Gender Markers Research Articles

One Person, Two Identities: The Problem of Legal Gender Recognition of a Transgender Person in Europe.

The legal recognition of the gender status of transgender people in Europe (and indeed worldwide) is undoubtedly a complex and multifaceted issue, which has prompted academics and legal practitioners to raise numerous scientific questions and seek answers thereto. The gravity of this issue is heightened by the fact that the daily functioning of a transgender person in society as a person of registered (assigned at birth) sex that is incongruent with their self-perception exposes them to constant and conspicuous distress (the so-called gender dysphoria), often manifested in various forms of discrimination. The role of every European state should be to eliminate, or at least minimize, such distress and the risk of discrimination. One of the ways to attain these specified objectives may very well be the eponymous procedure of legal gender recognition for transgender people. This article was conceived with the perspective of human rights in mind. Consequently, its primary assertion is that the aim of every proceeding (be it judicial or administrative) concerning gender recognition is the realization of comprehensive protection of rights and freedoms for a transgender person. An additional aim of the present article is to attempt to facilitate the task of judges who adjudicate cases involving gender recognition, officials who process applications for changes in civil status records, and attorneys who represent transgender people in matters pertaining to changing a person's name and gender marker on identity documents.

The literal meaning of Slur

This research explores the complex and multifaceted nature of slurs within modern sociolinguistic contexts. The study aims to dissect the power dynamics embedded in these terms, examining how slurs function as instruments of social control, perpetuating stereotypes and reinforcing social hierarchies. Through a combination of qualitative analysis and case studies, this research investigates the historical origins, evolution, and contemporary usage of slurs across different cultures and communities. The findings reveal that slurs are not merely offensive words but are laden with historical and cultural significance, often reflecting broader societal attitudes towards race, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers. The study also considers the psychological impact of slurs on individuals and groups, demonstrating how these terms can inflict lasting emotional harm and contribute to a hostile social environment. In addition, the research addresses the phenomenon of reappropriation, where marginalized groups reclaim slurs as a form of empowerment and resistance. This process is analyzed to understand its potential in challenging and subverting the oppressive connotations traditionally associated with these terms. Ultimately, this paper underscores the importance of recognizing the deep-seated implications of slurs in everyday language and advocates for a more nuanced approach to addressing linguistic discrimination. The research concludes with recommendations for fostering more inclusive and respectful communication practices in diverse social settings.

Examining Cycle Threshold values in Repeat SARS-CoV-2 Cases: A Retrospective Analysis in Ireland

Abstract Background Effective public health management during the COVID-19 pandemic requires accurate differentiation between re-infections and residual viral RNA detections in repeat positive cases. This study investigates cycle threshold (CT) trends in repeat SARS-CoV-2 cases to discern between persistent viral remnants and active infections. Collaboration between contact tracing and laboratories is essential for shaping robust public health strategies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 427 individuals with repeat positive PCR tests. Data was collected at a contact tracing centre from March to August 2021. Key variables including age, gender, and biomedical markers (test intervals, CT values) were examined. Regression and correlation techniques assessed CT trends and their implications. Results Younger individuals (<60 years) occasionally exhibited significantly lower CT values in subsequent tests, suggesting potential re-infections, while older adults generally displayed higher CT values indicative of residual RNA. These age-specific CT trends were statistically significant and instrumental in refining testing protocols and isolation guidelines. Further analysis is expected to strengthen these findings Conclusions Collaborative approaches between contact tracing and laboratories are vital in shaping robust public health strategies for distinguishing between types of repeat infections. Revision of health policies is imperative to prevent unnecessary isolation and optimise healthcare workforce allocation during ongoing transmission periods. Key messages • Decisive decision-making skills are crucial in managing repeat SARS-CoV-2 infections. • Revised health policies align testing and isolation practices with empirical CT data, enhancing public health efficacy.

05 The experience of youth on the waitlist for gender-affirming care in Manitoba

Abstract Background Waitlist times are often two years for youth to be seen for initial assessment for gender-affirming hormone therapy in Manitoba, Canada. It is well known that transgender youth awaiting hormone therapy have high rates of mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Accessing care that is affirming and supportive, including primary care and counselling, can also be a challenge. Objectives The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of youth and their caregivers on the waitlist for the Winnipeg, Manitoba-based Gender Diversity Affirmation and Action for Youth (GDAAY) clinic, the provincial transgender health clinic. Specifically, we were interested in what community based resources youth were accessing, mental health impacts, and suggestions for improvements. Design/Methods Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Youth aged 14-17 years on the waitlist for 12-24 months for gender-affirming hormone therapy assessment and their caregivers were recruited. Separate interviews were conducted for youth and their caregivers. All interviews were virtual, recorded, and transcribed prior to thematic analysis. Results Youth (n=8) and caregivers (n=9) described barriers to supported transition. The first theme, “In a Black Hole” describes frustration and disappointment with the lack of regular ongoing communications from GDAAY. It also extends to the mental health challenges faced by youth and caregivers alike. Anxiety and self-harm were consistently described, with caregivers volunteering more information on self-harm and suicidality than youth. Youth described dysphoria and two youth found alternative providers for hormone therapy while on the waitlist. Our second theme, “Structural Transphobia”, describes the attitudinal, technological, physical, and architectural barriers faced by the participants. For example, one caregiver described a hospital admission for suicide attempt during which the hospital bracelet displayed the wrong gender, the wrong name, contributing to frequent mis-gendering. Frustration with the inability to change the name and gender marker in provincial charting systems was similarly of concern. Our final theme, “Manitoba: An Information Desert” describes the systemic barriers faced including lack of knowledgeable providers and reliable information within the province. Youth and caregivers described concerns with identifying primary care and councilors that understood challenges specific to transgender youth. Conclusion Although delays in gender-affirming therapy were noted, youth socially transitioned and accessed existing resources. However, mental health concerns persisted and participants felt frustrated and unsupported during their extensive wait times. Improved experiences may be achieved by additional communication from the clinic, hands-on assistance with accessing relevant resources, and an improved online presence. Potential competing interests Funding was obtained by a resident research small grant from the University of Manitoba. A similar abstract was submitted to CPEG but it focuses on a new intervention of a phone call from social work when a youth is added to the waitlist.

Clustering-based risk stratification of prediabetes populations: Insights from the Taiwan and UK Biobanks.

This study aimed to identify low- and high-risk diabetes groups within prediabetes populations using data from the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) and UK Biobank (UKB) through a clustering-based Unsupervised Learning (UL) approach, to inform targeted type 2 diabetes (T2D) interventions. Data from TWB and UKB, comprising clinical and genetic information, were analyzed. Prediabetes was defined by glucose thresholds, and incident T2D was identified through follow-up data. K-means clustering was performed on prediabetes participants using significant features determined through logistic regression and LASSO. Cluster stability was assessed using mean Jaccard similarity, silhouette score, and the elbow method. We identified two stable clusters representing high- and low-risk diabetes groups in both biobanks. The high-risk clusters showed higher diabetes incidence, with 15.7% in TWB and 13.0% in UKB, compared to 7.3% and 9.1% in the low-risk clusters, respectively. Notably, males were predominant in the high-risk groups, constituting 76.6% in TWB and 52.7% in UKB. In TWB, the high-risk group also exhibited significantly higher BMI, fasting glucose, and triglycerides, while UKB showed marginal significance in BMI and other metabolic indicators. Current smoking was significantly associated with increased diabetes risk in the TWB high-risk group (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated significant differences in diabetes complication incidences between clusters. UL effectively identified risk-specific groups within prediabetes populations, with high-risk groups strongly associated male gender, higher BMI, smoking, and metabolic markers. Tailored preventive strategies, particularly for young males in Taiwan, are crucial to reducing T2D risk.

Voice pitch and gender in autism.

It is has often been observed that autistic individuals have higher-pitched voices than non-autistic ones, but no clear explanation for this difference has been put forth. However, autistic males are still dramatically over-represented in published research, including the acoustic studies that report higher pitch in autistic participants. In this study, we collected speech samples from a group of autistic and neurotypical adults that, unlike in most studies, was perfectly balanced between groups and genders. In this gender-balanced sample, pitch was significantly higher in autistic versus neurotypical men, but lower in autistic versus neurotypical women. Overall, women tend to have higher-pitched voices than men, but the magnitude of this difference is culture dependent and may be significantly influenced by the internalisation of normative expectations towards one's gender. We propose that higher pitch in autistic males and lower pitch in autistic females could be due, at least in part, to a lesser integration of sociolinguistic markers of gender. Our report shows that speech atypicality should not be operationalised in terms of systematic and unidirectional deviation from the neurotypical baseline.

Transnational Intersectionality at Sea: Gender, Appearance, Ethnicity, Age and Marine Knowledge Production

&lt;p&gt;Knowledge production is inherently social, as humans interpret their environment. Scientific knowledge production differs from non-scientific ones in their systematic data collection for validation, yet both involve a social element shaping our understanding of the world. The article investigates social contestation processes as part of knowledge producing processes on a German research vessel and in German and Brazilian marine science institutes with a particular focus on the social identity markers of gender, ethnicity, and age and how they affect team-based sense-making processes. Methodologically, our research draws on participant observation of following marine scientists and associated non-scientists in their daily working routines, as well as semi-structured interviews on a research vessel in 2021 and in marine science institutes from 2022 to 2024. Conceptually, the research follows approaches of the Sociology of Knowledge (Keller et al., 2018) and intersectional approaches (Grabe &amp;amp; Else-Quest, 2012; Patil, 2013) that integrate transnational experiences across national borders and other (physical) boundaries. Based on the empirical research, we assess transnational intersectional sense-making practices at sea. Our findings show that 1) (sexual) harassment in marine knowledge production processes occurs independent of localities, 2) intersectional discrimination at sea leads either to emancipation processes or to withdrawal, 3) tensions especially arise between scientists and non-scientists, which broadens the gap between these social groups and knowledge systems. We conclude by providing recommendations for increased intersectional and female workforce at sea and in marine sciences, so that the doing of research and work at sea can be more inclusive, equal, and safe.&lt;/p&gt;

Age and Sex Structure of the Population of the Potapovo and Sintashta Cultures in the Late Bronze Age Based on the Materials of Funerary Monuments from the Volga-Ural Region

The paper analyzes the gender and age structure of the population of the Potapovo and Sintashta cultures in the late Bronze Age based on anthropological materials from a cemetery in the Volga-Ural region. According to archaeological data, both of them belong to a single cultural block; nevertheless, issues of their correlation and primacy in the time of origin are still debatable. 336 markers of gender and age definition in the individuals were applied. Calculations of the main demographic indicators were carried out; histograms of the ratio of age and gender groups were constructed for each culture under consideration. Using the principal components method, an intergroup comparison was carried out on demographic indicators of 31 series in the south of Eastern Europe and Transcaucasia. The indicators of the Potapovo and Sintashta groups have high infant mortality. At the same time, more even ratios of sex and age classes were noted for the Sintashta group of the Trans-Urals. In contrast to Potapovo, a more favorable external and internal social situation for the Sintashta population is assumed. A comparison of demographic indicators against a broader geographical and chronological background demonstrates, firstly, the convergence of the Potapovo and Sintashta groups, the manifestation of similar trends among subsequent series of log culture in the same region, and, on the contrary, sharp differences with the data of the previous pastoral Yamno-Poltavka population. Thus, the demographic indicators of the Potapovo and Sintashta cultures can symbolize the transition to new ethno-cultural living conditions, to the beginning of the formation of stationary geographical points, to the gradual settling of collectives.

Epitaph in English: A sociolinguistic Analysis

The study examines the use of language in epitaphs from a sociolinguistic perspective. The current study aims to analyze the syntactic and morphological aspects of epitaphs in English beside examining the use of euphemistic expressions. The study Identifies social factors like gender, age, and status that influence the writing of epitaphs and how the deceased's role in life is portrayed. Finally, the study aims to explore the cultural values and beliefs about death and the afterlife reflected in English epitaphs. This genre has received little attention in studies. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the researcher proposes some hypotheses which are: (i) There are significant differences in the syntactic and morphological structures of English epitaphs. (ii) The use of euphemistic expressions expresses differently in English epitaphs. (iii) The social status, age and gender of the deceased are reflected in English epitaphs. (iv) Culture and religion influence the content of English epitaphs. The study analyzes 13 English epitaphs using qualitative research design. The key findings indicate differences in morpho-syntactic structure, with no gender markers used in English epitaphs . implicit euphemisms is found in English epitaphs. Social factors like gender, age, and status are more frequently reflected in English epitaph. There are differences in the linguistic cues used for male versus female epitaphs. The study provides insights into how language reflects cultural and societal norms in funeral rituals.

Time to Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy Among US Military–Affiliated Adolescents and Young Adults

Use of exogenous sex steroid hormones, when indicated, may improve outcomes in adolescents and young adults with gender incongruence. Little is known about factors associated with the time from diagnosis of gender dysphoria to initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy. Identification of inequities in time to treatment may have clinical, policy, and research implications. To evaluate factors associated with time to initiation of gender-affirming hormone therapy after a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults receiving care within the US Military Health System. This retrospective cohort study used TRICARE Prime billing and pharmacy data contained in the Military Health System Data Repository. Patients aged 14 to 22 years, excluding service members and their spouses, who received a diagnosis of gender dysphoria between September 1, 2016, and December 31, 2021, were included. The data were analyzed between August 30 and October 12, 2023. Included patient characteristics were race and ethnicity, age group, first sex assigned in the medical record, and TRICARE Prime sponsor military rank and service at the time of diagnosis. Health care and contextual characteristics included the year of diagnosis and the primary system in which the patient received health care. The primary outcome was the time between initial diagnosis of gender dysphoria to the first prescription for gender-affirming hormone medication within a 2-year period. A Poisson generalized additive model was used to evaluate this primary outcome. Adjusted probability estimates were calculated per specified reference categories. Of the 3066 patients included (median [IQR] age, 17 [15-19] years; 2259 with first assigned gender marker of female [74%]), an unadjusted survival model accounting for censoring indicated that 37% (95% CI, 35%-39%) initiated therapy by 2 years. Age-adjusted curves indicated that the proportion initiating therapy by 2 years increased by age category (aged 14-16 years, 25%; aged 17-18 years, 39%; aged 19-22 years, 55%). Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 2-year adjusted probabilities indicated that longer times to hormone initiation were experienced by adolescents aged 14 to 16 years (IRR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.30-0.44) and 17 to 18 years (IRR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54-0.79) compared with young adults aged 19 to 22 years and Black compared with White adolescents (IRR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99). Senior officer compared with junior enlisted insurance sponsor rank (IRR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.04-3.55) and civilian compared with military health care setting (IRR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.43) was associated with shorter time to hormone initiation. In this cohort study, most adolescents and young adults with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria receiving health care through the US military did not initiate exogenous sex steroid hormone therapy within 2 years of diagnosis. Inequities in time to treatment indicate the need to identify and reduce barriers to care.

Qual o lugar da mulher negra nos estudos da academia? Uma investigação da produção stricto sensu sobre a mulher negra no Brasil

Observing the intersectional relationship that permeates the experience of black women, their daily confrontation with challenges that combine markers of race, class and gender, this article seeks to analyze the academic perspective on such women, essentially from stricto sensu postgraduate studies. . We sought to identify, through a qualitative-quantitative study, how the theme is approached in Brazilian higher education institutions and the characteristics associated with their production: where they are being produced (universities, postgraduate programs, states and capitals), what is the profile of the authors, as well as the contrast of their productivity with other ethnic-racial themes. The research included a sample of 2,723 theses and dissertations and covered a five-year period, from 2017 to 2021. Based on the data and analyzes developed, it was possible to identify that the majority of stricto sensu productions come from public universities, which The majority of authors are women, with the humanities leading among areas of knowledge and, despite other ethnic-racial themes being on the rise in recent years, productions on black women have been decreasing. Some of the causalities pointed out are the cuts in scholarships within the scope of higher education, which corroborate the intensification of the social fragility to which these women are already subjected.

Linguistic analysis of gender stereotypes in the language of mass media

The aim of the research is a detailed analysis of language structures that spread and reproduce gender stereotypes in the field of mass media. The study employed the methods of analysis of language means of gender-oriented text, linguistic analysis of gender markers, comparative analysis for studying gendered vocabulary. Standard statistical methods and Cronbach’s alpha were also used. The use of linguistic means of gender-oriented text in English media discourse can vary depending on different factors such as genre, format, and target audience. For example, gender stereotypes are often used more frequently in news articles than in literary texts. This tendency is determined by the fact that news usually focus on specific events or problems, rather than on the persons involved. In the context of the media, gender stereotypes caused by an attempt to attach events a clear context and explanation, which can lead to greater use of gender distinctions. In contrast, the authors of fiction texts use more creativity and the opportunity to avoid stereotypes regarding gender roles. Further research may cover various aspects of gender equality, in particular, representation of different gender identities and the interaction between them in the linguistic space.

Design and pilot evaluation of a brief intervention to reduce transphobia and improve attitudes of government officials to address legal gender affirmation needs of transgender people in Peru

ABSTRACT Legal gender affirmation – legal name and gender marker change – is an important health-promoting health determinant for transgender people. In Peru, the state's failure to universally recognize transgender people’s legal identity limits standardized legal affirmation procedures, including the paucity of government officials trained in gender affirmation strategies. This project, in partnership with Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) and transgender communities, designed and piloted a group-based intervention to sensitize government officers to the importance of gender-concordant identity documents. Between August 2017 and February 2018, three in-person group intervention sessions were held (each 3–4 hours) with 51 government officers. Guided by Gender Affirmation and Structural Violence Frameworks, the intervention utilized Adult Learning Theory and applied storytelling and testimonials as pedagogy. Pre-/post-test surveys were administered (19 true/false items, summed to create an index score measuring knowledge and attitudes toward transgender people). Within-person changes in pre-/post-intervention scores were evaluated using paired t-tests. Pre-/post-test data were available for 41 participants. After the intervention, there were improvements in knowledge and more favorable attitudes toward transgender people (pre-test mean = 14.09, SD = 2.33 vs. post-test mean = 15.62, SD = 1.82; difference = 1.53, 95% CL = 0.60, 2.67; t-test = 3.30 [df = 46]; p = 0.002). The intervention was feasible to conduct and garnered high acceptability. The results suggest the promise of this brief intervention for future research and testing before potential later implementation and scale-up to increase the capacity of government officers to address legal gender affirmation for transgender people in Peru.

Is It Possible to Decolonize the Field of Physical Activity and Health?

Is it possible to decolonize the field of physical activity and health? Decoloniality presupposes a body-geopolitical location, such as in the Brazilian and Latin American context, where it is crucial to use social identity lenses related to race, gender, sexuality, and other social markers that affect the body. Understanding health and physical activity from a decolonial perspective would bring the oppressions that connect capitalism, patriarchy, and racism to the center of the discussion. For a "physical activity other," we challenged the general recommendation of physical activity in the 4 domains. Physical activity should be understood as an end in itself, as a right, and as human development. Approaches that advocate physical activity at work, at home, and while commuting use other human activities to relate these domains to health without considering the inequalities and oppressions that constitute them in most parts of the world. Is it fair to apply "global recommendations" for physical activity to scenarios such as Brazil and Latin America, using models that are inappropriate to the context and history of these places, people, and cultures? Perhaps it is time to socially reorient and reposition physical activity from a decolonial perspective. We need Black, Indigenous, Latino, African, and other people from the Global South to move the research agenda, recommendations, and policies on physical activity from "any" health to a fair health.

Gender Marker Laws and Access to Emergency Rental Assistance for Transgender Renters in the United States During COVID-19

Barriers to changing gender markers on identification documents (IDs) create many economic challenges for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. In the United States, each state has different laws and processes for changing the gender marker on a state ID. Using Household Pulse Survey data, this paper investigates whether transgender renters residing in states with several hurdles to changing gender on a driver’s license had a more difficult time accessing emergency rental assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive results from baseline logistic regression models suggest that among transgender individuals, residing in states that require proof of sex-change surgery, a court order, or an amended birth certificate to change gender on a driver’s license was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving emergency rental assistance after applying. Gender marker laws have deep consequences for housing policy: state-level considerations for the transgender population should be included in housing policy design.

Effects of Grammatical Gender on Gender Inferences: Experimental Evidence From Italian Common Gender Nouns

Recent psycholinguistic research has focused on how different grammatical gender marking strategies affect people's mental representation of referents’ gender. Such works particularly explored how explicitly encoded linguistic elements, such as grammatical gender markers, may drive the inferential process as attentional clues. Results of reading comprehension tasks in French and German have shown that the explicit encoding of masculine gender in plural forms of role nouns often leads to a male bias, a specific masculine inference corresponding to the grammatical gender clue, even when the masculine form was intended as generic, thus including women and men. Moreover, comparing generic masculine forms with gender-fair alternatives revealed that the latter significantly reduce this male bias. The present study examines the impact of three gender marking strategies on the construction of generic mental representations. Indeed, the experiment tested generic masculine against two gender-fair forms (split masculine/feminine forms and ambiguous syntactic reformulations) among 38 Italian speakers. No significant effect was found in generating a generic mental representation through form manipulation. However, ambiguous syntactic reformulation realised by presenting target nouns from the Italian common gender noun class and through the neutralisation of determiners’ gender, increased the probability of a male-specific inference. Additionally, a keen interest in gender-fair language topics was linked to longer reaction times, indicating a higher cognitive effort during the inference process.

Accuracy, potential, and limitations of probabilistic record linkage in identifying deaths by gender identity and sexual orientation in the state of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

BackgroundGlobally, the counting of deaths based on gender identity and sexual orientation has been a challenge for health systems. In most cases, non-governmental organizations have dedicated themselves to this work. Despite these efforts in generating information, the scarcity of official data presents significant limitations in policy formulation and actions guided by population needs. Therefore, this manuscript aims to evaluate the accuracy, potential, and limits of probabilistic data relationships to yield information on deaths according to gender identity and sexual orientation in the State of Rio de Janeiro.MethodsThis study evaluated the accuracy of the probabilistic record linkage to obtain information on deaths according to gender and sexual orientation. Data from two information systems were used from June 15, 2015 to December 31, 2020. We constructed nine probabilistic data relationship strategies and identified the performance and cutoff points of the best strategy.ResultsThe best data blocking strategy was established through logical blocks with the first and last names, birthdate, and mother’s name in the pairing strategy. With a population base of 80,178 records, 1556 deaths were retrieved. With an area under the curve of 0.979, this strategy presented 93.26% accuracy, 98.46% sensitivity, and 90.04% specificity for the cutoff point ≥ 17.9 of the data relationship score. The adoption of the cutoff point optimized the manual review phase, identifying 2259 (90.04%) of the 2509 false pairs and identifying 1532 (98.46%) of the 1556 true pairs.ConclusionWith the identification of possible strategies for determining probabilistic data relationships, the retrieval of information on mortality according to sexual and gender markers has become feasible. Based on information from the daily routine of health services, the formulation of public policies that consider the LGBTQ + population more closely reflects the reality experienced by these population groups.

Variation in Time-to-Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in the US Active Duty Service Members.

Beginning in July 2016, transgender service members in the US military were allowed to receive gender-affirming medical care, if so desired. This study aimed to evaluate variation in time-to-hormone therapy initiation in active duty Service members after the receipt of a diagnosis indicative of gender dysphoria in the Military Health System. This retrospective cohort study included data from those enrolled in TRICARE Prime between July 2016 and December 2021 and extracted from the Military Health System Data Repository. A population-based sample of US Service members who had an encounter with a relevant International Classification of Diseases 9/10 diagnosis code. Time-to-gender-affirming hormone initiation after diagnosis receipt. A total of 2439 Service members were included (Mage 24y; 62% white, 16% Black; 12% Latine; 65% Junior Enlisted; 37% Army, 29% Navy, 25% Air Force, 7% Marine Corps; 46% first recorded administrative assigned gender marker female). Overall, 41% and 52% initiated gender-affirming hormone therapy within 1 and 3 years of diagnosis, respectively. In the generalized additive model, time-to-gender-affirming hormone initiation was longer for Service members with a first administrative assigned gender marker of male relative to female (P<0.001), and Asian and Pacific Islander (P=0.02) and Black (P=0.047) relative to white Service members. In time-varying interactions, junior enlisted members had longer time-to-initiation, relative to senior enlisted members and junior officers, until about 2-years postinitial diagnosis. The significant variation and documented inequities indicate that institutional data-driven policy modifications are needed to ensure timely access for those desiring care.

Treatment trajectories of gender incongruent Austrian youth seeking gender-affirming hormone therapy.

The aim of this study was to describe the treatment trajectories of Austrian children and adolescents with gender incongruence seeking gender-affirming medical care. Patients who presented with gender incongruence at the pediatric outpatient clinic for differences in sex development at a large university hospital in Austria from January 2008 to December 2022 were included in a retrospective chart review, and analyzed regarding referral numbers, patient characteristics, treatment trajectories, fertility preservation, and legal gender marker changes. Of 310 eligible patients, 230 (74.2%) were assigned female at birth (AFAB), and 80 (25.8%) were assigned male at birth (AMAB). The number of referrals increased steeply from 2008 to 2018, whereafter it stabilized at around 50 per year. At the time of initial presentation, the median age of patients was 15.6 years (IQR 14.3-16.8). AMAB individuals tended to be younger (median 14.9 years, IQR 13.9-16.8) than AFAB individuals (median 15.8 years, IQR 14.4-16.8; p= 0.012). 207 (66,8%) completed the assessment process and were eligible for gender affirming medical treatment (GAMT). Of those, 89% (186/207) commenced gender affirming hormone therapy in the pediatric outpatient clinic (79/186 received GnRHa monotherapy, 91/186 GnRHa and sex steroids, and 16/186 sex steroid monotherapy). Of the 54 AMAB individuals receiving GAMT, 6 (11.1%) completed fertility preservation prior to therapy initiation. Only 1/132 AFAB adolescents receiving GAMT completed fertility preservation. Chest masculinization surgery was performed in 22 cases (16.7%), and breast augmentation in two cases (3.7%) between the ages of 16 and 18. Changes in legal gender marker were common, with 205 individuals (66.1%) having changed their legal gender marker. This is the first time that treatment trajectories, fertility preservation rates, and changes of legal gender marker have been described in Austrian adolescents with gender incongruence seeking GAMT. The majority received GAMT and changed their legal gender marker, while gender affirming surgery rates were low, and utilization of fertility preservation treatment options was rare.

Гендерные стереотипы в испаноязычной женской рекламе: переводческий аспект

The aim of the study is to identify gender markers in modern Spanish-language women’s advertising and the ways of their adaptation when translated into Russian. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyze the implementation of gender stereotypes in advertising texts based on Spanish. Gender markers of the original advertisements have been identified: figurative and stylistic means; emotionally evaluative vocabulary; phraseological units with the components “confidence”, “success”. As a result of the study, the manipulative tactics of Spanish women’s advertising have been identified: tactics of persuasion, tactics of suggestion, tactics of affirmation, tactics of addressing. It has been found that the impact on the recipient is carried out through assertive and declarative phrases; modal and imperative forms; rhetorical questions and direct questions to the addressee; as well as through the use of addressing techniques and polite suggestion. Translation techniques for conveying gender markers in Russian translation have been identified: the technique of differentiation, stylistic substitution, addition, omission, descriptive translation, holistic transformation, as well as rewriting tactics. It has been proven that transcreation is an effective tool for adapting women’s advertising for a Russian-speaking audience.