Gender Perception Research Articles

GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED ROLES AND PERCEPTIONS ON CLIMATE VARIABILITY AMONG PASTORALIST AND AGRO-PASTORALIST COMMUNITIES IN MARSABIT, KENYA

Climate variability and its impacts affect different members of gender groups in households and society differently. Within the pastoral community, women are more vulnerable, being among the poorest of the poor, and they are expected to be highly susceptible to climate variability effects. This study assesses gender perceptions of climate variability among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Marsabit County, Kenya. Results were triangulated with the use of data-collection techniques, including focused group discussions, individual interviews and field observations. These methods were used to analyse whether there is a difference in factors that determine the community perceptions of climate variability and trends by gender among the Marsabit pastoralist community. In analysing the study’s data, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The findings indicate that respondents’ perceptions of climate variability in the study area varied by gender, marital status and ethnic groups. The study reveals an increased workload of 48% for women and 32% for men resulting from climate impacts on daily household activities. In addition, the study found that 63% of male respondents primarily take on the role of decision-makers for their families, while 38% primarily serve as providers. In addition, 29% of male participants are responsible for providing security and 17% for managing family concerns within the community. In contrast, 33% of the female respondents predominantly fulfil the role of household domestic managers. The analysis further reveals that 90.3% of female and 86.8% of male respondents have noticed a decrease in rain received over time in the past two decades. This was reported to cause a burden on the most vulnerable members of the community, particularly women, by requiring them to travel long distances in search of water for household use. Gender and age affect who can access and control natural resources and household goods. This, in turn, affects the ability of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities to adapt, make a living and do other social and economic activities. The study recommends that, for climate impact adaptation measures to work, the community needs to put strategies that consider the different strengths, weaknesses and vulnerabilities of pastoral women and youth. Enactment and enforcement of gender-proactive policies and legislation that promote gender equity at the county level is highly recommended. The study further recommends using conventional weather forecasting to fill in the gaps left by the Indigenous Technical Knowledge Predictions. As a result, this study suggests that the public should be involved in creating agro-weather and climate advisories to lower vulnerability, boost resilience, boost productivity and ultimately improve the ability to adapt to climate impacts. This article was published open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .

Implications Of Loss Aversion And Investment Decisions

As a behavioral bias known as "Loss Aversion," it states that people are more negatively affected by the prospect of losing money than they are by the prospect of gaining it. Concerning its effect on investors, the findings of the many research conducted on loss aversion have been contradictory. Individuals who engage in the Indian stock markets via brokerage companies are the target of this research, which seeks to answer the question, "Is loss aversion real?" and how does it influence investing decisions. This research also looks at the potential effects of gender, income, investing history, and risk perception on loss aversion. The research relied on primary data gathered via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical procedures such as linear regression, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. According to the study's findings, loss aversion bias influences investors' investing choices and is significantly impacted by the respondents' gender.

The relationship between gender discrimination and wellbeing in middle-aged and older women.

Emerging evidence suggests that perceived gender discrimination negatively impacts mental wellbeing in young women. This study explored whether a similar relationship exists in middle-aged and older women. A total of 3081 women (aged ≥52 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing provided data on perceived gender discrimination in 2010/11. Depressive symptoms, loneliness, quality of life and life satisfaction were assessed in 2010/11 and in 2016/17. Perceived gender discrimination was reported by 282 (9.2%) participants. Cross-sectionally, women who perceived gender discrimination reported more depressive symptoms (β = 0.34, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57) and had higher loneliness scores (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.20) than women who did not perceive gender discrimination. They also reported significantly lower quality of life (β = -2.50, 95% CI -3.49 to -1.51) and life satisfaction (β = -1.07, 95% CI -1.81 to -0.33). Prospectively, perceived gender discrimination was associated with greater loneliness scores (β = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.14), as well as lower ratings of quality of life (β = -0.98, 95% CI -0.09 to -1.86), and life satisfaction (β = -1.04, 95% CI -0.34 to -1.74), independent of baseline values. Middle-aged and older women who perceive gender discrimination report poorer mental wellbeing than those who do not perceive discrimination. Further, this type of discrimination may be predictive of declining mental wellbeing over time. These findings highlight the need for interventions to target gender-based discrimination to improve the wellbeing of women at mid- and older age.

Both identity and non-identity face perception tasks predict developmental prosopagnosia and face recognition ability

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is characterised by deficits in face identification. However, there is debate about whether these deficits are primarily perceptual, and whether they extend to other face processing tasks (e.g., identifying emotion, age, and gender; detecting faces in scenes). In this study, 30 participants with DP and 75 controls completed a battery of eight tasks assessing four domains of face perception (identity; emotion; age and gender; face detection). The DP group performed worse than the control group on both identity perception tasks, and one task from each other domain. Both identity perception tests uniquely predicted DP/control group membership, and performance on two measures of face memory. These findings suggest that deficits in DP may arise from issues with face perception. Some non-identity tasks also predicted DP/control group membership and face memory, even when face identity perception was accounted for. Gender perception and speed of face detection consistently predicted unique variance in group membership and face memory; several other tasks were only associated with some measures of face recognition ability. These findings indicate that face perception deficits in DP may extend beyond identity perception. However, the associations between tasks may also reflect subtle aspects of task demands or stimuli.

Perception of Gender by University Students in Turkey

Perception of Gender by University Students in Turkey

Perception of gender norms and its association with bullying behavior among adolescent students

BackgroundInequitable gender norms are increasingly seen as a risk to health and well-being. Although adolescence represents a critical phase of development before adulthood, there is limited understanding about adolescents’ perception of gender norms in Egypt. Adolescents’ nonconformity with stereotypical gender norms is suspected to increase their exposure to bullying behavior. This study aimed to explore the adolescents’ perception of gender norms — especially towards romantic relations and stereotypical gender traits and roles — and its association with bullying behavior among school children.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a sample of 400 students 11–17 years from 10 public schools in Aswan city, Egypt was conducted. Data were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires using the Gender Norms Scales and School Life Survey tool for bullying.ResultsSchool adolescents of both sexes showed no significant difference with respect to their attitudes towards romantic relationships engagement, but boys were slightly more permissive about romantic relationships than girls (54.4%, 46.1%, respectively). On the other hand, girls were significantly more likely to indicate agreement with a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships than boys (75% vs. 46.4%, P < 0.001). Regarding gender stereotypical traits, girls’ and boys’ perception showed no significant difference, but boys had more endorsement, and 64.3% of boys perceived more agreement with gender stereotypical traits compared to 57.4% of girls. Also, boys were more likely to express more agreement with stereotypical gender roles than girls (74% vs. 52.9%, P < 0.001). However, 51% of students agreed that it was okay to tease a boy who acted like a girl, and 27.5% agreed that it was okay to tease a girl who acted like a boy. Students’ status of bullying and victimization was not significantly associated with any studied gender norms concept.ConclusionsPerception of unequal gender norms starts early in adolescence. Boys are more accepting of heteronormative relations among adolescents and more likely to endorse stereotypical gender roles than girls, while girls are more conservative and more likely to perceive a sexual double standard regarding boy/girl relationships. Moreover, adolescents of both genders perceived more agreement with deserving sanctions for atypical gender behaviors in boys with higher perception in boys compared to girls. However, both boys’ and girls’ perception of gender is not related to their status of bullying and victimization. This has important implications for understanding the development of gender norms and their impact on adolescent behavior and social interactions.

Effective leadership styles for men and women in managing CIS companies

Relevance. The relevance of the issue stated in the article is due to the fact that in modern realities, despite all the achievements of feminism, gender stereotypes have a significant impact on the perception of subordinates of their supervisor, depending on whether they are a man or a woman. Purpose. The article is aimed at studying effective behavioural models among team leaders and company managers in the post-Soviet states, taking into account the gender aspect. Methodology. The leading approach in this study is the collection and analysis of information that makes it possible to comprehensively consider the problem of gender perception and leadership styles. The following research methods were used: comparative, statistical, method of structural analysis, methods of synthesis and deduction, method of classification. Results. The article presents the results of a study of effective leadership styles for men and women. The main motives for choosing each specific management style of subordinates are revealed. The analysis revealed the root causes of gender stereotypes among the top management of enterprises, as well as differences in the attitude towards women managers in Western and Eastern European countries. Conclusions. It is necessary to continue research on the development of a methodology for forming a gender balance among managers and solving the problem of preparing heads of institutions for monitoring activities for a rational approach to promoting employees to higher positions based on their professional and leadership qualities, without focusing on the gender aspect. Keywords: management; manager; behavioural models; social role characteristics; femininity and masculinity

The Impact of Neutral Gender Characters in Electronic Games on Adolescents Gender Cognition and Strategies for Improvement

This study aims to explore the influence of neutral gender characters in electronic games on adolescents gender cognition and proposes potential improvement strategies for the current situation. The research employs an interview-based approach to investigate the gender-related confusion encountered by adolescents during their developmental stages and examines the current status of neutral gender characters in the contemporary electronic game market, tracing their origins. As adolescents are in a stage of developing gender identity, the introduction of neutral gender characters in electronic games may contribute to fostering positive gender identity and exploration. Consequently, the goal of this study is to better understand the shaping role of electronic games on adolescents gender perceptions, promote the gaming industry toward more diverse and inclusive gender expressions, advance societal gender equality perspectives, stimulate adolescents creative expression, and cultivate a broader societal attitude of openness and respect towards diverse genders.

Perception of age, gender, and talker height from children’s vowels

In his 1989 review of vowel perception [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 2088–2113], Terry Nearey observed that the acoustic properties of vowels vary substantially across talkers due to differences in talker size. Taller speakers tend to have lower formant frequencies and lower fundamental frequencies than shorter speakers, and listeners appear to take these relationships into account in vowel identification. In this talk, we follow up some of the questions raised in that paper, reviewing recent findings on the perception of age, gender, and talker height in children’s voices. Children exhibit substantial age-related changes in fundamental and formant frequencies due to growth of the larynx and vocal tract, presenting an interesting opportunity to explore the perceptual consequences of these changes. Listeners’ perceptual judgments of age and gender reveal complex interdependencies, consistent with the idea that these indexical attributes are jointly estimated, in a manner that reflects their shared dependence on acoustic parameters related to perceived talker height.

Age Estimation and Gender Attribution in Typically Developing Children and Children With Dysarthria.

The purposes of this study were (a) to investigate adult listeners' perceptions of age and gender in typically developing children and children with dysarthria and (b) to identify predictors of their estimates among auditory-perceptual parameters and an acoustic measure of vocal pitch (F0). We aimed to evaluate the influence of dysarthria on the listeners' impressions of age and gender against the background of typical developmental processes. In a listening experiment, adult listeners completed age and gender estimates of 144 typically developing children (3-9 years of age) and 25 children with dysarthria (5-9 years of age). The Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales for Childhood Dysarthria (BoDyS-KiD) were applied to record speech samples and to complete auditory-perceptual judgments covering all speech subsystems. Furthermore, each child's mean F0 was determined from samples of four BoDyS-KiD sentences. Age estimates for the typically developing children showed a regression to the mean, whereas children with dysarthria were systematically underestimated in their age. The estimates of all children were predicted by developmental speech features; for the children with dysarthria, specific dysarthria symptoms had an additional effect. We found a significantly higher accuracy of gender attribution in the typically developing children than in the children with dysarthria. The prediction accuracy of the listeners' gender attribution in the preadolescent children by the included speech characteristics was limited. Children with dysarthria are more difficult to estimate for their age and gender than their typically developing peers. Dysarthria thus alters the auditory-perceptual impression of indexical speech features in children, which must be considered another facet of the communication disorder associated with childhood dysarthria.

The Effect of Prejudice and Discrimination Education Given to University Students on Gender Perception and Attitude

University education may influence attitudes toward gender roles. The awareness of students in the field of health services about the gender inequalities they will encounter both during the education process and in the future while providing health services will play a role in providing health services in a more effective and equitable way. In order for university students to approach men and women with an egalitarian perspective at an early age, their gender stereotypes must first decrease and their perspectives on social relations must change positively. Therefore, university education can play an important role in influencing gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles. There is no special course on prejudice and discrimination in the training programs of Vocational Schools of Health Services that train health technicians in Turkey. Based on this, this study aimed to examine the effect of the training program given to raise awareness of prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on the gender perception and attitude of students who will provide health care in the future. For this purpose, answers were sought to the following questions: Is there a difference in students' gender perceptions of prejudice and discrimination before and after training? Are there any differences in students' gender role attitudes regarding prejudice and discrimination before and after education? Is there a relationship between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles? As a method, a single-group the pretest-posttest semi-experimental method was used. The research was conducted with students taking the Prejudice and Discrimination course at the Vocational School of Health Services. 95 second-grade students participated in the research. The reason why sophomore students from the Disabled Care and Rehabilitation program, the Pharmacy Services program, and the Occupational Therapy Program were selected in the study is that the "Prejudice and Discrimination" course is given in the second-grade student spring semester. Descriptive Information Form, Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS), and Gender Perception Scale (GPS) were used to collect data. Before the course program started, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as a pretest. Afterwards, a fourteen-week course period on "Prejudice and Discrimination" was carried out. At the end of the course, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as posttests. According to the students' descriptive characteristics, it was found that the mean age of the participants in the study was 21.6±3.3, and that 73.7% of them were female. According to the study, most students' mothers (56.9%) and fathers (38.9%) had completed elementary school. The families of 73.7% of the participants are nuclear families. The students' average number of siblings was found to be 2.8±2.1, and the majority (51.6%) of them had both brothers and sisters. The investigation discovered that 43.2% of the students lived primarily in the city center. Most students who participated in the study said that the Black Sea region was where they spent most of their lives (46.3%). The research revealed that prejudice and discrimination training provided via online distance education methods did not affect the gender perception and gender role attitudes of second-year Vocational School of Health Services students (respectively; p = 0.890, p = 0.976). However, a positive relationship was found between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles (pretest r = 0,825, p &lt; 0,01; posttest r = 0,893, p&lt; 0,01). While the total scale score of women was higher than men according to GPS and GRAS scores according to sex before the training (GPS, p = 0.002; GRAS, p

Peculiarities of young people's gender awareness in contemporary Kazakh society

Relevance. The relevance of the study in the field of youth gender awareness in the current conditions of Kazakhstan is conditioned by the fact that providing gender education and conducting gender policy is an important tool for the development of gender equality for any state in the world.Purpose. The objectives of the study include the investigation of the institution of gender awareness and its key components in the form of characteristics and features of functioning, analysis of the features of gender identity in the structure of self-concept among young people, and the study of modern approaches of the authors to the definition of gender identity.Methodology. The main methodological approaches used in the study include the theoretical methodological approach, the functional methodological approach, logical analysis, sociological analysis, deduction, etc.Results. The study revealed that there is currently ambiguity and unformed attitudes among young people regarding their distribution in marital roles; identified factors of self-concept development that serve as components of gender identity, and developed a model of gender identity in the structure of self-concept among young people; highlighted the main gender stereotypes that influence youth and may serve as a problem in their perception of gender identity.Conclusions. The gender policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to the formation of teacher education on defining one's gender identity was analysed; appropriate recommendations for implementation in the gender policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan were developed to increase efficiency and avoid possible problems.

Evaluating Primary Healthcare Quality from Migrants and Refugees' Viewpoint.

The likelihood of poor health outcomes for refugees is increased due to a variety of complicated causes. Lack of access to high-quality care during resettlement is frequently cited by migrants. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the quality of primary care services from the perspective of refugees and migrants. This cross-sectional study was conducted in three health networks affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Data were collected by using a self-administrative questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were checked and confirmed. The questionnaires were randomly completed by 280 migrants and refugees. Data were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman correlation, exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach's α with SPSS 22. According to the results, the overall service quality was 3.86 out of 5. The highest and lowest mean scores were related to efficiency (4.12 ±0.64) and tangibility (3.28 ±0.39). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the perception of service quality and gender, education, residence area, and the rate of center visits (P < 0.05). The quality of services was generally rated favorably by the refugees. Managers and decision-makers are recommended to allocate enough funds to equip and upgrade the amenities at health centers to increase the quality of services.

Gender expression and gender identity in virtual reality: avatars, role-adoption, and social interaction in VRChat

Introduction: This study examines the complex relationship between gender, virtual reality, and social interaction.Methods: Utilizing unobtrusive observations and interviews within the VRChat platform, this research explored avatar choices, interactions, and full-body tracking (FBT) technology utilization as they related to users’ expressions and perceptions of gender in virtual reality (VR).Results: The findings revealed that cultural background plays a significant role in shaping gender expression and perception. Results demonstrated the fluidity of gender expression in virtual environments, highlighting how users can challenge and subvert traditional gender norms, and the potential of virtual reality as a tool for experiential learning, fostering cross-cultural understanding, and promoting inclusive and diverse gender expressions.Discussion: This study contributes to the emerging body of literature on virtual reality and gender, providing insights that can inform future research and technology development.

From the Soil to the Screen: Women Representation in Contemporary Rural China

This research delves into the representation of female characters in contemporary Chinese cinema, focusing on films set in rural and underdeveloped areas between 2010 and 2022. Under the guidance of Professor Luis Duno Gottberg at Rice University, the study scrutinizes the complex interplay between traditional socio-cultural norms and evolving gender perceptions within these cinematic narratives. Central to our inquiry is the exploration of how a distinctly Chinese interpretation of the Male Gaze and entrenched Confucian patriarchal values shape the portrayal of women, signaling a negotiation between historical and cultural influences and modern identities. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this study integrates a comprehensive literature review, focusing on feminist film theory and its application within the Chinese context. Content analysis of selected films is conducted to uncover recurring visual and narrative themes, character development, and gender dynamics.

Role of Gender perceptions in shaping gender-based discrimination and gender equality among school-going adolescents, Telangana: A cross-sectional community-based study.

Adolescence is a unique phase of life, facilitates the transition of a child to an adult, and thus is characterized with distinctive challenges as well as potentialities. Gender socialization during adolescence is shaped by the family, culture, and social construct results to development of attitudes, with more consistent and organized vision toward self and the society. The present study aims to identify the gender attitudes, perceived gender role, and gender discrimination among adolescents. Cross-sectional descriptive design adopted to study the gender perceptions among adolescents (N = 200) between 8th and 12th standards and meeting the inclusive criteria. Data were collected on gender attributes, attitudes, and perceived discrimination based on gender. Gender equality scores measured among students were categorized between high and low. Findings reveal the persistence of gendered attitudes, roles, and relationships based on gender; 54% girls and 58% boys reported that boys/men are expected to be tough and less emotional and (37.5% girls; 46% boys) agreed that men were decision makers in the financial and family matters and women were felt as lesser role players. Overall, 46% were with gender-biased perceptions. Girls (18%) and boys (5%) reported sexual abuse; however, for any gender abuse, only 16% preferred to seek help from the family members. Findings of the present study highlight the need for gender sensitization in education and schools to transform gender-balanced attitudes and behaviors from young age which greatly affect the inter-personal relationships, affecting behaviors and relationships in families and societies in adulthood.

When we go to ask for help, they don't understand how to help us: Understanding how youth with childhood histories of conduct problems link sexuality and gender to school‐based service use

AbstractGender and, to a lesser extent, sexual identity, are relevant factors in understanding variance in the prevalence, consequences, and treatment of conduct problems. The current study uses thematic analysis to explore how youth with early‐onset conduct problems and extensive histories of school‐based service use perceive gender and sexuality as impacting their service use experiences. Qualitative analysis of interviews with 41 youth (17–21 years old; 53.7% women) yielded themes pertaining to gender, sexual identity, and discrimination in service use contexts. Identified themes included homophobia in service use and adjacent school contexts, stereotypes around masculinity and femininity as conditioning peer and school staff's behavior, and salience of sexuality across developmental stages and historical timeframes. Results suggest that increased school staff training and school‐based interventions be implemented to support gender and sexual diversity, both within services for conduct problems and more broadly in school contexts. In particular, the current findings highlight homophobia as a factor limiting boys' access to mental health services.

Gender Bias and Perceptions of the Nursing Profession in Croatia: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Patients and the General Population.

The way the nursing profession is perceived plays a pivotal role in shaping the public's attitude toward its members, primarily influenced by interactions with nurses and media representation. However, it can be significantly impacted by historical and traditional stereotypes, coupled with enduring gender bias and other preconceived notions. The study aimed to examined how the title "nurse" reflects the profession's identity, perception as a female occupation, and status as a healthcare activity. It also assessed awareness of nurses' roles, education and public presence, comparing general population and patients' opinions in the Republic of Croatia. Conducted as a cross-sectional study, this research employed a structured questionnaire and a convenience sampling approach. It encompassed both the general population and patients from Croatia, with data collection spanning from February 15, 2023, to March 16, 2023, and resulting in a total sample size of 624 participants. Statistical analysis included both descriptive and inferential techniques, and significance was set at p < .01 (two-tailed). A substantial proportion of respondents, amounting to 38.1%, correlate the term "nurse" with the role of the physician's assistant, whereas only 49.5% associate it with a true professional functioning within their field of work. Furthermore, 73.7% study participants perceive the nursing profession as being desirable for men. Upon examining the perspectives of the general population and patients, statistically significant differences emerged in terms of their perceptions regarding the perceived work scope (p < .001) and the level of sufficient educational attainment (p < .001) of nursing professionals. The analysis uncovers varying perceptions of the nursing profession in the Republic of Croatia, as well as evolving perceptions of gender diversity within nursing roles. Differing viewpoints between the general population and patients in this study emphasize the need for tailored education and communication initiatives to improve the image of nursing.

De fyrstefødte og fyrsteløse

With a deconstructive method and theoretical starting point in Raewyn Connell’s theory of masculinity as well as various queer theoretical perspectives, this article examines the gender-critical potential of Cecilie Eken’s science-fiction trilogy for children The Karana Galaxy (2018-2019). The thematic interpretation points to an unraveling of conventional gender perceptions in which diversity triumphs over conformity. But does the text indeed break with heteronormative assumptions, or are the descriptions of gender and sexuality (or the lack thereof) more like a modified version of gender binarism? The analysis shows that The Karana Galaxy both transcends and respects the logics of the heterosexual matrix. At the surface level of the text, the genders in the galaxy are defined by compulsory heterosexuality. At the same time, the text’s depiction of female masculinity breaks with these logics. Thus, the text can be interpreted as a homoerotic love relationship between a man and a masculine woman. However, the text’s bid to portray alternative forms of gender identities seems to contradict such a reading. Overall, the article therefore concludes that although the conventional understanding of masculinity and femininity is modified in The Karana Galaxy, the text’s constructions of gender and sexuality are still shaped by binary logics.

Гендер как социокультурный феномен

The aim of the article is to define the content of the concepts of gender and gender culture as socio-cultural phenomena. The method of comparative critical analysis of alternative interpretations of these constructs is used, on the basis of which an integral approach to understanding gender and gender culture is formulated. It is noted that the former characterizes the sociocultural functions of sexes and the system of interpersonal rela-tions between men and women. It includes images that reflect physiological and social differences between the sexes, social and cultural norms of behavior, as well as the system of social interactions between their rep-resentatives. The gender culture of society is defined as the system of organization of intersex relations that has developed in the social structure, including the balance of interpersonal interactions, gender standards of masculinity and femininity; norms in the sphere of communication (legal, moral, religious, etc.), stereotypes of behavior of representatives of different sexes. Gender culture of an individual is the consciousness and self-consciousness of the individual in the context of belonging to the male or female sex. In addition, the gender consciousness of an individual is the subject's perception of gender and the relationship between men and women. Gender self-awareness of an individual is gender self-identity, that is, who an individual imagines himself to be, and on the basis of which an individual’s gender behavior is formed. The concepts of gender and gender culture as sociocultural phenomena are methodological tools for studying the specifics and dynamics of specific gender cultures emerging in certain sociocultural public systems.