Gender Inequality Research Articles

Understanding sexual health service access for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in Ireland during the COVID-19 crisis: Findings from the EMERGE survey.

In the Republic of Ireland, the COVID-19 crisis led to sexual health service closures while clinical staff were redeployed to the pandemic response. Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) face pre-existing sexual health inequalities which may have been exacerbated. The aim of this study is to understand sexual health service accessibility for gbMSM in Ireland during the COVID-19 crisis. EMERGE recruited 980 gbMSM in Ireland (June-July 2021) to an anonymous online survey investigating well-being and service access through geo-location sexual networking apps (Grindr/Growlr), social media (Facebook/Instagram/Twitter) and collaborators. We fit multiple regression models reporting odds ratios (ORs) to understand how demographic and behavioural characteristics (age, sexual orientation, HIV testing history/status, region of residence, region of birth and education) were associated with ability to access services. Of the respondents, 410 gbMSM accessed sexual health services with some or no difficulty and 176 attempted but were unable to access services during the COVID-19 crisis. A further 382 gbMSM did not attempt to access services and were excluded from this sample and analysis. Baseline: mean age 35.4 years, 88% gay, 83% previously tested for HIV, 69% Dublin-based, 71% born in Ireland and 74% with high level of education. In multiple regression, gbMSM aged 56+ years (aOR = 0.38, 95%CI:0.16, 0.88), not previously tested for HIV (aOR = 0.46, 95%CI:0.23, 0.93) and with medium and low education (aOR = 0.55 95%CI:0.35, 0.85) had lowest odds of successfully accessing services. GbMSM with HIV were most likely to be able to access services successfully (aOR = 2.68 95%CI:1.83, 6.08). Most disrupted services were: STI testing, HIV testing and PrEP. Service access difficulties were found to largely map onto pre-existing sexual health inequalities for gbMSM. Future service development efforts should prioritise (re)engaging older gbMSM, those who have not previously tested for HIV and those without high levels of education.

Gendered Affordances of Digital Technology in Mitigating the Perceived Risk of Dating App Matches Perpetrating Sexual Assault or “Making Stories” of Assault

Dating apps are a popular tool for finding sexual and romantic partners. Yet, these apps can pose risks that arise from gendered affordances of technology that users deploy to harass and victimize their matches, particularly matches who are women or sexual and gender minorities. Just as gendered affordances may facilitate risks, dating app users may also deploy technology in ways that mitigate risk. In this study, we examined risks that men and women perceive dating app matches to pose, as well as ways in which they use technology to mitigate these risks. Through an analysis of focus groups conducted with a sample of college student dating app users, we found the perceived risks that matches pose were markedly different for men and women, particularly among those seeking mixed-gender pairings. Women who matched with men were concerned about being sexually assaulted, whereas men who matched with women were concerned about being falsely accused of assault. Thus, women used gendered affordances to enhance their safety, and men used affordances to enhance their “believability.” We suggest our findings point to the positional and interactional nature of gendered affordances, encompassing ways in which gender inequality may be both maintained and subverted with digital technology.

Feminizing Patriarchy: Christian Churches and Gender Inequality in Rural Africa

Abstract In dialogue with the cross-national scholarship on gender and religion, the study uses a unique combination of rich qualitative and quantitative data from a predominantly Christian rural sub-Saharan setting to examine how churches modify, yet also sustain and even reinforce, patriarchal norms. It shows how churches replace the traditional, extended family-based model of gender inequality with a pseudo-modern model of individualized conjugal dependency. Although men increasingly disengage from the religious space, the growing feminization of that space does not translate into a more gender-egalitarian narrative: the church nurtures women’s agency yet also channels it to rearrange and reassert their subservience. To acquire legitimacy, church women are pressured to act as collective articulators, promoters, and guarantors of neo-patriarchal values and orders, and in particular, as builders and saviors of matrimonial integrity and viability. These dynamics reflect and are an integral part of the broader gendered constraints and precarities of contemporary rural society.

Tareas de cuidado de los menores de 14 años en las parejas de doble proveeduría en México, 2019

Mexico is one of the countries where gender inequalities have been recognized, primarily due to the poor distribution of time and domestic caregiving responsibilities between women and men within households. Additionally, there is evident growth in dual-earner couples, replacing the traditional model where the man was the sole provider. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if there is greater equality in the allocation of time and caregiving activities for children under 14 in dual-earner couples in Mexico in 2019, through the analysis of time usage and the division of caregiving tasks for children under 14, as well as time spent on paid work. The source of information used to achieve this purpose is the 2019 National Time Use Survey (ENUT, 2019). The results indicate that although women are integrated into the labor market, they actually dedicate nearly the same amount of time to childcare as women who exclusively focus on homemaking, resulting in a double burden of work and persisting inequalities between men and women within households.

Memória, discurso e universo acadêmico

This article analyzes the situation, aiming to inaugurate reflections on the following questions: under what vital conditions is knowledge produced in the space-time of neoliberal universities; whether there is gender inequality in these conditions; how it is felt and experienced by bodies that accumulate multiple exclusions; what socio-epistemological consequences this entails; and how to resist and act to reverse this situation. The method used is to review bibliographic and information sources. As a result, the article makes the first movement of articulation and systematization of statements. They are precariousness, acceleration, suffering, gender blindness, substantive (in)equality, epistemic violence, feminist epistemology, social memory and French discourse analysis. In a detailed and sustained manner, the conclusion presents the guidelines for carrying out future empirical studies.

Melukis Kembali Penggambaran Citra Gender dalam Media Massa

In Netflix’s 'Ice Cold,' which delves into the murder of Jessica by Mirna, she is often praised and forgiven for her beauty. The documentary even states that the killer is a handsome figure. Women seem to be forced to conform to the image of modern women, who should hold feminist paradigms. Digital television content, as one of the mass media platforms, often portrays women as limited to the role of 'subordinates.' The existence of women is frequently reduced solely to their physical dimensions. It is as if advertisements and television programs would feel empty without the presence of women celebrated as objects. This perspective eventually becomes ingrained in the minds of modern women, largely through the influence of mass media, while commercial demands and the race for the highest ratings are the primary reasons why women continue to be used as complementary objects in various media content.This research employs Roland Barthes' Semiotics to explore how religious education, the male gaze, mass media, and societal views interact in shaping the contemporary perception of the female body. Ironically, the excessive use of patriarchal media has made women feel more liberated to express themselves and actualize their potential in various aspects of life. In this context, elements of religious education play a crucial role, as some Abrahamic religious teachings promote gender hierarchies that can influence society's perception of women and result in gender inequality. The concept of the male gaze is also relevant in this analysis, as it refers to how the male perspective dominates the understanding and representation of women in media, often reducing women to objects of male sexual desire. This research can offer valuable insights into the interconnection of these perspectives and women's potential for increased self-expression within patriarchal-dominated environments.

Understanding food safety challenges through a gender and social lens in low‐ and middle‐income countries

AbstractFood safety is crucial for ensuring the quality and safety of the global food supply. However, the gender and social dimensions of food safety are often overlooked and undervalued. Women, who are primary caretakers in households, play a vital role in food preparation, storage, and consumption. Gender inequality can result in limited access to resources and information needed for safe food handling and storage, increasing women's vulnerability to foodborne illnesses. Cultural practices, education, and income levels also impact food safety. These factors can contribute to disparities in food safety and increase the risk of foodborne illnesses among certain populations. Promoting gender equality, cultural sensitivity, and addressing income inequality are essential to ensure safe and secure food for all. Addressing these issues can lead to a more equitable and sustainable food system.

Film Representation of Igbo Cultural Widowhood Practices in Anambra State. An Audience Analysis of a Nollywood Movie: Glory of a Widow

This study examines the representation of Igbo cultural widowhood practices in Anambra State through the lens of the Nollywood film "Glory of a Widow". Employing structural functionalist theory and feminist film theory, this qualitative research utilized focus group discussions to gather data from audiences. Findings reveal that Igbo cultural practices surrounding widowhood continue to be prevalent in contemporary society, perpetuating gender inequality and discrimination. The study identifies the need for amendments of existing laws and policies to protect the rights of widows. The film's portrayal of these practices sparks crucial conversations about cultural preservation, gender justice, and the role of the media in shaping societal attitudes. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex intersections between culture, gender, and media representation in Igbo society, highlighting the potential for film to inspire social change and promote gender equality.

Reference Ranges and Comparison of Pepsinogen by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Chinese Population.

Serum pepsinogen (PG) is a good indicator of atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa. Gastric mucosal atrophy is a high-risk factor for gastric cancer. Serological testing for PG combined with endoscopy can help to improve gastric cancer screening. In this study, we established the reference ranges of serum PG-I, PG-II, and the PG-I/II ratio (PGR) in the Chinese population by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, in the real world, doctors are often confused by the results of different testing platforms. Thus, a comparison of methods CLIA and ELISA was performed. 2904 individuals were enrolled from six regions in China as part of the Chinese Adult Digestive Diseases Surveillance (2016) program. The individuals completed questionnaires and volunteered to undergo examinations, including gastroscopy, urea breath test, abdominal ultrasound examination and routine serologic tests. Serum was collected to measure PGs (including PG-I, PG-II and PGR) by CLIA and ELISA. Participants who were found obvious abnormalities or absent from the examinations were excluded. Ultimately, 747 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the distribution of variables. The Kruskal-Wallis H or Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to compare different sex, age, and geographical groups. The 95% reference ranges of PGs obtained by the two methods were established according to document CLSI-EP28-A3, with covariates of sex, age, and region. Spearman correlation analysis, linear regression analysis and allowable total error (ATE) zone analysis were utilized for comparing the two methods. On overall, the 95% reference ranges of PG-I, PG-II, and PGR measured by CLIA were 23.00-110.64 ng/mL, 2.50-19.13 ng/mL, and 3.87-13.30, respectively. Meanwhile, the reference ranges of PG-I, PG-II, and PGR measured by ELISA were 36.93-205.06 ng/mL, 1.65-17.96 ng/mL, and 7.50-33.60, respectively. Both PG-I and PG-II levels measured by the two platforms were found to be influenced by sex and age. PGR measured by CLIA was influenced by age but not by sex, while PGR measured by ELISA was not affected by either age or sex. Regional factors did not significantly impact the PG results, except for PG-I detected by ELISA. Ultimately, reference ranges for PGs were established based on age and sex stratification. Additionally, the Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the correlation coefficients for PG-I, PG-II, and PGR detected by the two methods were 0.899, 0.887, and 0.777, respectively, indicating a strong correlation between the two methods. The regression equation for the PG levels detected by two methods was obtained through linear regression analysis. The ATE analysis provided a visual depiction of the consistency between the two methods, clearly indicating the poor agreement between them. This study established the reference ranges of PGs by strict and intact enrollment standard. In addition, the results indicated a strong linear relationship between the two methods, yet with a clear bias, which was valuable for laboratory interpretation.

Poster 337: Graft Choice in Adolescents with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Are All Grafts Equivalent?

Objectives: The choice of graft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) plays a crucial role in the outcome of the procedure. Each graft choice has its advantages and disadvantages. Surgeons must consider various factors, including patient age, activity level, and individual anatomy, to make an informed decision on the most suitable graft choice for each patient. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of retear in patients primary ACLR based upon autograft choice. Secondary objectives of this study were to analyze multivariate trends in retears to identify significant predictors followed by a stratified subanalysis. We hypothesized that hamstring tendon autografts would be associated with an increased number of ACLR graft ruptures. Methods: An institutional review board-approved retrospective cohort study was conducted. Surgical case logs were queried by current procedural terminology code 29888 to identify potential subjects between January 2012 and April 2020. Patients 21 years old and younger underwent primary ACLR within 6 months of injury. Subjects were excluded if they were older than 21 years at the time of injury, had congenital ACL insufficiency, underwent concurrent osteotomy, sustained a multiligamentous injury, or underwent a revision ACLR. Duplicate entries were excluded. Subjects were excluded if records did not have complete data for the purposes of the study. Knee imaging review determined skeletal maturity. Demographic data included age, sex, and body mass index. Each patient’s chart was reviewed to obtain laterality, mechanism of injury, skeletal maturity, and ACLR retear. Intraoperative data such as graft choice, graft size, and concomitant intra-articular pathology was collected. Data was analyzed for incidence of retear, and logistic regression identified predictors of retear. Results: A total of 977 patients were included in final analysis with 50 retears (5.11%). Comparison of graft choice showed significantly increased retears with hamstring tendon (HT) compared to quadriceps tendon (QT) (7.3% vs 3.3% (p = .050)) and patellar tendon (PT) (7.3% vs 2.8% (p = .008)) grafts. Multivariate analysis identified male sex (p < .001), age at injury (p = .016), and smaller graft size (p = .024) as significant variables in cases of ACL rerupture. Analysis stratified by gender did not reveal any significance based upon graft choice, although, HT autograft approached significance (p = .065). During the subanalysis, skeletally immature individuals were significantly more likely to experience a retear (p = .007). Moreover, the incidence of retear based upon graft choice was significant within the skeletally mature cohort (p = .008), with a high incidence of HT retears (6.5%). HT grafts were the smallest grafts on average (8.227 mm). When comparing only QT and HT distributions, the graft size of QT was significantly larger (p < .001); however, the distribution of retears was not significantly different. Conclusions: In patients <22 years of age undergoing primary ACLR, HT autograft was associated with higher incidence of graft rupture compared to PT and QT autografts. There was no difference in retear proportion between QT and PT autografts. Multivariate regression identified male sex, older age at injury, and smaller graft size with increased risk of ACLR retear. There are many variables which portend ACLR graft failure of which sex plays a role; however, in this study, analysis via sex stratification was not significant, likely indicating some amount of variable interaction/confounding where sex as an isolated factor does not significantly influence retears rates. Given the number of variables that affect retears and the low incidence, it will likely take much larger types of meta-analysis studies to identify these traits by using multivariate models with interaction terms. Subanalysis by bone age showed that skeletal maturity does play a role in retears and should be taken into consideration by surgeons. Skeletally mature patients have a comparatively increased risk of graft rupture with HT autograft; moreover, skeletally immature patients incur graft failure not in terms of graft choice, but more so in fixation method as transphyseal and physeal-sparing methods are more technically demanding. Additionally, hamstring tendon grafts were significantly smaller than quadriceps tendon and PT autografts, which may contribute to the higher retear rates seen in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first study with large numbers showing inferiority of HT autograft as compared to both QT and PT autografts, which may be secondary to increased risk with male sex, skeletally mature patients, and smaller graft sizes. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

Global Epidemiologic Trends and Projections to 2030 in Non-Rheumatic Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

No studies have updated the epidemiologic changes in non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) since 2019, thus this study utilized data from the Global Study of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 (GBD2019) to assess the burden of DMVD in 204 countries and territories over the period 1990-2019, as well as changes in the prevalence, incidence, deaths and changes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Using the results from the GBD2019, analyzing the incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs rates, as well as their age-standardized rates (ASR). Based on the human development index (HDI), the socio-demographic index (SDI), age, and sex. In 2019, there were 24.229 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 23.081-25.419 million) existing cases of DMVD worldwide, with 1.064 million (95% UI 1.010-1.122 million) new cases and 0.034 million (95% UI 0.028-0.043 million) deaths, and 0.883 million (95% UI 0.754-1.092 million) disability-adjusted life years. The incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs of DMVD and their ASR showed significant differences across sex, age groups, regions, and countries from 1990 to 2019. It is projected that by 2030, the incidence of DMVD in females will be 0.72 million with an ASR of 15.59 per 100,000 population, 0.51 million in males with an ASR of 11.75 per 100,000 population, and a total incidence of 1.23 million with an ASR of 14.03 per 100,000 population. DMVD remains a significant public health problem that cannot be ignored, despite a decreasing trend in the ASR of global incidence, prevalence, deaths and DALYs from 1990 to 2019. However, we note an adverse development trend in countries with low socio-demographic indexes and seriously aging societies, and sex inequality is particularly prominent. This indicates the need to reposition current prevention and treatment strategies, with some national health administrations developing corresponding strategies for preventing an increase in DMVD based on local health, education, economic conditions, sex differences, and age differences.

Meteorological parameters and hospital-acquired falls—A multicenter retrospective study based on 10 years of adverse events reporting system data

Objective and rationaleHospital-acquired falls are common and serious adverse events in medical institutions, with high incidence and injury rates. Studying the occurrence patterns of hospital-acquired falls is important for preventing falls in hospitalized patients. However, the effect of meteorological factors on hospital-acquired falls has not been elucidated. Therefore, this study explored the impact of meteorological parameters on hospital-acquired falls in Chongqing, China, and provided new ideas for the clinical prevention of falls in patients. MethodsCorrelation analysis and distributed lag nonlinear models were employed to analyze the relationship between 3890 cases of hospital-acquired falls and meteorological data in 13 hospitals in 11 districts and counties in Chongqing from January 2013 to April 2023. ResultsThe number of hospital-acquired falls demonstrated a nonlinear correlation with the daily average relative humidity and negatively correlated with sunshine duration; however, temperature, air pressure, and wind speed were not correlated. Compared to the reference humidity (87 %), the immediate effects of daily average relative humidity (65–68 % and 90–97 %) increased the risk of hospital-acquired falls on the same day (relative risk [RR]:1.027–1.243). When the daily average relative humidity was 95–97 %, lags of 0–1 d and 8–12 d had greater effects on falls (RR:1.073–1.243). The daily average relative humidities of 62–74 % and 91–97 % were statistically significant at cumulative relative risk (CRR)of 4, 7, 10, and 14 d with a cumulative lag (CRR: 1.111–4.277). On sex and age stratification, the lag and cumulative effects of relative humidity more significantly impacted falls in women and patients aged ≥65 years. ConclusionDaily average relative humidity had a nonlinear correlation and lag effect on hospital-acquired falls; therefore, medical institutions should pay attention to the effect of relative humidity on hospital-acquired falls in patients, especially old and female patients.

Activism and gender equality policy in the Swedish film sector from the second wave to #metoo

This article seeks to unpack variations in feminist film sector activists' articulations of collective grievances and demands for change since the mid-1970s and compare them to how gender equality is articulated as a problem in public policy. Based on an analysis of problem representations found in three instances of women's mobilization – from the second wave to #metoo – the article argues that there seems to be a consensus about the appropriate boundaries of what problems can be targeted by policy. Problem representations found in gender equality policies in the film sector do not verbalize structural inequalities. However, feminist activists interpreted them to support their ariculations of structural problems. Feminist activists problem represntations include testimonies of sexual harassment and violence, articulations of structural inequalities, and the promotion of women's separatism. The article also identifies a discursive dislocation produced by critics to gender equality reforms in conjunction to #metoo. The dislocation is produced by successfully opposing gender equality to artistic freedom and denying the existence of structural gender inequalities.

Not Just a Numbers Game: Assessing the Journey of Women in Policing from Representation to Inclusion

AbstractA focus on improvements to the recruitment rates of women in policing in England and Wales simplifies the issue of organisational integration and hides the complex task of addressing the structural and cultural gendered inequalities running throughout the service. This article considers the structural barriers to women's progression within the police service and presents a cultural analysis of the impact of this environment on women's organisational inclusion. It concludes by suggesting that a different style of policing, one which prioritises fairness and compassion, might have a positive impact on all of those serving as police officers in England and Wales.

The gendered character of claims-making: A longitudinal analysis

In this article, we examine the gendered outcomes of career negotiations, which involve employees discussing career advancements with their direct supervisors. We apply relational inequality theory, which conceptualizes career negotiations as instances of relational claims-making, to explain gender differences in returns in terms of hourly wages, occupational status, and subjective perceptions of job advancements. Our empirical approach employs individual fixed-effect models using three waves of unique German linked employer-employee panel data on 2090 employees across 131 workplaces (LEEP-B3; 2012–2019). We find that men discussing career advancements with supervisors, experience pay raises and occupational upward mobility, whereas women do not. Yet, we find only minor gender differences in perceived job advancements following career negotiations. In workplaces with a more balanced gender representation in management and supervisory positions, women’s wage returns from negotiations increase. Although individual negotiations seem to perpetuate gender inequalities, workplace structures can weaken inequality-generating mechanisms.

Interpersonal violence against transgender and cisgender women in Brazilian municipalities: trends and characteristics.

Violence against women is characterised by male symbolic domination underpinned by patriarchy and expressing gender inequality in society. This study examined reporting of interpersonal violence against cisgender and transgender women 20 to 59 years old in Brazilian municipalities, from 2015 to 2021. This repeat panel study used data from the information system, and time-trend analysis by the Prais-Winsten method. A total of 605,983 notifications were eligible, 1.8% of which involved transgender women. Notifications regarding cisgender women were recorded in 84.8% of the municipalities and transgender women, in 31.7%. Notifications involved predominantly women who were younger (71.9%) and black (55.3%), and proportionally more transgender women (p<0.001). Most notifications were of physical violence (84.8%), followed by psychological violence (40.1%), which was higher among cisgender women (p<0.001) and at shorter intervals among transgender women (β=-0.71; p=0.005). Notifications of violence still do not reflect the realities, particularly as regards transgender women. Psychological violence, however, which usually starts the cycle of aggression, now ranks second among notifications in Brazil, despite conservative reverses of recent years.

‘I AM A TEXTURAL COMPOSER’: JANE STANLEY ON THE CREATIVE PROCESS, IMMERSIVE TEXTURES, GLOW AND A NEW SONG CYCLE

AbstractThis is the transcript of an interview with Glasgow-based Australian composer Dr Jane Stanley. The interviewer is Dr Judith Bishop, an Australian poet and lyricist whose words appear in two of the works discussed: ‘14 Weeks’ (from Interval (UQP, 2018) and ‘The Indifferent’ (from Event (Salt Publishing UK, 2007)). The interview was recorded at the University of Glasgow on 29 May 2023 and edited for clarity, length and concision. It was recorded a day after the world premiere of Jane Stanley's 14 Weeks at the Glasgow School of Art Choir Composeher concert in City Halls, Glasgow. In response to a recent survey which revealed huge gender inequalities in the granting of music commissions, Composeher had commissioned seven female composers to write choral works of around ten minutes, of which 14 Weeks was one. The interview ranges widely, from the composer's textural style to her creative process, and touches on her forthcoming composer portrait album, to be released by Delphian Records in 2024.

Double pandemic for Sub-Saharan African women during COVID-19: A Critical Patriarchal Exposé with Intervention Strategies

The Covid-19 pandemic presented a lot of macro and micro challenges throughout the entire world. While some of these impacts were immediately felt, others have long term consequences. Some of the major impacts were the macroeconomic challenge which left many governments, organisations and individuals in a state of disarray - causing a lot of physical and mental health issues among both men and women. However, research suggests that women were disproportionately affected by mental health issues. This is because women especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are considered to be ‘vulnerable’ to several of the major challenges facing the continent and the burdens they carry make them susceptible to mental health problems. Against this background, this study explores three key areas: the relationship between patriarchy and gender-based violence during COVID-19 in Africa, how the pandemic exacerbated existing gender inequalities, and the impact of COVID-19 on women's mental health. This study is a literature review that draws on academic journals, books, reports, media sources and electronic databases. The study concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted African women, leading to a rise in gender-based violence, a widening of existing gender inequalities, and a negative impact on women’s mental health. The study recommends strengthening existing traditional social support structures, such as families and women's groups, to better equip them to assist women during crises.

Intersectionality, gender norms, and young adolescents in context: a review of longitudinal multicountry research programmes to shape future action.

Discriminatory gender norms can intersect and interact with other dimensions of discrimination-such as age, race, ethnicity, disability, education status, and sexual orientation-to shape individuals' experiences and impact their health and wellbeing. This interaction is referred to as intersectionality. Although the theory has been in circulation since the late 1980s, only recently has it gained traction in low-income and middle-income settings, and it has yet to fully penetrate global research on adolescence. The social and structural intersectional drivers of adolescent health and wellbeing, particularly during early adolescence (age 10-14 years), are poorly understood. The evidence base for designing effective interventions for this formative period of life is therefore relatively small. In this Review, we examine how gender intersects with other forms of disadvantage in the early stages of adolescence. Analysing data from hybrid observation-intervention longitudinal studies with young adolescents in 16 countries, our aim is to inform the health and wellbeing of girls and boys from a range of social contexts, including in conflict settings. Adolescents' perceptions about gender norms vary by context, depend on individual opinion, and are shaped by socioecological drivers of gender inequalities in health. Shifting those perceptions is therefore challenging. We argue for the importance of applying an intersectionality lens to improve health and wellbeing outcomes for young adolescents and conclude with five practical recommendations for programme design and research.

Legislation for advancing women’s leadership in the health sector in India and Kenya: a ‘law cube’ approach to identify ways to strengthen legal environments for gender equality

ObjectivesThis paper examines the availability of legal provisions, or the lack thereof, that support women to progress equitably into leadership positions within the health workforce in India and Kenya.MethodsWe adapted...