Gender Markers Research Articles

Docência e interseccionalidade: o que dizem as professoras

This article analyses the narratives of four black female teachers about the racism that permeated their bodies, highlighting the intersections that crossed them in teaching. The process of feminization of teaching, a stereotype linked to the gender marker, points to the exclusion of women in the sciences. Black decolonial feminism questions social arrangements based on a Eurocentric, patriarchal and colonialist vision and how they produce oppressions such as racism and sexism in academia. Through the lens of intersectionality, the narratives of the female professors show the impediment and access to spaces of power.

OECD 개발원조위원회(DAC) 회원국의 성평등 원조 결정요인

Purpose: This study aims to empirically analyze the determinants of OECD/DAC member countries’ aid in support of gender equality aid as a principle objective(gender marker 2). Originality: International community has emphasized gender equality as a key principle and norm of development cooperation, and OECD/DAC has led international discussions and policy efforts on aid for gender equality. While discussions on gender and development has focused on normative and practical aspects, the motivation of donors’ commitments for gender equality has remained unanswered. To bridge this gap, this study empirically analyzes the determinants of OECD/DAC member countries’ aid in support of gender equality and draws upon policy implications. Methodology: Considering that the aid amount is panel data left-censored at zero, the panel Tobit model is used for the analysis. Result: It is found that the aid in support of gender equality increases as a recipient country’s gender needs increase; women’s representation in a donor country increases; a recipient country tends to have received more gender aids from OECD/DAC members; and the presence of women’s international NGOs increases in a donor country. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the gender aid decreases as donor government increases social spending on family benefits. Conclusion and Implication: A strong humanitarian motivation was found behind the donor countries' aid support for gender equality, and thus it is important to provide good information on recipient countries’ gender needs. Also, international community’s efforts to make the gender equality an international norm need to keep continued as they have been successful in increasing donors’ commitments for the gender equality. In particular, the role of women’s international NGOs has to be shed more light on. Also, donor countries’ social values affects their commitments towards the gender equality overseas. The tension between domestic social expenditure on family benefits and supports for gender equality overseas requires further research and discussion in the future.

Gendering Robotic Bodies in Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me and Annalee Newitz’s Autonomous

With the ubiquity of robotic devices in contemporary age, human-like robots have become protagonists of literary works, especially of science fiction which extrapolates from the existing technology and represents how the societies will be arranged or what kind of rules the individuals will be imposed on in the future. In Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me (2019) and Annalee Newitz’s Autonomous (2017) humanoids are in the center of the narrative and though being mechanical human productions, they are expected to comply with heteronormative genders and required to perform their gender roles. Adams and Eves in Machines Like Me are produced in a limited number and created as factotum, while Paladin in Autonomous is a military bot who is produced as non-binary and without any gender marker; it is basically a machine with blades on its shoulders and hidden shields and weapons, yet because of its being in the military domain and its appearance, it is referred to as “he” by the humans until it was understood that he has a “woman’s brain.” From then onwards, Paladin was accepted as a woman, and she complied with the social expectations of femininity. When these novels are read through the prism of the classical theories of gender and posthuman feminism, it is observed that just like those of human beings, bodies of robots are also compelled to perform culturally constructed gender roles. Through a comparative examination of these novels, this paper investigates how humans are unable to leave their anthropocentrism behind and how human-centered perspective functions as an entrapment for the nonhumans and thus they are required to comply with the anthropocentric understanding of gender, which is still constructed in a binary logic in regulating the lives of nonhuman entities.

Age of first experience of gender incongruence among transgender and non-binary individuals.

Gender incongruence (GI) is a condition in which an individual's gender identity, role, and expression differ from their assigned sex. This study aimed to evaluate when GI first arises in transgender and non-binary individuals seeking hormone therapy and their years living untreated in South Korea. This retrospective study analyzed GI patients seeking gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) or surgery between 2015 and 2021. The recorded data included gender identity, legal transition status, age of onset of GI, age at the initiation of therapy, and total therapy duration. In total, 337 patients were enrolled, including 149 (44.2%) transgender men, 153 (45.4%) transgender women, and 35 (10.4%) non-binary individuals. The mean age of onset of GI was 10.6 years (standard deviation, 5.1). Of the total patients, 29% had an onset of GI before age 6 years (preschool), 61% before age 12 (elementary-school), and 87% before age 15 (middle-school). Patients lived with GI for almost 14 years before GAHT initiation at a median age of 23.0 years. 90% of transgender men, 82.3% of transgender women, and 85% of non-binary patients disclosed their gender identities to their families. Regarding social transition, 31.5% of transgender men, 16.3% of transgender women, and none of the non-binary patients (P<0.005) changed their legal gender markers. Many transgender and non-binary individuals experience GI early in life. These findings emphasized the need for early evaluation, timely gender-affirming care, and more accessible legal processes for gender marker changes in South Korea, aiming to enhance the safety and well-being of these individuals.

Strategies to support midlife women to reduce their alcohol consumption: an Australian study using human-centred design.

Alcohol consumption is causally associated with long-term health-related consequences, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, and short-term harms, such as accidents and injuries. Alcohol consumption has increased among midlife women (aged 40-65) over the last two decades in high-income countries. This study aimed to centre women's voices by using co-design methodologies to investigate what women identify as strategies that could assist them and other women their age to reduce their alcohol consumption. Human-centred design workshops were undertaken with 39 women, and conventional qualitative content analysis was used to analyse information from written workshop materials to develop categories in the data and count their occurrence. Six categories, or strategies, emerged, listed here from most to least represented: 'Participate in alternative activities to drinking alcohol', 'Track alcohol consumption and set goals', 'Seek support from family and friends', 'Drink alcohol-free beverages', 'Reduce supply of alcohol in the home' and 'Seek professional support'. Our findings identify strategies that are realistic and feasible to midlife women; our sample, however, likely reflects a more affluent subsection of this group, and as such, any focus on individual-level strategies must be complemented by policies that increase equitable access to healthcare and act on the social and commercial determinants of health. An intersectional approach to alcohol and other drug research is required to examine how the interplay of gender and other markers of social identities shape alcohol consumption.

Development of a 39 MM-InDel multiplex assay for the forensic application.

Insertion/deletion polymorphisms (InDels) are a category of highly prevalent markers in the human genome, characterized by their distinctive attributes, including short amplicon sizes and low mutation rates, which have shown great potential in forensic applications. Multi-allelic InDel and multi-InDel markers, collectively abbreviated as MM-InDels, were developed to enhance polymorphism by the introduction of novel alleles. Nevertheless, the relatively low mutation rates of InDels, coupled with the founder effect, result in distinct allele frequency distributions among populations. The divergent characteristics of InDels in different populations also pose challenges to the establishment of universally efficient InDel multiplex assays. To enhance the system efficiency of the InDel assay and its applicability across diverse populations, 39 MM-InDels with high polymorphism in five different ancestry superpopulations were selected from the 1000 Genomes Project dataset and combined with an amelogenin gender marker to construct a multiplex assay (named MMIDplex). The combined power of discrimination and the cumulative probability of exclusion of 39 MM-InDels were 1-1.3×10-23 and 1-9.83×10-6 in the Chinese Han population, and larger than 1-10-19 and 1-10-4 in the reference populations, relatively. These results demonstrate that the MMIDplex assay has the potential to obtain sufficient power for individual identification and paternity test in global populations.

Contrastive Analysis of Concord in Arabic, English, and Indonesian

Recognizing the differences in concord among languages will be very important to avoid mistakes in using these languages because concord errors are the most common errors in language use. This article was a contrastive study of concord in Arabic, English, and Indonesian, and the implication of teaching the languages. Through contrastive analysis, the grammatical concord system of the languages was compared to determine the similarities, differences, and teaching implications. Library research was used through a qualitative method. The data was taken mainly from Arabic, English, and Indonesian grammar books. The results showed that the concord in Arabic and English was grammatical, while in Indonesian, it was notional. The element of concord in Arabic was more complex, comprising phrases and clauses, and consisting of five features: person, number, gender, definiteness, and case markers. Meanwhile, the English concord occured on the clause domain of person and number, differing from that of Indonesian which was based on meaning. This study provided an incentive to foreign language tutors, especially, Arabic and English tutors, to develop strategies in helping students master concord and avoid grammatical errors.

Detection of doping control sample substitutions via single nucleotide polymorphism-based ID typing.

The authenticity of a doping control sample is a key element of sports drug testing programmes. Doping control sample manipulation by providing another individual's urine or blood (instead of the tested athlete's sample) has been observed in the past and is an unequivocal violation of the World Anti-Doping Agency anti-doping rules. To determine attempts of manipulations by sample swapping, the utility of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based sample authentication with a multi-target SNP panel was assessed. The panel comprises detection assays for 44 different SNPs, 3 gender markers and 5 quality control markers for DNA-profile determination. Sample analysis is based on a multiplex polymerase chain reaction step followed by a multiplex single base extension (SBE) reaction and subsequent SBE-product detection by MALDI-TOF MS. Panel performance was evaluated for urine and dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Urine (8ml) and DBS (20 μl) test samples were reliably typed and matched to whole blood reference samples, while efficient typing of urine samples correlated with sample quality and input amounts. Robust profiling of urine doping control specimens was confirmed with an assay input of 12 ml. Samples can be processed in a high-throughput format with an overall assay turnaround time of approximately 11 h. SNP-based DNA typing via MALDI-TOF MS thus represents a high throughput-capable possibility for doping control sample authentication. SNP profiling of samples could offer the opportunity to complement existing steroid profile analytics to substantiate sample manipulations and to support quality control processes in high throughput routine settings.

The Vicissitudes of Representation: Critical Game Studies, Belonging, and Anti-Essentialism

Video games are enjoying a flourishing of critical studies; they are finally taken as consequential forms of visual culture worthy of historical, theoretical, and cultural attention. At one time, their scholarship was largely overdetermined by issues of medium and treated largely as an entertainment product. But with the complexifying of the form, combined with a new generation of dynamic scholars and an expanded understanding of how to write about them, games now constitute a robust area of critical engagement with topics in race, sexuality, gender, ethnicity, ability, and other markers of difference. Those interventions have been key in driving the discourse forward, but game studies now faces a new set of strategic challenges. The gains have likely come at great methodological cost. This essay explores the consequences of identity-focused analyses and the roles of intersectional considerations of self and anti-essentialism as crucial tools in combatting enforced notions of belongingness. The author argues that the frontier of methodology in critical game studies may be to think outside of the prescribed ways in which academia encourages monolithic affiliation (or even false segregation) by validating and codifying identity-driven forms of expertise.

Amplification Failure of the Amelogenin X Gene Caused by a Rare Mutation in the Primer-Binding Region.

The study of gender markers is essential in forensic genetic analysis. Mutations in the X or Y homologs of the amelogenin gene can be misleading, resulting in serious mistakes in forensic genetic analysis. We recently discovered two male cases of the X homolog of the amelogenin (AMELX) allelic dropout while analyzing short tandem repeat genotypes obtained from crime scene evidence. Subsequently, we evaluated the molecular characteristics of AMELX allelic dropout in this study. We used two previously reported amelogenin primers to verify a half level of amelogenin gene amplification intensity in the two male cases, which we confirmed was caused by AMELX allelic dropout. We then characterized the point mutation using Sanger sequencing and designed mutation-specific primers that could overcome AMELX allelic dropout. Short tandem repeat genotyping analysis confirmed that the AMELX allelic dropout was recovered by the mutation-specific primer designed specifically for this case. The sequencing of the AMELX allele revealed a single-point variant from A→G at base position 7 downstream from the 3' end in the amelogenin forward primer-binding region. This point mutation was identically found in two different male cases, resulting in AMELX allelic dropout. To our knowledge, these mutations and the X homolog amplification failure of amelogenin have not been reported in the Korean population. Our study provides a reliable approach to AMELX allelic dropout due to rare case mutations and could enable the better interpretation of gender markers for forensic samples.

Transgender people in different European and Latin American countries: A cross cultural comparison in some relevant measures

Abstract Background Prejudice against transgender &amp; gender-diverse people persists &amp; is associated with physical &amp; mental health harm. This study describes &amp; characterizes comparative data between countries on gender self-definition/expression &amp; its relationship to gender incongruence diagnosis. Methods We used snowball sampling for a face-to-face survey in France (N = 379; 2010), Italy (N = 167; 2015-2016), Brazil (N = 391; 2016), &amp; Chile (N = 377, 2018). Participants were 18+ years &amp; identified as transgender. An open-ended item was used to capture the self-designation of gender: “How would you describe your gender identity in your own words?” We conducted chi-square bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models to examine variation in gender self-definition across countries &amp; its relationship to obtain a change of legal sex/gender markers between countries &amp; incongruence diagnoses. Results The preliminary results indicate that self-definitions vary across countries. In France, categories were man, trans man, woman, trans woman, &amp; trans. In Brazil &amp; Chile, a traditional cultural category not in European countries was expressed: travesti. Results showed that a “non-binary” had to be included too. Results showed that lower percentages of trans persons in Chile (22% of trans men &amp; 15% of trans women, Brazil (25% &amp; 12%, respectively) &amp; Italy (10% and 21%, respectively) changed their legal gender markers, as compared to France (34% and 35%, respectively) (p &amp;lt; 0.000). The results showed differences between countries considering the self-definition made by each participant regarding obtaining gender incongruence diagnosis with higher rates of diagnosis in Italy and France (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions These findings show that transgender identity varies between countries &amp; over time. The results indicate the importance of self-identification in trans-health studies, which have implications for global policy and research on the health of trans-identifying persons.

Microbiological Profiles and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Bacteremia in Children in a Teaching Hospital in Kuwait: An 8-Year Retrospective Study

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the bacterial profiles and prevalence of antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing bacteremia in febrile children and to compare levels of inflammatory markers between children with and without bacteremia in Kuwait from 2015 to 2022. Materials and Methods: Isolates from all episodes of significant bacteremia (n = 96) during the study period were recorded and evaluated. Microorganisms were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the VITEK2 system and Etest method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by Enterobacterales was detected by the double-disk diffusion method and VITEK2 system. Patient age, gender, and inflammatory markers were collected at admission and compared between patients with and without bacteremia. Results: A majority of the patients were infants (37, 40%) and newborns (13, 14%). The main ports of entry were the lower respiratory tract, the genitourinary tract, and the gastrointestinal tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (16, 16.7%) followed by Escherichia coli (12, 12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (10, 10.4%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (9, 9.4%). High rates of resistance to ampicillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were observed among the Enterobacterales. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 45% and 29%, respectively. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 30%. Patients with bacteremia had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) counts, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Conclusion: Continuous surveillance of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood isolates is imperative for the formulation of antibiotic policy. WBC, ANC, CRP, and NLR could be valuable indicators of bacteremia in febrile children.

PHOTOGRAPHIC ART AND ANTHROPOLOGY: DECODING THE MULTIFACETED CULTURE OF CORPORALITY

The art of photography has been challenging and reshaping our perception of the world since its inception. Likewise, anthropology, as a discipline that studies human cultures, social structures, and beliefs, offers a valuable perspective for understanding the body presentation in photography. Combining anthropological theories and methods, as well as analysing and interpreting works of photographic art, the article examines how identity is interpreted, constructed, expressed in culture and social structure in photographic art, including through a body image. The body is the most direct and authentic manifestation of identity. However, identity is not some kind of fixed label; it is multi-layered and multidimensional, constantly developing and changing both in a person and in the environment. As an artistic medium, photography makes it possible to show this changeability and versatility of identity. Moreover, the body does not exist in isolation in photography; it is placed in a cultural, historical and social context. This context gives the photographer and the viewer a clue to deciphering the body, helping to deeper understand the body’s place in culture and the values and beliefs it carries. Photography captures not only the body but also the many interpretations and meanings given to the body in culture. By exploring the relationship between the body and social structure, we find that certain body features are used in various sociocultural contexts to differentiate social status, gender, race, and other social markers. By highlighting or challenging these features, photography deepens our understanding of the role of corporality in social structures. Thus, the application of anthropological approaches to the analysis of the art of photography provides us with a fresh perspective, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural, social and individual meanings embedded in photography. Through anthropological interpretation and understanding of the body, through the expressive means of photography, works of greater depth and breadth can be presented, and the viewer, owing to the anthropological perspective, can gain a deeper understanding of the cultural context and social environment in which he or she lives.

Monstrous Masculinities: Characters' Reactions to Abjection Point to Conflicted Truths in Historical Memory and Gender in Insensibles (2012)

Abstract: Critics read the children with congenital insensitivity in Juan Carlos Medina's Insensibles (2012) as an allegory for Spaniards born into democracy. Just as the film's children cannot feel physical pain, later generations cannot comprehend the trauma of living through the civil war and/or ensuing dictatorship. This article expands this interpretation to note how the postmemory thriller's use of traditional gender markers and abjection offers further insight into the film's disputed ending. Feminine-presenting characters react to abjection (confrontations of the non-self) in ways that exemplify Matt Hills's pleasures of horror and reflect how Spain perpetually grapples with its fascist legacy. These characters react to abject's pain and violence with simultaneous attraction and repulsion, much like Spain's morbid fascination with reexamining its past. In contrast, masculine-presenting characters' disengagement speaks to politically conservative efforts to stymie historical memory campaigns. Protagonist David's "feminization" appears to support these efforts to recover memory. However, the final scene erases all affiliations between gender, abjection, and memory in a timeless, spaceless void, containing David's symbolic confrontation of the past to the hypothetical.

Sustainability is not a thing: It's hard work! Recognizing the middlemen of operations and maintenance for feminist energy systems in India's Sundarbans

The work it takes to operate and maintain energy systems is essential yet often missing from public and scholarly discourses on energy transitions. Such discourses often reduce sustainability to a property of energy sources and/or technologies, thereby discounting the hard work it takes to sustain energy systems in the long term. Building on insights from feminist theory, the paper conceptualizes this work as care work – key to the reproduction of energy systems past the original moments of design and production – and considers the question of who cares for energy systems as having both social justice and sustainability implications. Informed by primary data collected during 15 months of fieldwork on an island of India's Sundarbans, the paper connects two separate conversations in ERSS: the first aims at exploring the gender-energy nexus; the second calls attention to those figures who mediate between energy technologies and users – the “missing middlemen” of energy studies. In India's Sundarbans, it is men who care for energy systems, yet their care work is devalued. Showing how the devaluation of middlemen's work cannot be abstracted from their identities at the intersection of gender and other markers of difference, the paper provides an illustration of what feminism can offer to energy studies. Animated by a political commitment to enact a vision of feminist energy systems, the paper seeks not only to advance scholarly conversations but to help imagine a different type of society – where the work of energy system reproduction counts towards achieving sustainable energy objectives.

Gender marking in the first-person singular: A case of paradigm (in)consistency

Since the sex of the speaker is normally as obvious as can be, there is no point in coding first-person singular gender – or so it may seem. This typological study examines the extent of sex-based gender marking in personal pronouns, possessive determiners, predicative adjectives, and verbs across first-, second-, and third-person singular. A worldwide perusal of grammars in addition to data elicitation yields a total of 115 languages with first-person gender. The paradigms of pronouns and possessives are found to be highly inconsistent, whereas those of verbs show a tendency towards consistency. Gender marking on adjectives is fully consistent. The likelihood of first-person gender is increased by a general sensitivity to gender and a dedicated gender morpheme. A distinction is made between pronouns and possessives as referential units and gender markers on verbs and adjectives as grammatical units. By their very nature, referential markers are sensitive to the contingencies of the extralinguistic world and subject to communicative constraints such as redundancy and economy. They therefore end up being organized in inconsistent paradigms. By contrast, grammatical units are largely untouched by these extraneous influences and may therefore develop consistent paradigms.

Understanding gender and sexual politics in hospitality as Hospo-gender

This editorial introduces the idea of Hospo-gender, a new understanding of ‘hospitality as gender and sexual politics’; the theme of this Special Issue which covers how gendered relations are conveyed in hospitality. The rationale for the Special Issue is discussed, followed by an outline of gender research in Hospitality &amp; Society and beyond, before the contributions of the four papers in this Special Issue are highlighted. The four collectively illustrate how the diversity of hospitality settings and the complexity of gendered social relations shape hospitality expressions in the home and at work. The authors reveal how markers of gender and sexual identity can change social interactions in significant ways, depending on the organizational and national context. In conclusion, the editorial defines the features of Hospo-gender and presents aspirations for future research.

Representations of the Body and Gender in Varāhamihira’s Jyotiṣaśāstra

Based primarily on the analysis of Varāhamihira’s writings on Jyotiṣaśāstra, particularly of his Bṛhajjātaka and Bṛhatsaṁhitā, the paper tries to explore how the human body was brought within the realm of auspicious and inauspicious and created certain gender markers and distinctions, which presented socially contingent views of ideal types in early India. It also examines, with the help of arguments and episodes from the Sanskrit epics and Purāṇas, the narrative that came to be woven about gender differences within the context of the evolution of what historians have termed ‘Brahmanical patriarchy’.

‘전지현 효과’ 개념 제안을 위한 몸짓에 대한 고찰

This study analyzes the aggressive gestures of her (Jun Jihyeon) in &lt;My Sassy Girl&gt; (2001) as a star actor's performance based on Barry King and Paul McDonald, and proposes the concept of 'Jun Jihyeon effect' as a gesture of a new gender, and reconsiders its social implications and effects. The romantic aggression created by the heroine, the Girl’s aggressive gestures during this exploration process, and the resulting pleasure are called the 'Jun Jihyun effect.' Although her gesture seems to symbolize sexual difference, in reality, it denotes sexual difference, visually embodying the process of gender performativity; that is, the gendered gestures are not absolute. The Girl’s gesture functions as a gender marker of Eastern Asian visual culture by embodying the gender identity of a new era through the Jun Jihyun effect in this sense.

Transgender Ukrainians and the Need for LGBTQIA+ Inclusion in National and International Refugee Policies

Over 7 million Ukrainians have become refugees since Russia's invasion of Ukraine. As a result, countries around the world have opened their doors and invited Ukrainians to seek refuge from the ongoing conflict. However, not all Ukrainians have experienced this conflict equally, with queer and transgender Ukrainians facing increased risks of gender-based violence, discrimination, and difficulties crossing borders due to inaccurate gender markers on their identification. This policy brief focuses on the unique challenges LGBTQIA+ Ukrainians have faced while fleeing the conflict. I provide an analysis of the persistent exclusion of LGBTQIA+ people within sexual and gender-based violence policies and refugee policies (like the Women, Peace and Security agenda and Feminist Foreign Policy initiatives) due to marginalization and systemic discrimination. This paper argues that the Government of Canada can address this issue, not just for Ukrainian refugees but for all refugees, by implementing LGBTQIA+ inclusive policies to address the gaps in Canada's current system. It should be noted, this policy brief examines the conflict from February 2022 to April 2022. Given that this is an ongoing conflict, some statistics may have changed, however, the lack of support for LGBTQIA+ refugees in national and international refugee policy remains a pressing issue.