Gender Display Research Articles

Configuration of Man’s Position within Patriarchal Structure in Nepalese Society

Patriarchy is a powerful philosophy and structure of male domination and supremacy. It is not new, nor is the recognition of women’s demoralized existence well-established patriarchal system and it embraces that there is an inferior position of women since historical period. Patriarchy is a social system in which men use, abuse, control, oppress and exploit women. The concept of patriarchy highlights the interconnection of different aspects of gender discrimination and women are often underprivileged in many areas of social existence. Theories and philosophies of patriarchy explore the division of interests between most men and women formed by the social system of gender perceptions, practices and relationships. Gender is a relationship of power and inequality and not merely of variation. There are various supplementary expressions that have extremely related meaning to patriarchy. These incorporate gender command, gender arrange, gender display and sex-gender formulation. They are comparable in pointing to the powerful interconnection of various sphere of influence of gender discrimination. Analyses of patriarchy differ as to whether men's position as head of the household and family or society or state entity is recognized as the key to their potentiality to rule and oppress, or whether the institutional features of men's supremacy are pictured and imagined. In this context, this study provides an analysis of the understanding and accepting of man's position within existing patriarchal structure in Nepalese societies inside the background of gender standpoints and different educational status. It also tries to explore the common judgments and ruling ideologies on patriarchy and its practices and social insights of gender relationships.

Воспроизводство социально-статусной системы российского общества в дискурсе глянцевых журналов: социологический анализ

The research aims to study the mechanism of gender differentiation in glossy magazines, which determines the motivational and value aspects of the life of men and women. It claims that glossy magazines are actively involved in the formation of gender stereotypes that correspond to the established gender system of society. Gender-oriented glossy magazines reproducing patterns of femininity and masculinity establish a gender regime, which guarantees the preservation of social order on the one hand and determines gender stratification on the other. The author focuses on the role of visual and verbal components of communication, which by means of the designation of statuses, roles and values of masculine and feminine behavior create gender inequality at the individual and institutional levels. As the sociological analysis showed, the representation of gender in women’s magazines indicates the complication of gender identification, the emergence of new property and features of modern femininity, which reflects the dynamic nature of society. But the shift of emphasis towards fashion and beauty, the popularization of lifestyle in the context of recreational activities with a predominance of hedonistic forms significantly limit the range of social female roles in Russian society. In men’s magazines, gender specificity is concentrated in the field of professional activity, which is responsible for the self-realization of a man that ideologically legitimizes masculine dominance. It can be argued that glossy magazines symbolically fix the gender display, focusing men and women on different life strategies, as well as ways to implement them. The gender asymmetry of modern Russian society is reproduced by using the mechanisms of social inequality (distancing, exclusion, hierarchy and exploitation) in the symbolic interpretation of femininity and masculinity. As a result, there is a differentiation of social positions of gender in various spheres of public and private life.

The Relationship Between the Concepts of “Gender”, “Gender Identity” and “Gender Display”

This study is devoted to identifying the specific ways of linguistic representation of women and men in English-language mass media based on articles about gender. This problem is considered from a linguocultural perspective. As linguocultural aspects of language are increasingly becoming objects of research, and, secondly, the practical and social need to understand the media as one of the main resources of power, which promotes social values, approves norms and patterns of behavior and shape’s public opinion. In this regard, the study of the linguistic representation of gender in the discourse of English-language media is of particular value.

What is in a name? Alternative gender knowledge and the retrogressive worlding of radical right digital media

ABSTRACT The article explores the role of radical right digital media in alternative gender knowledge production during the 2018 “Referendum for Family” in Romania and critically reflects on the challenges it poses for feminist and LGBTQ+ local struggles for recognition and representation. Using mixed research methods for data collection and analysis, the article seeks to address two questions: What are the discursive articulations of gender in ActiveNews and their intersectional dynamics with sexuality, religion, national identity? What (normative) assumptions underpin alternative knowledge claims on gender in ActiveNews? The study aims to shed light onto an important aspect of anti-gender mobilization, which intends to create what in my view could be labeled a “retrogressive worlding.” The argument of the article is anti-gender campaigns endeavor to create a specific worlding centered on alternative gender knowledge, wherein digital media plays a key role. The findings reveal that alternative gender knowledge fabricated by ActiveNews discredits empirical data and conceptualization of gender, sexuality, family as socially constructed and historically malleable. The anti-gender tropes serve a “retrogressive worlding” that does not accommodate gender as analytical category or non-normative gender display and sexuality.

Gender values in common-law marriages

Currently the institution of the family and marriage relations is undergoing serious changes due to transformational processes of the Russian society. These changes are reflected in the variability of forms and models of the modern family and the common-law marriage is universally popular.In the context of the modernization of society, traditional gender stereotypes are being eroded, leading to a revision of established behavioral norms and social roles in the family, forming the value-motivational foundations of marriage.The Methods. The works of domestic and foreign scientists who studied the peculiarities of the gender perspective in the system of family and marriage relations have become the theoretical basis of the research. The works of Russian sociologists and the results of an independent sociological study conducted within the framework of this problem have become the empirical basis.The Results. The thesis has been confirmed that the distribution of social roles between a man and a woman in a common-law marriage is contradictory, revealing the features of the gender display, significantly different from the traditional system of gender interaction.Practical significance. The conducted research confirms the need to create a comprehensive system of knowledge about the family, prepare the younger generation for future family and marriage relations that contribute to the preservation of the basic values of the traditional family.

Gender learning in Alice Munro’s short story entitled “Boys and Girls”

The issues around gender is inexhaustible since gender can be analyzed from many perspectives. The focus of this paper is to discuss the gender learning experienced by the young girl in a short story entitled “Boys and Girls” written by Alice Munro. The discussion includes the young girl’s gender defiance, gender learning, and gender acceptance. To support the discussion several issues around gender are reviewed. Besides a comprehensive definition of gender, issues concerning doing gender, gender identity, gender order, gender segregation, gender learning, gender presentation, gender display, and others are reviewed. The analysis is also combined with the conversation analysis by considering the influence of the language that leads to gender learning of the female character in the short story. The methods used are a combination of library research method with its close reading, qualitative method, and contextual method. The result shows that gender learning is inevitable especially in an isolated place. Although the young girl tries to defy the gender learning she finally has to accept it. This situation correlates with Simone de Beauvoir’s statement “ONE is not born, but rather becomes, a woman” (De Beauvoir, 1956: 273) in her phenomenal book The Second Sex. Thus, the short story implies that being a girl in a strict male context is not easy, she has to surrender to the gender roles that are constructed for her, and the chances to actualize herself is limited or even non-existent.

Sexualized female confidence: A new gender display in over 50 years of Italian fashion advertisements

This article examines the evolution of female images in Vogue Italia’s fashion advertisements over more than five decades. The aims of the article were to reconstruct the evolution of female representations over time, to detect the persistence of gender displays in women’s portrayals and to ascertain the existence, in the 2000s, of the visual regime of confident appearing. To achieve these aims, a longitudinal quantitative and qualitative content analysis was carried out on 1963 ads and 2568 male and female models. The research found an evolution of women’s images over time, the decline of some traditional genderisms and a resexualization of the female portrayals in the 2000s, interlaced with the confident-appearing visual regime. What emerged was a new gender display – a sexualized confidence – that does not eliminate gender differences or their structure of power but concentrates them in portraits of assertive and narcissistic women.

ОТ МАРГИНАЛОВ К МЕЙНСТРИМУ: СМЕНА ИМИДЖА ЛИДЕРОВ ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ ПРАВОРАДИКАЛЬНЫХ ПОПУЛИСТОВ

This article examines the personalisation of politics and its impact on the changing image of leaders of Western European right-wing populist parties. As these parties strive to gain recognition in the political mainstream, the characteristics associated with their leaders undergo notable transformations. Analysing these changes provides a fuller picture of ideological shifts within far-right populism. The study uses data from various sources including media, party websites, official websites, social media and personal websites. The concept of gender display is used as a methodological toolkit to analyse leadership trends. Cases of nontraditional leaders whose image revival is inextricably linked to their parties' entry into the political mainstream, such as Tom Van Grieken and Marine Le Pen, are given particular attention. The analysis revealed several major trends in changing leadership portraits, including increased female representation, a trend towards younger leadership, a high emphasis on education, significant professional experience, personification of the family institution, and long-standing ties to party structures from their youth. Moreover, whilst Tom Van Grieken strategically adopts a more positive, approachable image to distance himself from past stereotypes, Marine Le Pen's leadership challenges traditional gender roles in politics, redefining power and effectiveness by skilfully combining masculine and feminine qualities.

Axiopsychological Differences of Men’s and Women’s Gender Displays in Modern Ukraine

The study aim was to explain the axiopsychological differences in young men’s and women’s gender displays in modern Ukraine.
 Methods. The methods for theoretical analysis, synthesis and conceptual modelling of an individual’s life processes in the axiological dimension were used. The sample for the empirical study covered 300 students aged 17 - 22 years and 12 psychological examining techniques were used; the obtained data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance.
 Results. Significant statistical differences were found for 22 compared characteristics, symmetrically distributed between males (110 people) and females (190 people). We has found that the quantitative balance of axiopsychological gender priorities does not mean their semantic similarity: the polarization of respondents’ gender displays was recorded; in particular, women’s self-presentation focused on the top-teleological (absolute subject) level of life (expression of spiritual values ​​and goals), and men’ self-presentation focused on the mono-subject (causal-instrumental, individualistic-pragmatic) level. The study highlights the issues of ensuring the real gender equality in Ukraine by building a meritocratic society.
 Conclusions. The article presents the axiopsychological approach in personology and gender psychology and reveals corresponding operations to form an applied (psychological examining) model, which allowed us to obtain relevant scientific results about significant differences between Ukrainian men’s and women’s gender displays.

Women’s Relative Resources and Couples’ Gender Balance in Financial Decision-Making

AbstractWe investigate how the relative education and earnings of husbands and wives are associated with self-reported decision-making within the family. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions 2010 data for 27 European countries (n = 72,638), we find that women who earn more than their partner are more likely to report that they alone make the major financial and other important decisions. Men are more likely than women to be reported as financial decision makers if women contribute less than a quarter to joint earnings. However, in line with predictions based on traditional gender display, the association with relative earnings is not linear: among couples in which wives earn almost all of the income, we find that husbands are reported to have more say in financial decision-making than among couples in which both contribute a substantial part of the joint income. This non-linear pattern does not hold similarly for general decision-making. The discrepancy suggests that major financial issues, which were traditionally within the male realm, may be more susceptible to gender display than other family decisions.

ДИНАМИКА ЭТНОГЕНДЕРНЫХ УСТАНОВОК НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ЮГА РОССИИ В СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ

The article analyses the dynamics of gender attitudes of the South Russian population using the material of the repeated comparative sociological research conducted from 2004 to 2020. In the article the author analyses the attitude to the possibilities of career promotion for the female population in education, medicine, business, finance, production, politics and security agencies. In the conformist republics (the Republic of Ingushetia, the Republic of Dagestan) there is an increasing conservative trend, whereas the transitive republics (the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic, the Kabardino-Balkar Republic) are described by the approving stable attitude among the female and growing neutral attitude among the male population. Although, gender attitudes of the title nation in the Republic of Adygea are inclined to the conformist’s pole. Modernized orientations and gender subgroups coming closer within the given attitudes have been detected in Rostov region over the number of years. In general, a substantial part of the female population of various South Russian subregions is targeted at the deconstruction of traditional gender display. Simultaneously there is an incongruity of ethno-territorial segments within the attitudes towards the female socio-professional ambitions, which turns into the factor hindering societal integration of the multicultural South of Russia.

Gender Aspects of Reproduction of Professional Dynasties in Medicine

The number of female health workers is predominant in the current health care system. However, in terms of the distribution of power and authority, career trajectories, and the culture of relationships, medicine still remains gender-related to men. Reproduction processes of the professional structure of medicine, in which professional dynasties occupy a special place, is also marked by gender differences. Thus, the article addresses the gender specificities of the institutional reproduction of medical dynasties in modern Russia. Based on in-depth interviews with twenty representatives of multigenerational families of doctors from ten cities, gender scenarios for the transmission of professional positions and the gender specificity of using the social and symbolic capital of the dynasty in the context of their reproduction are analyzed. According to the empirical research findings, the dynastic model of marital status transfer maintains and reproduces gender inequality in the medical profession. There is low gender sensitivity in doctors’ dynasties, where women are more likely to be passive or under family pressure to pursue educational and work tracks. The choice of professional specialization is conditioned by gender stereotypes. Career and professional opportunities of women doctors are limited by an imbalance between work and home responsibilities. Dynasty social and symbolic capital investment strategies are less resourceful for women in clinical practice and more effective in academic medicine. The deconstruction of the traditional gender display in the profession is proceeding at a slow pace, while medical dynasties continue to rather reproduce the inequality and male ethics of the medical profession.

The influence of time, resource, and gender ideology on the division of domestic work in Korea

AbstractThe paper examines how time availability, relative monetary contribution, and gender ideology are related to a couple's contribution to domestic work in South Korea, using data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. OLS regressions with fixed effects indicate that couples' hours worked were significantly associated with their own and their spouse's time spent on domestic work. The wife's relative wage was another essential determinant in the division of domestic work between wife and husband. Although the wife's gender ideology was not a significant factor for her domestic work time, a husband whose wife had more gender‐equitable attitudes was more likely to devote time to domestic work. Going beyond earlier studies, we also present new evidence for gender display: the wife's relative wage had a curvilinear relationship with the couple's time spent on domestic work. The broader implications of the main findings are also discussed.

Beyond “Commercial Realism”: Extending Goffman’s Gender Display Framework to Networked Media Contexts

Abstract Erving Goffman’s gender display framework is a typology of nonverbal posing codes that connote the subordination of women in commercial imagery and a prominent tool for assessing visualizations of gender stereotyping in mass media. Researchers have recently begun to apply the advertisement-based framework to a new context: user-generated social media photos. Despite findings that gender display appears prevalent in such images, deeper critical examinations of how the framework changes when applied across media contexts have not been meaningfully undertaken. Drawing from the interplay of Goffman’s concepts of hyper-ritualization and commercial realism, I argue that the manifestations and interpretive implications of gender display are contingent upon the standard of realism at play, proposing a standard of networked realism that differently modulates gender display in user-generated photography. Ultimately, I suggest that gender display must be more thoroughly contextualized in networked media research and provide a groundwork for future feminist studies of visual gender stereotyping.

Do Spanish Dual-Earner Couples Share Unpaid Work Equally?

This study provides empirical evidence on the relationship between the amount of time devoted to housework and childcare in Spanish dual-earner couples and several observable characteristics, paying particular attention to individual and relative earnings. We use daily data drawn from the latest Spanish Time Use Survey (2009–2010). Results show that the time that women spend on housework depends on their relative income. The time allocated by women to housework decreases until they contribute to half of the household income; however, as women’s earnings rise above those of their partners, the amount of housework they perform increases, which supports the compensatory gender display. There is not a clear relationship between the time devoted to housework and their absolute income. For men, relative income has also a negative association with household chores while absolute income does not affect the time they dedicate to housework. Regarding childcare, the time spent by women and men on caring for their children does not depend on either relative or absolute earnings.

(Un)Dressing Children in the Lachish Reliefs

The Lachish reliefs offer a unique snapshot of Judean children in the eighth century BCE. Using the adult Judeans as a point of comparison, this article explores the display of gender, age, and pos...

Quantifying the feminine self(ie): Gender display and social media feedback in young women’s Instagram selfies

A growing body of research suggests that young women tend to replicate normative feminine cues popularized through mass media in their selfies, or self-taken mobile phone photographs. Among these stereotypical cues are posing behaviors documented in Goffman’s gender display framework, which visualize a power imbalance between men and women. We completed a content analysis to investigate gender display in young women’s Instagram selfies alongside its relationship to feedback such as likes and comments. In this study, a novel scalar measure of gender display captures both the categorical manifestation and the exaggeration of gender stereotypical cues. We found that gender display is prevalent in women’s Instagram selfies but presented in subtle ways. In addition, women who incorporate and exaggerate gender displays in their selfies tend to receive more feedback. We suggest that gender stereotyping in Instagram selfies is related to reinforcing feedback and call for closer measurement and contextualization of gender performance in user-generated content.

Unemployment and Housework in Couples: Task‐Specific Differences and Dynamics Over Time

Objective: The authors tested competing hypotheses about the effects of unemployment on couples' division of housework and total household production.Background: Gender‐neutral and gender‐based theories make opposing predictions on the reactions of couples. Few previous studies have tested these predictions using longitudinal data. This study extends research by examining how the effects of unemployment vary with gender, specific tasks, and over time.Method: Fixed effects models were applied to estimate the associations of unemployment with both partners' total, neutral, female‐typed, and male‐typed housework hours. The analyses were based on 12,183 couples from the Socio‐Economic Panel, 1991 to 2015. The Socio‐Economic Panel is a nationally representative household panel survey of the German adult population.Results: This study found stronger associations for unemployment of husbands than wives with own and spouses' total housework hours and an expansion of the total household production. The changes were immediate and remained constant over time. The patterns for specific tasks resembled the main results, but for wives, the associations were stronger with female‐typed tasks whereas for husbands they were stronger with male‐typed tasks.Conclusion: The authors conclude that the division of housework following unemployment is better explained by gender‐neutral theories of time availability or relative resources. Whereas the task‐specific findings are also consistent with a gender‐based perspective, the finding that men increased their routine chores immediately and substantially is at odds with strict interpretations of gender display or deviance neutralization.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ ЭМАНСИПАЦИИ И ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ГЕНДЕРНЫХ РОЛЕЙ ЖЕНЩИН КАБАРДИНО-БАЛКАРИИ В 1920-1950-Е ГГ.

The article is devoted to studying the processes of changing the gender display and emancipation of women in Kabardino-Balkaria in the period of the 1920-50s. The process of emancipation is considered from the point of view of mentality and everyday life of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria. The authors come to the conclusion about the exogenous nature of social changes. The paper proves that in the situation of catastrophic circumstances of war and repression, as well as political struggle of the Soviet government with patriarchal relations, there was a change in the behavioural frames of the republic’s population.

American Househusbands: New Time Use Evidence of Gender Display, 2003–2016

The traditional gendered division of household labor, where women did the bulk of all domestic labor, is eroding. The literature on housework, however, does not discuss the ways how to test for the non-traditional gender performances. Using the American Time Use Survey (2003–2016), the present study fills in this research gap and re-tests the relationship between relative earnings and the performance of housework. The analysis of women’s time spent on domestic work shows that the traditional gender display explanation still applies to women’s participation in routine tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Thus, breadwinning wives display gender neutralizing behavior and ‘do’ gender. On the other hand, American men show non-normative gender behavior in cooking and cleaning, but not in maintenance, where they still ‘do’ gender. This paper unveils a persistent traditional gender performance of women in housework and a new pattern for men’s involvement in indoor routine housework.