Gender Order Research Articles

The Voiceless Women: A Study in Shivani’s Bhairavi: The Runaway

The term ‘subaltern’ incorporates the entire people that are subordinates in terms of class, caste, gender and rank, or in any other way. When it operates in terms of class, gender and caste, it is more psychological than physical. Antonio Gramsci coined the term subaltern to identify the cultural hegemony (According to Merriam Webster the word hegemony means the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group).
 This paper endeavors to highlight the voiceless Marginalized women in Shivani’s Bhairavi: The Runaway (a translation from the original Hindi text, Bhairavi rendered in English by Priyanka Sarkar). Shivani aka Gaura Pant was a very prolific and voluminous writer, she has many novels, short stories and essays to her credit. The English translation of her works give an insight into the deeper psychological understanding of women. Shivani’s purpose is to give voice to the marginalized women in the society and to explore the discrimination order of caste, gender and class.

Women's rural businesses: for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss to what extent and why women's entrepreneurship contributes to rural economic viability and gender equality in an advanced welfare state.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use detailed register data to explore men's and women's rural businesses in the most common industries for rural women entrepreneurs in the Swedish welfare state. Based on a literature review, the authors develop hypotheses and analyse how family, business and industry factors influence earnings.FindingsWomen's rural entrepreneurship is important for rural viability, as women's businesses provide a wide range of services necessary for life in rural areas. Although women's rural businesses are not significantly smaller than those of men, women's income is lower and more sensitive to business and industry variables. Marriage has positive effects for the earnings of men but negative effects for the earnings of women. The authors argue that the results are contingent on the gendering of entrepreneurship and industries, as well as on the local rural gender contracts. For these reasons, the importance of women entrepreneurs for rural viability is not reflected in their own incomes. Hence, women's rural entrepreneurship does not result in (economic) gender equality.Originality/valueEntrepreneurship scholars rarely explore women's rural entrepreneurship, and particularly not in the Global North or Western welfare states. Therefore, this empirical study from Sweden provides novel information on how the gender order on the business, industry and family levels influences the income of men and women entrepreneurs differently.

ГЕНДЕРНАЯ НЕЙТРАЛЬНОСТЬ КАК НОРМА НОВОГО ГЕНДЕРНОГО ПОРЯДКА: ОТНОШЕНИЕ РОССИЯН

The subject of the article is the Russian people’s attitude to gender neutrality as the norm of new gender order. Majority of the Russians associate the new gender order with the achievement of real equality of men and women in various spheres of social life, elimination of all kinds of gender discrimination. At the same time they keep binary approach to gender awareness. The paper notes that currently Russian people demonstrate one of the most conservative worldwide attitudes toward the gender norms and relations. No one from the Western new gender norms: same-sex marriage acceptance, right to choose sex both by a child and his/her parents, etc. are not accepted by majority of Russians. Moreover women, responders in marriage, having children, responders with higher education demonstrate the most conservative approach. When compared with other countries Russian people are close to Chinese in their attitude to non-traditional gender norms. The author concludes that the new gender order formation in Russia is going on in the frame of binary gender model not assuming any gender neutrality

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И СМЕНА ПАРАДИГМ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ СОЦИОГЕНДЕРНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА И ГЕНДЕРНОГО РАВНОПРАВИЯ

The article considers the evolution of social changes and the peculiarities of the development of socio-gender processes in Russian society in the conditions of Russia’s transition to a market economy, changes in the social structure and in the activities of women’s public organizations. It analyzes transformations in the social space of the activities of women’s non-commercial organizations, their relevance, changes in the social base and political attention of women’s organizations to the changes taking place in the world. The article also reveals the peculiarity of social space as a field for integration of new gender norms in social interaction amid the formation of a new gender order. Based on the results of the repetitive by its nature project sociological study “Women, democratization and gender equality in Russian society 30 years later”, the author discloses the social shifts in the process of forming a new gender order, the degree of understanding of its essence, the perception of certain norms and orientation by the mass consciousness of women and students, the reaction of the population to the changes that have occurred in society over thirty years. The issues of reformatting a number of activities of women’s organizations, taking into account the changed social and political situation, the actions of National projects and Sustainable Development Goals, are raised. Special emphasis is placed on social changes in the structure and leadership of women’s non-commercial organizations, on the potential for expanding the socially active practices of women’s organizations when forming a national gender order.

«Мужская маска» женской поэзии: З.Н. Гиппиус и ее последовательницы

The article deals with the masculine personas in the poetry of female authors Z.N. Gippius and M.Ye. Levberg. The article examines possible reasons for adopting a masculine mask, and the desire to acquire subjectivity appears to be the most likely among them. This subjectivity within the frame of the masculine gender order of Modernism could be attained only through the appropriation of the male voice. The article discusses critical reception of such appropriation. The article discusses critical reception of such appropriation and establishes the influence of Gippius on Levberg’s poetry. In view of exetremely low fame of this author, the article provides her biography and introduces previously unpublished texts. The article examines principles of constructing the masculine lyrical persona by Levberg; which turns out to be the mask of a warrior, or, more specifically, of a knight (which is not tipycal for Z. Gippius). The author draws parallels with Levberg’s theatre plays. She concludes that, as is in Gippius’ case, the artistic work of Levberg is based on the transgression of the gender order with the aim of constructing her authorship and the respectable position in the aesthetic discourse. The author of the article demonstrates that the masculine persona of both female writers is not so much a “mask,” a temporary role, but a reflection of their life position, their urge to destroy the dominating gender order and to acquire aesthetic subjectivity.

ГЕНДЕРНОЕ РАВЕНСТВО КАК ЦЕЛЬ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И ЕЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ В РОССИИ

The article considers the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals in particular the goal No.5 – ensuring gender equality. It analyses differences in the implementation of those goals and objectives in different countries. A critical assessment is given of the “Voluntary National Review of the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and provides data not used in the report related to the situation of women in the Russian Federation. The implementation of the following goals in relation to women is described: the ubiquitous elimination of all forms of discrimination; and violence; elimination of all harmful practices; ensuring the full and real participation and equal opportunities at all levels in political, economic and public life; ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health services. Conclusions are drawn about the main issues in ensuring gender equality in Russia, associated with the existence of different gender orders.

Theoretical approaches to the study of the new gender order in management

Theoretical approaches to the study of the new gender order in management

Capitalismo, género y cuidados o cómo pensar la estructura social: el primer debate entre Jürgen Habermas y Nancy Fraser

This paper deals with the main importance of gender perspective in Critical Theory. So, first, it exposes some elements of the exchange between Nancy Fraser and Jürgen Habermas on the social activity of childrearing. Then, N. Fraser’s interpretation of the theory of the crisis of capitalism seen from the crisis of care is presented. These issues would help us to understand the complex and dynamic link between the gender order and capitalism.

The Dynamics of Masculinity as a Prerequisite for the Deformation of the Gender Order: Historical Aspects

The Dynamics of Masculinity as a Prerequisite for the Deformation of the Gender Order: Historical Aspects

ЖЕНЩИНЫ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ПОЛЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО УЧАСТИЯ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ВЫБОРА

The issues of women’s political participation, which are considered in the article, allow not only to predict the general course of the political process in Russia, but also to identify the degree of women’s influence on the electoral results. The article is written on the data of last wave of Monitoring “How do you live, Russia?” (June 2021), launched by the Centre of strategic social and political studies of the Institute of social and political research of Russian Academy of Sciences. The author analyses the features of the legitimization of the Russian political regime by the female part of society, which are determined by the level of trust in various public and political institutions and the level of satisfaction with the political system. Analyzing the political parties sympathies and features of the declared political behavior of women, the author concludes that there are minimal differences in the assessments of the content and specifics of the political system in the opinions of men and women, discrepancies were found in the assessment of the activities of some political leaders, as well as in political parties sympathies. Given the absence of a split between the sexes in the assessment of political issues, it is possible to predict the preservation of the existing gender order, which is characterized by traditional ideas about the role of women in society

On the Issue of Factors in the Dynamics of the Gender Order of Post-Soviet Russia

On the Issue of Factors in the Dynamics of the Gender Order of Post-Soviet Russia

“I’m a Businesswoman/Come and Make Me Coffee*”. How Power Relations Informed the Social Mobility of French Female Rappers in the 1990s

What were the aspirations of women who began a rapping career in 1990s France? Were they looking to make it in a male-dominated world? To leave behind a dominated social position and enjoy an artist’s life? To assert the public existence of postcolonial minorities? Based primarily on life narratives, this article analyses the social mobility of female French rappers in the 1990s. It shows the importance of considering both subjective and objective career experiences, as well as the manifold power relations informing trajectories within a social space whose hierarchies are multidimensional. An often unseen dimension in the analysis of artistic careers, the transformations of social hierarchies from childhood to adulthood, and by extension age relations, are crucial here. At odds with the commonplace assumption that women get into male-dominated rap artist careers to subvert the gender order, this study shows that for a majority of these women, rap works as a generational matrix of politicization in which the experience of territorial and ethno-racial discriminations is key. As they grow older, however, this politicization contributes to denaturalizing new social hierarchies, starting with gender hierarchies. The impact of power relations is notable in both subjective and objective career experiences. Subjectively, the taste for rap and the transition to its practice are part of a politicization of inequalities which is perceived as a “generational” experience, which can be transferred from one type of inequality to the next over the course of a career or retrospectively played down as “teenage revolt”. Objectively, age relations redefine gender relations by exacerbating the double bind to which female rappers are confronted throughout their careers, during which the main turning points occur from childhood to adulthood. Still, for most of these women, the practice of rap contributes to an upward social mobility, particularly in comparison to their parents, most of whom are working-class and/or members of racialized minorities, and who have often performed subordinate jobs with demanding working hours.

Маскулинное лирическое «я» в поэзии Марии Евгеньевны Лёвберг

The paper introduces the poetry of a forgotten author of the Silver Age - Mariya Levberg, whose poetical texts always feature the masculine “I”. The peculiarities of constructing the lyrical subject and the lyrical world in Levberg’s poetry are analyzed in relation to the problem of constructing gender in Modernist literature in general. The formation of Levberg’s “poetical transvestism” and conscious movement towards poetry and a lyrical subject, with aesthetic effect achieved due to the nuances of the play of “masks” and gender roles, is described. The lyrical subject of “Sly wanderer” evolves from a young man longing for a higher world to the hero-lover seeking to escape from this melancholy into a refined pastime, then to a knight looking for his Holy Grail and, finally, to the monk consecrated to the service of God. However, a fundamental characteristic of this book of poems and its lyrical subject is the incompleteness and non-finality of any choice and any incarnation, their dialectical transformations, and the ambivalence of any emotion. At the same time, the most frequent and pronounced among the variations of the lyrical subject’s masks is that of the knight appearing also in other poems of Levberg. The roles of the knight and the poet prove to be intrinsically linked in her texts. Levberg’s remarkable commitment to the masculine lyrical “I” and, particularly, to the mask of the knight, of the warrior stems from her attempt to obtain the creator’s agency in the frame of the masculine gender order of Modernism.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЙ ФАКТОР ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МОБИЛИЗАЦИИ В РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ

Gender approach popularity in modern historiography is marked by the development of a range of ideas that characterize the importance of the gender factor under the conditions of the new and modern time wars. The article analyzes the methodological foundations and historiographic practices of understanding the role of the First World War in the transformation of the gender order in Russia. It is shown that the methodology for studying the issue is interdisciplinary in nature and includes approaches and tools of the historicalanthropological gender research, gender political science and linguistics, theories of propaganda and mass communication. The author highlights achievements in the study of the “woman and war” issue, women’s daily life and activities at the front and in the rear, the significance of the First World War in the transformation of the social role of women in Russia. The article describes the results of the study in gender aspects of military propaganda, perception of events and behavioral practices of combatants and non-combatants. The author emphasizes the continuing relevance of studying the mechanisms and specifics of gender perception of propaganda, ways of male and female involvement in the information and political communication. The article notes the importance of creating a complex study of the gender factor for political mobilization in Russia, considered in a comparative way, compared with similar processes that took place in other countries participating in the conflict.

DIFFERENCES IN SELF-CONTROL FROM GENDER, AGE AND BIRTH ORDER IN NAHDLATUL ULAMA 2 STUDENTS GRESIK

Students who can control themselves will not do wrong actions that they have experienced because they will understand that taking actions that violate the rules will get punishment consequences. Regarding gender, a person's self-control is seen from gender, including roles, behavior, preferences, and other attributes that explain a particular culture. Based onAs children age, the communities that influence them increase, as well as the many social experiences they experience, children learn to respond to disappointments, dislikes, failures, and learn to control them, so that over time this self- control emerges from within itself. Birth order can affect a person's self-control in various conditions including how the individual views the role that must be carried out. This study aims to determine differences in self-control in terms of gender, age and birth order in students. This study uses a quantitative method with a population of 547 students. In this case, the researcher uses a non-probability sampling technique with a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The sample obtained is 241 students. The method collected using a questionnaire. This study uses a summative scale measurement, with a Likert scale type with 5 (five) alternative answers. Test the validity of the scale using content validity. The scale reliability test uses the Cronbach alpha technique. The data analysis technique used the t-test data analysis technique, the Independent Samples T-Test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between self-control with Gender, Age, and Birth Order

“Abendland”, “Latin Civilization” and “Civilization of Death”: Civilizationism and Right-Wing Notions of Doom in Poland, Germany and Austria

In recent years one could observe a trend towards “civilizationism” within the European far-right. Civilization seems to be a transnational umbrella concept covering different subjects, such as racist, anti-Muslim, anti-migration stances as well as the defense of a heteronormative-patriarchal moral and gender order. While German-speaking right-wing actors usually refer to the concept of “Abendland” (Occident), in Poland “Latin Civilization” and “Civilization of Death” are popular terms. The article explores the ideological roots, sources and semantics of far-right civilizational ideas in Poland, Germany, and Austria. On the basis of such an approach it is possible to show how the idea of civilizational decline functions as an element of a metapolitical far-right strategy within separate national discourses and how the concept is part of a transnational transfer of ideas. The paper will also discuss to what extent the concept of (Western) civilization can serve as a common rightwing paradigm across different countries. While attempts at concrete collaboration by right-wing actors from different countries and their joint political practices reach their limits rather quickly, the transnational and entangled aspect of civilizationism consists primarily in a transfer of ideas, a common horizon of perception, and a mutually complementary, affirming yet ambivalent, East-West imagination.

JALAN GENDER, JALAN SPIRITUAL: MENGGALI PEMBENTUKAN GENDER PROJECT DALAM KONTEKS PENGALAMAN KEBERAGAMAAN PEREMPUAN

<p>Using the method of collaborative autoethnography, this study critically reflects on the life stories of three women from different backgrounds by focusing on gender and religion. One of the main aspects that we examined is gender projects, i.e. the projections people make when imagining their future gender roles and identities. As a result of our (self-) observations, we found that, while at first the gender project of those women was formed by the patriarchal gender order of their society, as time progresses, after living through and evaluating a variety of often traumatic experiences, they developed their own gender projects more independently from the constraints of the society. Religion played double roles during this process. Sometimes religious institutions became the space where traumatic experiences occurred and were even promoted, while in other contexts, religious institutions were experienced as safe spaces. However, their personal spirituality and self-transformation tended to be nurtured outside of formal religious institutions. In the end, the evaluation of these plural and complex experiences led us to more awareness of the limitations of religious institutions in accommodating and supporting women’s spirituality, due to their patriarchal gender regimes.</p>

Femininity and Masculinity in Arabic Words: Gender Marking in Muslim Cosmology

The Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) language strongly indicates the sociolinguistic phenomenon as it reflects gender marking in language use. This study aims to explore how the Arabic letters attributed to specific gender identities, how the gender ideology of Arab culture create gender biases, and how the biases influence Arab social structure. It uses aspects of masculinity and femininity of Arabic letters that affect gender inequality and order of values on language, tradition and culture. Masculine letters are letters that have the property of being able to hold and entail other letters, while feminine letters that have the nature can be attached with other letters but cannot be attached. In this study, Arabic letters were mapped by observing their use in written and oral interaction in the contexts of Arab as first and second language. This research is a qualitative in nature. The data on ideology's influence on social structure were collected through interviews with three key informants representing their areas of expertise on language anthropology, sociolinguistic, and applied linguistic. The morphological analysis was carried out to identify the internal structure of the words. The sociolinguistic analysis explored the linguistic construction that to social construction. The finding showed that their internal structures, these letters were classified as masculine or feminine. From the sociolinguistic point of view, gender issues following social construction that has already formed gender relations. In other words, Arabic letters affect the order of values that tend to be gender-biased in the Arabic context.

Female everyday life in letters by a Karelian peasant woman of the early XX century

Introduction. The article reports the results of an analysis of the letters written by a peasant early in the XX century, found in the National Archives of Finland, which are a rare-type of historical source. Their author is a twenty-year-old peasant Anna Eremeeva-Räikha, who wrote them to her husband exiled to North Kazakhstan. The relevance of the study is defined by high interest to epistolary cultural heritage, where a special place is given to the letters of Russian’s different ethnic groups, and also by attention paid to the history of everyday life. Materials and Methods. The principal method was analysis of the structure of the letters, including identification of thematic block sequences and their subsequent clustering for the analysis of specific issues. Results and Discussion. The article explicates the substantive dimension of the letters, which reflects the sphere of interests of their author, and looks into the descriptions of women’s daily routines and the life of the Karelian family. It highlights the range of covered subjects and outlines the topics showing the routines and the behavioral practices of a peasant woman, her ways of adapting to the new circumstances after the husband’s arrest. The specific jobs and occupations are aligned with the farming calendar of northern Karelia. Features of the author’s self-presentation, ways of structuring and drawing up the texts are demonstrated. The study illustrates the range of topics and emotions rooted in the gender factor, and the diversity of their expression. Conclusion. The letters disclose the system of moral values of a Karelian woman, the Christian ideal of family relationships, special features of professional motivations. The “voice” of a Karelian peasant woman retained in these letters is a relevant source for studying the alteration of women’s everyday life early in the XX century and it allows talking about the maturing demand for emancipation in everyday life and gradual loosening of the traditional gender order in the Karelian village.

‘Save the queen’: female national wheelchair basketball players in gender-segregated and gender-mixed competitive sport

In the German National Wheelchair Basketball League, men and women play together. On the national teams, on the other hand, they play separately according to gender. In addition, people without disabilities can also participate in wheelchair basketball. The differences in terms of disability and gender are to be classified and, if possible, eliminated in the competition with a classification system. The intersectional analysis of 12 biographical interviews with current national team players shows a clear reproduction of a traditional gender order. The women report various hierarchical relationships on the playing field that are obviously based on gender. Men play in more important positions and are considered more efficient. Yet these phenomena are mostly taken for granted and hardly questioned. Likewise, certain characteristics are attributed and certain roles are assigned to female players based on their gender. The men interviewed do not see these phenomena or do not reflect on them critically. The difference category of disability also has an influence on the competition setting and the gender discrimination.