogram. We identified a series of key events in Marta’s life that had a clear professional and personal impact and consolidated her current professional identity. Marta’s story shows the influence of gender, personal life factors, socio-economic status, and the socio-political environment on the development of a professional identity of leadership along with the challenges encountered as a woman. Facing these challenges has led to the re-construction of an identity that is more oriented towards social equality and professional commitment.

Individual differences in the preference for cross-sex friendship (heterosociality) in relation to personality

A common focus of previous research on friendship has been on similarity and homophily (attraction of similarity) based on individual characteristics. With respect to homophily based on gender, previous research has provided considerably stronger evidence for homosociality than for heterosociality, meaning that people on average prefer same-sex over cross-sex friendships. However, these studies have also shown substantial individual differences in these preferences (e.g., some women and men prefer cross-sex over same-sex friendships). Only a few studies have attempted to explain these differences, most of them focusing on only special types of friends (e.g., three best friends) and assessing only isolated personality traits. Our goal here was to contribute to the understanding of heterosociality by selecting the best predictors from a larger set of personality variables with a research design that allowed us to differentiate between cross-sex and same-sex friends among close and general friends in women and men (N = 331). Results showed that openness and conscientiousness of the Big Five, gender role identification, homophobia, and cultural rigor but not self-esteem significantly explained variance in heterosociality, although variance explained was small. Implications for understanding gender differences and gender preferences in friendship formation are discussed.

Последствия сексуального насилия и злоупотребления в отношении несовершеннолетних: гендерная специфика

The article presents the results of a comprehensive psychological and psychiatric study of 155 juvenile victims of sexual violence and abuse. The article states the most common psychological consequences of experienced sexual violence and abuse in various spheres of mental activity among groups of boys and girls. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these consequences have significant differences in the groups of victims, depending on the mental condition and gender. It was found that common symptoms are manifested in the emotional-volitional, semantic and behavioral spheres. The gender specifics of the consequences of sexual violence and abuseamong girls mostly appear in internal forms (feelings of guilt, difficulties in establishing social contacts, negative attitude to male role models, close relationships). While external forms of that consequences prevail among boys (increased excitability, reactions aggression, opposition and negativism, sexualized behavior, hypermasculine compensation) alongside increased mental stress, sense of shame, violation of gender-role identity, complaints of disturbance in the somatic sphere and a decrease of productivity in school.

The multimodality of the adolescents' personological profile in the context of the gender-role identity

The article deals with the analysis of the issue of the variability of the juveniles' personal development under the conditions of the modern socio-cultural space. It has been identified that the personological constructs of the transition-to-adulthood entities explicate the mental matrices of an individual's socialization in accordance with the cultural dimensions of the society. It has been found that the gender-role identity is a necessary indicator of the egalitarian consciousness of a transition-to-adulthood entity. The author regards the phenomenology of the gender-role identity as an integrative personological construct that determines a person's awareness of his/her belonging to a gender and the formatting of his/her life experience relative to his/herself. The sociocultural conditionality of the gender-role differences in the juveniles' behavior has been substantiated. The gender-role standards are defined in the article as typical patterns (models) of emotionally colored perceptions regarding feminine and masculine scenarios of behavior and personality traits. Based on the analysis of the empirical material, the article outlines the tendencies of the manifestation of the multimodality of gender-role concepts of resilience and the locus of control of a juvenile individual. The distinctive features of the development of the personal constructs of juveniles of different genders as a dimension of the integrative individual profile of a person during his/her transition to adulthood have been ascertained. Generalized statistically average results of the empirical measurement of the juvenile students' personal constructs are presented. It has been statistically corroborated that the constructs being researched of the subjective profile of an individual are formatted at the juvenile age, which exactly should be the object of corrective and preventive interventions in the dynamic context of the psychological support for the transition to adulthood. The results obtained substantially complement the materials presented by the scientific community regarding the trends in the conceptualization of indicators for the transition to adulthood of the present-day young people.

Muslim Refugees in Serbia – Narrating Gender Role Identity Change

Forced migration is a highly stressful event that can cause changes in identity work. The aim of this research was to determine in what way the migration and prolonged stay in Serbia, a country that differs from both the refugees’ heritage cultures and wished host cultures on many cultural dimensions, influenced the young Muslim refugees’ gender role identities. Semi-structured interviews with seven female and eight male refugees coming from Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, staying for several months in Serbia were conducted. Narrative inquiry, focused on recurring themes and changes in the past- and present-time narratives about gender role identities, yielded three types of narratives. The most frequent narrative, Expressing what was suppressed, points to identical past- and present-time narratives, but significant changes in the way gender role identities are expressed and pursued, self-confidence and interpersonal relationships. In narrative Reinventing oneself a major shift in gender role identity was noticed. Narrative Remaining the same, reflects changes in neither gender role identities nor their expression. Most participants applied integration strategies during the migration and moved towards individualism, femininity and rational values, whereas a few, exclusively male refugees, retained traditional patriarchal values.

THE CRISIS OF IDENTITY AND ITS ROLE IN THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF A WOMAN, PREGNANCY AND ITS OUTCOME

Purpose: To conduct a theoretical and empirical study of the formation of female identity and its role in solving infertility issues in conjunction with the cultural characteristics of modern society.
 Abstract: The article raises the issues of a set of views on the causes of the phenomenon of infertility and the formation of the function of motherhood as a result of the parental role and upbringing of the girl, her gender role identification and identity
 Сonclusion: Using clinical experience and the analysis of the literature, I would like to summarize this work and draw conclusions on the issue of studying the formation of female identity and its role in the problem of our time - infertility, given the totality of cultural characteristics and modern views on the issue of motherhood. One of the most important tasks facing a person is the search for the meaning of life, and identity crises (motherhood can be seen as a manifestation of a woman’s identity crisis) are a powerful catalyst for this search. When approaching the concept of female identity, we are faced with such a concept as the "Oedipus complex". It is what forms the unconscious core of any neurosis, and all other complexes and fantasies revolve around him. As a rule, in women with functional infertility, the "Oedipus" situation is not quite ordinary: mother plays the role of father. The father in such families is weak and is not included in the processes of raising children in the family. A weak man in the childhood of a girl leaves an imprint on an unconscious level. This imprint does not allow her to be fertile in adulthood. Formed, female identity goes through a number of stages: early childhood, as the time of formation of the core of sexual identity; time of triadic relationships (Oedipus complex) and the beginning of sexual orientation; time of practice of a sexual role (latent period); the time of choosing an object, the consolidation of female traits of gender, sexual role and sexual-partner orientation; the time of the final formation of femininity is motherhood. The semantic organization of the gender identity of women with psychogenic infertility is characterized by internal conflict in the perception of oneself as a woman and the characteristics of gender role identification. The resolution of the internal conflict of "identification-differentiation" with her mother is a prerequisite for the formation of a mature sexual identity of a woman. Studies of deviant maternal relationships, conducted in a psychoanalytic manner, allow us to talk about personal predispositions to psychogenic infertility and rejection of your own child - infantility, self-centeredness, increased aggressiveness, which are rooted in childhood traumatic experiences related to sexuality. The nature of the future maternal relationship depends on the experience of interacting with her own mother in childhood, how the mother treated her pregnancy and childbirth and how much she managed to solve the problem of separation from the parent family and build her own identity.

Women’s Gender Role Identity and Hallyu Acceptance in Myanmar

Women’s Gender Role Identity and Hallyu Acceptance in Myanmar

Attitudes towards Gay and Lesbian Parental Rights among Heterosexual Croatian Citizens: The Effect of Traditional Gender-Role Attitudes

Non-normative sexual orientations question the binary and hierarchically organised image of men–women relations. The main goal of this research was to explore the role of gender identity and gender-roles attitudes in predicting attitudes towards same-sex parenting. An additional goal was to assess whether socio-demographic variables such as age, education, religiosity and political preferences – which proved to be relevant in predicting homonegativity – would also predict attitudes towards same-sex parenting. Finally, the authors explored whether gender identity and gender-role attitudes bore an effect on attitudes towards same-sex parenting after controlling for the socio-demographic variables. An online survey with 992 heterosexual participants of both genders (70% women) aged 18 to 79 years was conducted in Croatia in 2014. Participants expressed less support for gay than for lesbian parenting, with female participants expressing more positive attitudes towards both gay and lesbian parenting than male ones. Expectedly, same-sex parenting was more supported by less religious and politically more left-oriented participants, as well as those who cohabitate compared to married participants. Age and education, but also gender identity, did not prove predictive. However, the expectations about the role of traditional gender norms were confirmed. Participants with more traditional gender-role attitudes, as well as those who are parents themselves, expressed more negative attitudes towards same-sex parenting.

THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ROLE IDENTITY TO LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS INTERVENING VARIABLE

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) is a reciprocal relationship between leaders and subordinates. The high quality of LMX will have a good impact on the progress of an organization. This research is quantitative research to examine the effect of gender role identity: masculinity on the leader-member exchange (LMX) with emotional intelligence as an intervening variable. The focus of this research is to find out the most commonly adopted gender identity trends, and their impact on the relationship between leaders and subordinates. This research uses data collection method with questionnaire method for civil servants. The results showed that gender role identity: masculinity, directly affects leader-member exchange (LMX), and can affect indirectly with emotional intelligence as an intervening variable.

Identification with the women’s national soccer in Germany: do gender role orientations matter?

ABSTRACTResearch presented here explores the relationship between (changing) gender role attitudes and identification with the national women’s soccer team in a German context. In contrast to U.S. American results, street survey data conducted in Germany during the women’s soccer World Cup suggest that people holding more conservative gender role orientations identify stronger with the women’s soccer team. Moreover, team identification with the women’s team is much lower than with the men’s team and does not respond to team success suggesting that women’s soccer still targets a dedicated core audience. As women continue to identify less with female athletes and teams, important questions concerning the relationship between sex, gender roles and interest in women’s sport are raised. Perspectives for future research are suggested.

La homoparentalidad: un interés vigente de la investigación latinoamericana

Como profesionales estamos inmersos en las discusiones de coyuntura política y en América Latina las familias homoparentales han comenzado poco a poco a ser el foco central de las investigaciones científicas desde diferentes disciplinas, por lo anterior se identificó la necesidad de conocer la literatura sobre familias homoparentales. Objetivo: determinar las temáticas principales reportadas por investigadores latinoamericanos durante los últimos cinco años. Metodología: revisión integrativa de la literatura científica (revisión crítica) en bases de datos electrónicas. Se aplicaron 6 criterios de selección para una masa documental de 83 artículos, se priorizaron 21 que fueron leídos a profundidad. Resultados: los intereses más recurrentes en las investigaciones se enfocan en establecer la capacidad de las parejas homosexuales para ser madres/padres, y determinar si son familias que cuentan con una red social débil o fuerte, particularidades de su día a día, detección de vulneración de derechos y las implicaciones negativas o positivas que pueden darse en el desarrollo de los niños y niñas. Conclusión: al parecer no hay afectaciones negativas en su desarrollo psicológico, su desempeño académico no tiene diferencias particulares con sus compañeros. En contraposición, se ha encontrado que son más tolerantes con las diferencias, más permisivos con el establecimiento de roles de género, tienen un menor nivel de prejuicios, manejan un alto nivel de resiliencia y en general distan de un sistema heteronormativo dominante.