Gender Perception Research Articles

A - 69 The Use of Neuropsychological Assessments in the Diagnosis of ADHD among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the US

Abstract Objectives Neuropsychological evaluations provide information that can potentially minimize the risk of poor outcomes and enhance the quality of life for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Black and Brown students have higher incidences of misdiagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and being funneled into Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) classrooms. There is support for the incremental efficacy of neuropsychological evaluation compared to routine care in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. This study analyzes neuropsychological assessment practices and diagnosis trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, incorporating teacher and parent perceptions through behavioral rating scales. Data Selection The following selection criteria were utilized: -published in peer-reviewed journals focusing on neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD among black and brown clients -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on cultural considerations, validity, and reliability of neuropsychological assessments in black and brown populations. Data Synthesis Gender and racial differences in the timing and rate of diagnosis have delayed the onset of treatment. Additionally, there has been a difference in how parents and teachers endorse symptoms of ADHD by race on rating scales included in comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Conclusions Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. However, there is a significant imbalance between the growing numbers of ethnic/racial and linguistic minority children in the United States who need neuropsychological services and the limited number of neuropsychologists trained to handle the cultural complexities. Accurate, culturally informed neuropsychological assessments are needed to ensure equitable behavioral health services are provided.

What does a scientist look like? Children's perceptions of scientist gender and skin tone

AbstractWhen asked to draw a scientist, children typically draw a gender stereotypical male representation; however, research has not yet assessed these representations in terms of scientist stereotypical skin tone. The current study examined children's (N = 69, 66.7% female, Mage = 7.60, SD = 2.13) scientist perceptions by analyzing both the gender and skin tone of their scientist drawings as well as stereotypical features represented (lab coats, scientific instruments, etc.). This study also examined how these perceptions as reflected in the drawings were related to children's explicit gender stereotypes and their science growth mindset. Boys were less likely to draw a female scientist than were girls. Additionally, children with higher growth mindset were more likely to draw a female scientist. Lastly, with age, children were less likely to draw a female scientist, or a darker skin‐toned scientist as compared with a male or lighter skin‐toned scientist and were more likely to draw a scientist with stereotypical features. This study furthers our knowledge of children's perceptions about scientists.

EYoung men's experiences of violence and poverty and the relationship to sexually transmissible HIV: a cross sectional study from rural South Africa.

Young (ages 18-35 years) men are inadequately engaged in HIV prevention and treatment globally, including in South Africa, increasing the likelihood of them having sexually transmissible HIV (i.e. living with HIV but with high viral loads). We sought to understand how men's experiences of poverty and violence, impacted on transmissible HIV, directly or indirectly via mental health and substance misuse. Rural communities in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Cross-sectional population-based random selection (September 2018-June 2019), assessing transmissible HIV (living with HIV and viral load ≥400 copies/mL) via dried blood spots, and socio-demographic data. Structural equation models (SEM), assessed direct and indirect pathways from food insecurity and violence experience to transmissible-HIV, with mediators common mental disorders, alcohol use, gender inequitable attitudes and perceptions of life chances. 2,086 young (ages 18-36 years) men and 8.6%(n=178) men had transmissible HIV. In SEM no direct pathways between food insecurity, or violence experience, and transmissible HIV. Poor mental health and alcohol use mediated the relationship between violence experience and food insecurity and transmissible HIV. Life chances also mediated the food insecurity to transmissible HIV pathway. There was a high level of transmissible HIV in a representative sample of young men. The analysis highlights the need to address both the proximate 'drivers' poor mental health and substance misuse, as well as the social contexts shaping these among young men, namely poverty and violence experience. Building holistic interventions that adequately engage these multiple challenges is critical for improving HIV among young men.

The perception of gender and the approach taken towards female physicians

AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate gender perception among patients in the emergency department (ED) and to examine the effect of gender perception on patients' preference of physician's gender. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey study. The survey comprised three sections. The first section collected general information, while the second section inquired about patients' preferences for physicians' gender in the ED, in general examinations, and regarding “sensitive” medical issues. The third section of the survey, entitled the “Perception of Gender Scale,” comprised a series of questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions of gender. The scale employed a Likert-type response format, with scores ranging from 25 to 125. Higher scores indicated a more egalitarian gender perception. ResultsThe number of participants in the study was 431, with 194 males and 237 females. The median age of the participants was 38.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 28–48). Over half of the participants had completed university education. The study population exhibited a Perception of the Gender Scale (PGS) score of 96 (IQR 78.5–109). With regard to the patient's preference for physicians' gender, in emergency settings (ES) and in general examinations (GE), over three-quarters of the participants indicated that they do not have a preference. However, for sensitive medical issues (SMI), the proportion of participants indicating no preference decreased to 45 %. Among those with the lowest quartile of PGS scores, the percentage of individuals who expressed no gender preference in ES, GE and SMI was 65 %, 60 %, 26 % and who expressed a preference for male physicians was 13 %, 19 %, 43 % respectively. In contrast, of those with the highest quartile of PGS scores, the percentages of those who had no gender preference were 86 %, 90 %, 68 %, while the percentages of those who preferred male physicians were 1.9 %, 1 %, and 4.8 %, respectively. ConclusionIn the context of emergency settings and general examinations, approximately three-quarters of the participants indicated no preference regarding the gender of the physician. However, in the case of sensitive medical issues, the proportion of participants with no gender preference was less than half. For patients with a gender preference for their physician, perception of gender is a significant predictor.

Can large language models help predict results from a complex behavioural science study?

We tested whether large language models (LLMs) can help predict results from a complex behavioural science experiment. In study 1, we investigated the performance of the widely used LLMs GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in forecasting the empirical findings of a large-scale experimental study of emotions, gender, and social perceptions. We found that GPT-4, but not GPT-3.5, matched the performance of a cohort of 119 human experts, with correlations of 0.89 (GPT-4), 0.07 (GPT-3.5) and 0.87 (human experts) between aggregated forecasts and realized effect sizes. In study 2, providing participants from a university subject pool the opportunity to query a GPT-4 powered chatbot significantly increased the accuracy of their forecasts. Results indicate promise for artificial intelligence (AI) to help anticipate-at scale and minimal cost-which claims about human behaviour will find empirical support and which ones will not. Our discussion focuses on avenues for human-AI collaboration in science.

Exploring Gender Differences, Perceptions, and Behaviors: The Interplay Between Social Media Addiction and Social Appearance Anxiety Among Young Adults

The pervasive influence of social media has significantly impacted the mental health and well-being of young adults, particularly through increased social media addiction (SMA) and social appearance anxiety (SAA). Our study investigates the relationship between social media addiction and social appearance anxiety among young adults, highlighting the interplay between compulsive social media use and concerns about physical appearance. A sample of 549 undergraduate students from Turkey, including 339 females and 210 males, completed the Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS) and the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS). Data were analyzed using correlation, independent t-tests, and linear regression to explore the relationships and differences between variables. Our study found significant relationships between SMA and SAA, with higher levels of addiction linked to increased appearance anxiety. Social comparison tendencies and photo-editing behaviors were also associated with higher SMA and SAA. No significant gender differences were observed, suggesting a universal impact of social media on these psychological issues. The findings underscore the intertwined nature of SMA and SAA, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions that address both aspects to improve mental health outcomes. Promoting positive self-comparisons and reducing photo-editing behaviors online can help mitigate the negative effects of social media use on young adults’ mental well-being.

Gender differences in adolescents' perceptions of condom use in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria.

This paper assessed gender differences and perceptions towards condom use among in-school adolescents in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and summarised using frequencies and proportions. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used in the analysis. The level of statistical significance was a p-value of <0.05. Findings showed that a significantly higher proportion of male respondents (58.8%) had a good perception of condom use when compared to female respondents (45.8%). Gender, level of schooling, and working for pay had significant associations with good perceptions of condom use, while the significant predictors in the logistic regression model were gender, level of schooling, and working for pay. Interventions that promote the sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescents and those that empower women with relevant skills by addressing unequal gender power relations in relationships should be prioritized.

Exploring the Challenges and Unveiling the Glass Ceiling Effect on Career Progression among Turkish Women in 3 to 5 Star Hotels

Purpose: Despite the significant growth in women’s participation in the hotel industry workforce, Turkish women continue to encounter limited access to senior management positions. This study investigates the obstacles faced by Turkish women in their pursuit of top managerial roles within the hotel industry and explores potential strategies to break through the glass ceiling. The purpose of this study is to investigate challenges and unveil the effect of the glass ceiling on the career development of Turkish women in 3-to-5-star hotels. The research endeavors to examine the experiences and challenges stemming from gender perceptions encountered by individuals within the hotel industry. Additionally, it seeks to discern the underlying social, organizational, and individual factors contributing to the disparity in leadership or senior positions held by women within this sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study utilizes a qualitative research approach, employing semi-structured, in-depth interviews with employees from 3 to 5-star hotels in Antalya, conducting an inductive thematic analysis approach the research aims to investigate the challenges faced by women in advancing their careers within the hotel industry and the diverse factors influencing their workplace performance. The statistical sample of the research includes people who have different viewpoints on the subject of the research. Findings: Twelve women working within the hospitality industry were interviewed. A thematic analysis revealed three interconnected barriers contributing to the glass ceiling faced by Turkish women: cultural and social obstacles, organizational challenges, and personal hindrances. These primary barriers encompass sub-barriers that collectively reinforce the glass ceiling, impeding numerous women from attaining senior positions. This research demonstrates that overcoming the barriers—especially organizational ones—can empower Turkish women to break through the glass ceiling and realize their leadership aspirations. Additionally, the study explores the implications for policymakers, academics, and practitioners regarding the impactful contributions of Turkish women to the hotel labor market." Practical Implications: This research showed evidence that there are real barriers for these women and the findings from this study offer implications that overcoming these barriers, particularly cultural and social barriers, could help Turkish women to crack the glass ceiling and achieve their dream of leadership. Originality/Value: The Hotel industry faces a worldwide shortage of Women in Leadership positions. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by the hotel sector in retaining highly skilled female employees who aspire to pursue managerial career trajectories. In addition, this research can add value to revealing gender inequality problems faced by Muslim women employees in the hospitality industry.

Analisis Wacana Stereotip Perempuan dalam Berita Kriminal di Viva.co.id

Mass media plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of issues such as sexual and domestic violence. This study focuses on how text structure, word choice, and gender representation in news articles influence public understanding of violence. The aim of this research is to analyze how news about sexual violence and domestic violence constructs narratives and social responses through language use and text structure, and how gender representation affects public perception. The study employs critical discourse analysis based on Norman Fairclough's theory. Two news articles were selected for analysis: one about sexual violence in front of a young girl and one about domestic violence. The articles were examined for text structure, word choice, and gender representation to understand how they construct narratives. The analysis reveals that the news about sexual violence emphasizes the perpetrator's actions and the authorities' responses, using sensational language to create a negative image of the perpetrator. In contrast, the news about domestic violence focuses more on the victim's suffering and power dynamics, with detailed descriptions of physical and emotional abuse. Media shapes public perceptions of violence and gender through word choice and text structure.

The gender congruences and life satisfaction scale for transgender and gender-diverse youth (GCLS-Y): a validation study with samples from the UK and US

Background There are currently no good quality psychometric tools available to assess multi-dimensional outcomes for trans and gender diverse youth. A tool is needed to develop a stronger evidence base regarding the evaluation of gender-affirming healthcare for the population. Aim The current study aimed to adapt and validate the Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale for young trans and gender diverse people (GCLS-Y) with young trans and gender diverse people aged 14-19 living in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Method Initially, the GCLS-Y was adapted through expert consultation and discussion with trans and gender diverse youth to ensure it is meaningful and relevant. A survey that included the GCLS-Y and other psychometric measures that assessed gender incongruence, mental health and wellbeing to determine convergent validity and social desirability to examine discriminant validity was completed by 307 trans and gender diverse youth (n = 175 in the US and n = 132 in the UK). Findings Exploratory Factor Analysis supported a 5-factor model that was assessed as conceptually accurate. The final version of the GCLS-Y included 38 items with the following subscales: Psychosocial Implications of Gender Distress, Incongruence and Dysphoria related to Chest, Incongruence and Distress related to Genitalia, Social Perceptions of Gender, and Life Satisfaction. The measure was also found to be valid and reliable. Conclusions The GCLS-Y is a psychometrically sound tool that can be used to assess multidimensional outcomes among trans and gender diverse youth (14-19 years) related to mental health and wellbeing, gender incongruence and distress, and social experiences of gender. The tool can support the development of evidence-based policy, which has implications for legislation, healthcare funding, and broader societal attitudes.

Investigation of the Attitudes of Healthcare Professionals towards Disabled Women in Terms of Gender Perceptions

Background: Gender inequality causes women to be exposed to discrimination in many fields. Gender discrimination against women affects disabled women more deeply. Prejudiced and negative attitudes of healthcare professionals may prevent disabled women from receiving adequate health services. Objective: This study aimed to examine the attitudes of healthcare professionals towards women with disabilities in terms of gender perception. Methods: The sample of this descriptive, cross-sectional study consisted of 234 healthcare professionals. Research data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form, Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS), and Disabled Women Attitude Scale (ADWS). Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.60±8.27, and the average professional working time was 172.23±94.59 months. Of them, 60.7% were women, 34.2% were nurses, 40.6% worked in secondary healthcare institutions, and 31.6% had a disabled relative. The mean total score of GRAS was 54.06±9.61, and ADWS was 62.42±13.79. GRAS and ADWS mean scores were higher in women. The mean GRAS score was higher in university graduates and those working 21 years or more. The mean ADWS score was higher in individuals who do not have a disabled relative. Additionally, there was a low positive correlation between GRAS and ADWS mean scores (p

Is gender primacy universal?

Emerging evidence suggests that gender is a defining feature of personhood. Studies show that gender is the primary social category individuals use to perceive humanness and the social category most strongly related to seeing someone-or something-as human. However, the universality of gender's primacy in social perception and its precedence over other social categories like race and age have been debated. We examined the primacy of gender perception in the Mayangna community of Nicaragua, a population with minimal exposure to Western influences, to test whether the primacy of gender categorization in humanization is more likely to be a culturally specific construct or a cross-cultural and potentially universal phenomenon. Consistent with findings from North American populations [A. E. Martin, M. F. Mason, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 123, 292-315 (2022)], the Mayangna ascribed gender to nonhuman objects more strongly than any other social category-including age, race, sexual orientation, disability, and religion-and gender was the only social category that uniquely predicted perceived humanness (i.e., the extent to which a nonhuman entity was seen as "human"). This pattern persisted even in the most isolated subgroup of the sample, who had no exposure to Western culture or media. The present results thus suggest that gender's primacy in social cognition is a widely generalizable, and potentially universal, phenomenon.

‘Carrying it on her shoulder, like an Irish-woman’: early modern English traveller perceptions of women in Ireland, America, and Africa, 1555–1745

ABSTRACT This article compares how early modern English travel accounts to Ireland, America, and Africa portrayed native women. It examines gendered tropes that reoccurred in all these writings, such as ease of childbirth, breast size, and breastfeeding over the shoulder. It argues that many of these tropes that helped shape the racialised thinking of indigenous people in America and Africa first appeared in English-written travel accounts to Ireland. In some examples, English travel writers in America and Africa made direct comparisons to Irish women. Accordingly, the article demonstrates that Ireland is significant for the study of early modern English imperialism. Perceptions of gender were central in formulating English racial perceptions of the Other in the New World, but there was nothing unique about these tropes. In other words, there was nothing particularly ‘African’ about English perceptions of African women. English imperialists perceived Native American, African, and Irish women through the same lens. The article shows that early modern notions of racial difference were constructed less on overt characteristics particular to a geographical zone of contact—for example, the skin colour of Africans—and more on certain transferable gendered tropes that framed perceptions of native women across all three continents.

Women as leaders: unpacking the perceptions of gender, trust, and organizational performance

The purpose of this paper is to explore how gender influences the perceptions of women as leaders, and how those affect the relationship between organizational trust and perceptions of the firm’s performance. Results from Latin America and the United States samples show that the more positive the perception of women leaders, the stronger the relationship between trust and performance. These results are important because they provide additional support for enhancing leadership diversity and increasing trust. In particular, they suggest that firms that build strong organizational trust and create leadership diversity by having more women leaders may be associated with more positive perceptions of organizational performance.

Effect of gender-neutral activities on preschool children’s gender stereotypes

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gender-neutral activities on gender stereotypes among preschool children aged 48–60 months old. Also, the gender perceptions of parents were examined to reveal associations between parents’ gender perceptions and their children’s gender stereotypes. The study sample consisted of 53 children and 102 parents from Karaman, Türkiye. The experimental group was comprised of 27 children, while the control group consisted of 26 children. To collect data, the Preschool Occupation, Activity, and Trait Attitude Measure (POAT-AM) as well as a Gender Perception Scale were used. For the study design, a static group pre-test/post-test was employed. It was indicated in the study findings that preschool children did have gender stereotypes. Moreover, gender-neutral activities were effective in addressing gender stereotypes among young children.

Male Teachers’ Perceptions of Gender Equality in the Foundation Phase

ABSTRACT In South Africa, the recruitment and retention of men to teach in the foundation phase (Grade R-3) has gained national attention. In a patriarchal society such as South Africa, where such jobs are regarded as the purview of women, men’s perceptions of gender and gender equality in schools might explain their existence at this level of the education system. In this article, I am exploring male teachers’ perceptions of gender equality. The study used narrative inquiry and interview-conversations with 13 participants to generate data. I theorized the data using Connell’s work on masculinities as a framework. I found that the participants believe gender equality should be driven by clear policies to increase the number of men in the FP. Also, the findings suggest that men are constructing hybrid masculinities using the principles of gender equality to their benefit and to ascend to positions of leadership in the FP.

Gender and public perceptions of judges who refuse to recuse

ABSTRACT Recent high-profile investigations into the U.S. judiciary have demonstrated that judges often refuse to recuse themselves from cases where they hold a conflict of interest. Given women’s presence in various political institutions has been shown to decrease perceptions of corruption and increase trust and legitimacy, I use a survey experiment to assess whether the public is more trusting of the decision-making of women judges who refuse to recuse themselves in cases where they hold a financial or interpersonal conflict of interest. I find women judges who refuse to recuse are trusted more to be unbiased in their decision-making, relative to male judges. Importantly, I find that men and women respondents are not equally trusting of women judges in this context. Specifically, men are more trusting of women judges than women.

Stigma or Support? How Gender, Race, and Intersectionality Impact Perceptions of Exonerees

Little research has examined the gendered nature of wrongful convictions and how the intersectionality of gender and race impacts perceptions of exonerees and support for reintegration services. With two vignette experiments, we assess laypeople’s perceptions of female or male, Black or White exonerees (Study 1 and 2) who were wrongfully convicted due to official misconduct or a false confession (Study 2) in varying child-victim cases. When wrongfully convicted of a violent homicide (Study 1), White female exonerees were viewed less favorably than Black females and White males were viewed least favorably. However, in a no-crime Shaken Baby Syndrome case (Study 2), false confessors were viewed least favorably, but gender and race did not impact perceptions. We provide potential explanations for these findings and implications for exonerees’ reintegration experiences.

An Overview of Nurses' Teamwork Perceptions at RS in 2024

Background: Ineffective teamwork and communication in healthcare has been identified as a major cause of medical errors that harm both patients and providers. Teamwork is the focus of attention in healthcare as the success and failure of the system largely depends on team performance. Objectives: This study aims to determine the picture of nurses' teamwork perceptions at RS in 2024. Methods: This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design conducted in May-June 2024 at one of the hospitals in Padang, Indonesia. The population in this study were all nurses working in the inpatient room of RS with a sample size of 48 nurses selected through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic instruments and teamwork perception instruments adopted from AHRQ 2020. Data were analyzed using computerized software. Results: The socio-demographic frequency distribution of respondents showed that most nurses were aged 17-35 years (62.5%), female (91.7%), had a Diploma of Nursing education (54.1%), and a working period between 1-14 years (79.1%). The perception of teamwork of nurses at RS is generally in the good enough category with a mean perception of teamwork of 128.00 (SD 35.39). The communication dimension obtained the highest score with a mean of 26.17 (SD 19.93) followed by the dimensions of team structure, leadership, situation monitoring, and mutual support. Conclusion: The perception of nurses' teamwork at RS in 2024 was in the good enough category with the communication dimension getting the highest score. Socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and tenure influence perceptions of teamwork where nurses who are more experienced and have higher education tend to have more positive perceptions of teamwork.

Unveiling the Dynamic Impact of Queer Celebrities on School Youth’s Perceptions of Gender and Sexual Diversity

This study explored the disruption of queer celebrities on the normalisation of heterosexuality and cisnormativity amongst school youth. Qualitative research was employed with a phenomenological research design to conduct semi-structured interviews with seven high school learners between the ages of 16 and 17 in the town of Kroonstad in the Free State Province of South Africa. The findings highlight the symbiotic relationship between queer celebrities and school youth gravitating between self-identification, challenging stereotypes, visibility, and advocacy. Bigger platforms for queer celebrities should be created in schools to raise awareness of LGBTQ+ issues and equal rights. This will contribute to a more inclusive society, making its way to educational settings, and leading to more inclusivity of gender and sexual diversity in the school system.