Gender Differences Research Articles

The Politics of the Gender Gap in COVID-19: Partisanship, Health Behavior, and Policy Preferences in the United States.

Several studies demonstrate gender and partisan differences among Americans in COVID-19 socioeconomic consequences, attitudes, and behaviors. The authors of this study use six waves of panel survey data to explore the intersection of gender and party across COVID-19 mitigation behaviors, concerns, and policy preferences. The authors observe small gender gaps on several measures; however, partisan differences are larger than gender differences when considering the interaction between gender and partisanship. Democratic women are more similar to Democratic men on these measures than to Republican women. On virtually all measures, Republican women report lower levels of mitigation behaviors, worries, and support for expansive government policies compared to Democratic women and men. Analyzing the interaction of gender and partisanship illuminates how individuals navigated the pandemic with respect to identity factors that often pull in different directions. These findings suggest that one's partisan identity is more consequential than gender when it comes to COVID behaviors, concerns, and policy preferences.

Sex and gender differences in hepatitis C virus risk, prevention, and cascade of care in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis

People who inject drugs (PWID) are a priority population in HCV elimination programming. Overcoming sex and gender disparities in HCV risk, prevention, and the cascade of care is likely to be important to achieving this goal, but these have not yet been comprehensively reviewed. Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched Pubmed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 January 2012-22 January 2024 for studies of any design reporting sex or gender differences among PWID in at least one of: sharing of needles and/or syringes, incarceration history, injection while incarcerated, participation in opioid agonist treatment or needle and syringe programs, HCV testing, spontaneous HCV clearance, direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment initiation or completion, and sustained virological response (SVR). Assessment of study quality was based on selected aspects of study design. Additional data were requested from study authors. Data were extracted in duplicate and meta-analysed using random effects models. PROSPERO registration CRD42022342806. 9533 studies were identified and 92 studies were included. Compared to men, women were at greater risk for receptive needle and syringe sharing (past 6-12 months: risk ratio (RR) 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.23; <6 months: RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.09-1.76), less likely to be incarcerated (lifetime RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.57-0.73) more likely to be tested for HCV infection (lifetime RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01, 1.14), more likely to spontaneously clear infection (RR1.58; 95% CI 1.40-1.79), less likely to initiate DAA treatment (0.84; 95% CI 0.78-0.90), and more likely to attain SVR after completing DAA treatment (RR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.04). There are important differences in HCV risk and cascade of care indicators among people who inject drugs that may impact the effectiveness of prevention and treatment programming. Developing and assessing the effectiveness of gender-specific and gender-responsive HCV interventions should be a priority in elimination programming. Réseau SIDA-MI du Québec.

Racial and Gender Disparities in Inpatient Outcomes of Patients With Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the United States

Racial and Gender Disparities in Inpatient Outcomes of Patients With Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in the United States

Gender Disparities in Industry Payments Among Vascular Surgeons

Gender Disparities in Industry Payments Among Vascular Surgeons

Gender Stratification, Racial Disparities, and Student Debt Trajectories in the United States

In the United States, post-secondary educational outcomes are stratified by gender, with women attending college and completing their degrees at higher rates. At the same time, student loan debt has become an ubiquitous part of the college process for many pursuing higher education, increasing the financial risks associated with the pursuit of higher education while lessening the financial rewards. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) of young adults who ever attended a post-secondary institution and growth curve models, we estimate gender disparities in student debt trajectories throughout young adulthood. Building on work on the racialization of the student debt landscape (Houle & Addo 2022), we also investigate the intersection of race and gender, and include both within race gender analyses and within gender racial analyses. Gender differences in student debt at baseline, or at the age of first college enrollment, are large and the gender debt gap grows at 1.2% per year. We document evidence of a curvilinear relationship in student debt in young adulthood, with student debt accumulating at the beginning of the college enrollment period and the rate of increase declining over time as adults age. Women, who start the period with larger amounts of student debt, experience faster growth in their debt accumulation followed by lower declines relative to young adult men. These patterns are magnified among Black young adults, with the gender debt disparity between Black women and Black men growing 3.4% annually. We find no association between gender and student debt trajectories among Latinx and White young adults. Within-gender models highlight the prevalence of the student debt crisis among Black women and Black men. Additional analyses suggest gender differences in debt trajectories are a function of postsecondary and young adult socioeconomic characteristics, reflecting broader societal inequalities that stem from structural elements related to post-secondary schooling and economic status. These patterns may inhibit wealth-building among women and Black adults in the United States.

Sex-Age Interplay Among Young Aged Egyptians With First Acute Myocardial Infarction.

The burden of modifiable risk factors in young Egyptian adults presenting with first acute myocardial infarction (AMI), sex differences, sex-age interplay, and its relationship with demographic, angiographic characteristics, and type of AMI is a good topic for discussion. The study enrolled 165 young (≤45 years old) consecutive, eligible patients diagnosed with first AMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction), for their demographic, angiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory investigations and gender differences. Our population were 29-45 years old and 12.1% were females, most of whom had ST-elevation myocardial infarction; obesity in females and smoking in males were the most prevalent; and the younger the age of females presenting with AMI the more aggressive underlying risk factors and the more reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction. Most of the female culprit lesions were thrombotic and the severity of atherosclerotic culprit lesions correlated positively with blood pressure. The age paradox in young females (regarding left ventricular ejection fraction and the traditional risk factors) and the thrombotic nature of the culprit lesion mandate early intensive 1-year and 2-year preventive strategies against coronary heart disease (CHD) with special concern for obesity as the main trigger early in life with proper control of blood pressure. In males, smoking cessation programs are the main target to ameliorate the progress of CHD hand in hand with the other 1-year and 2-year preventive strategies of CHD.

Empowering educators: A training for pre-service and in-service teachers on gender-sensitive STEM instruction

Starting early in life, children, especially girls, experience obstacles when it comes to developing interest in STEM. Although teachers face an important task in promoting girls (and boys) in STEM, they often encounter hurdles in doing so. A three-month-long training for pre- and in-service teachers in elementary education was developed to counter this phenomenon. An important training feature was teaching ideas for STEM classrooms. Teachers’ evaluation of the training and teaching ideas, changes in their self-concept, and elementary students’ assessment of the teaching ideas were investigated. Students rated the teaching ideas favorably, with no gender differences. Even though each idea incorporated relevant didactic features for gender-sensitive STEM instruction, the teachers rated certain ideas and contents more critically than others. Nevertheless, their assessments speak in favor of the training intervention, while also indicating gaps in teachers’ professional knowledge regarding gender-sensitive didactics. Implications for the design of STEM teacher education are outlined.

Media coverage of the impact of the war on gender segregation in the Ukrainian labor market

The article aims to outline the trends of gender professional segregation occurring in Ukraine during the military conflict. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out with the use of qualitative methods. A content analysis was chosen for this study. The material consists of online textual publications, which include interviews with managers, specialists, and employees of the State Employment Center. It also includes interviews in which women residing on the territory of Ukraine share their experiences of employment and work during the war. Results and Discussion. In Ukraine today, two factors operate in parallel. On the one hand, there is an urgent need to fill vacancies in professions that have traditionally been dominated by men. On the other hand, the financial situation of women is on the decline. Women are forced to rethink their gender identity in the family and in society because of financial difficulties and their inability to guarantee a minimum of financial stability for themselves and their families. This leads them to be willing to accept jobs with working conditions that are particularly harmful and difficult. Employment opportunities for women are increasing due to differentiated demand, which contributes to the reduction of horizontal gender segregation. One factor that impedes this process is the demand for professions traditionally considered women’s domains, which do not require basic skills, and for which demand increased during the war. These professions are mainly related to manufacturing and working specialties. Given that educated and skilled women occupy blue-collar jobs, we can expect vertical segregation to intensify during wartime, when gender differences are manifested in positions and roles with differing status or potential for advancement. In the area of state gender policy, Ukraine has business development initiatives that reduce the gender gap in women’s access to assets and capital to invest in profitable entrepreneurial industries. However, these initiatives only involve a limited number of women and cannot be associated with radical gender changes in society. At the same time, the positive aspects of reducing horizontal gender segregation observed in Ukraine during wartime may be negated by the lack of or insufficient incentives for the development of preschool education. Thus, there are few effective levers to overcome gender segregation in Ukraine in the short and medium term. Achieving gender equality in the labor market is practically declaratory. Conclusions. In the context of the wartime crisis, gender segregation is a significant issue with negative consequences. A market specifically for women’s labor is emerging, and the social status of women’s work is declining compared to pre-war times. This situation may reinforce societal stereotypes that view men as more suitable for leadership positions, potentially decreasing women’s motivation and career aspirations.

Survival of In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest in Trauma Patients

IntroductionRelative to other hospitalized patients, trauma patients are younger with fewer comorbidities, but the incidence and outcomes of in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (IHCA) with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in this population is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate factors associated with survival in trauma patients after IHCA to test the hypothesis that compared to other hospitalized patients, trauma patients with IHCA have improved survival. MethodsRetrospective review of the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database 2017 to 2019 for patients who had IHCA with CPR. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital complications, hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and ventilator days. Data were compared with univariate and multivariate analyses at P < 0.05. ResultsIn 22,346,677 admitted trauma patients, 14,056 (0.6%) received CPR. Four thousand three hundred seventy-seven (31.1%) survived to discharge versus 26.4% in a national sample of all hospitalized patients (P < 0.001). In trauma patients, median age was 55 y, the majority were male (72.2%). Mortality was higher for females versus males (70.3% versus 68.3%, P = 0.026). Multivariate regression showed that older age 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.02), Hispanic ethnicity 1.21 (95% CI 1.04-1.40), and penetrating trauma 1.51 (95% CI 1.32-1.72) were risk factors for mortality, while White race was a protective factor 0.36 (95% CI 0.14-0.89). ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that the incidence of IHCA with CPR is approximately six in 1000 trauma admissions and 31% survive to hospital discharge, which is higher than other hospitalized patients. Age, gender, racial, and ethnic disparities also influence survival.

Professionalism, gender, and inequality: An inquiry into the causes of gender disparity in Brazilian courts

Resumo Este artigo discute as causas da patente disparidade de gênero nos Tribunais brasileiros. Partindo do trabalho seminal de Maria da Glória Bonelli, atualizam-se os dados de composição por gênero do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo (TJSP) e do Tribunal Regional Federal da 3ª Região (TRF3). Feito isso, compara-se a evolução dos dados nas justiças estadual e federal, e discute-se a tese proposta por Bonelli para explicá-los. Argumenta-se que sua tese, centrada no ideal do "profissionalismo", é falseada pela evolução recente dos dados, que mostram uma involução na justiça federal e um pequeno progresso no âmbito estadual. Além disso e por fim, discutem-se duas hipóteses para explicar os dados: (i) uma maior interferência do Poder Executivo na Justiça Federal; e (ii) o efeito de mecanismos sutis nas regras de seleção e promoção na carreira.

Comprehensive Study on the Impacts of Gender Disparities Over Life and Work Balance in IT Sector in Bangalore

This study is focusing on, especially in the workforce of the information technology sectors, to look into the work and family life balance of the employees in the IT sectors, mainly in Bangalore City. The objective of this study is to learn the relation of gender and employees’ personal and professional life balance in the IT sector of Bangalore and how marital status affects work and personal life balance in the IT sector of Bangalore. The aim of this study is to identify how organizational support, policies, management, and leadership can help employees balance their personal and work lives in the organization. Work-life balance is to find time for family and family functions, neighbourhood participation, friends and relatives’ functions, enriching self-care, and personal and spiritual growth by attending sessions, other personal activities. Basically, it is to understand the need and how to adjust time and fulfil additional demands of the workplace. The method has been used with the collection of responses from different IT companies in Bangalore, and the chi square tool has been used for analysis.

Gender dynamics in GeoGebra integration: In-service mathematics teachers’ development

Teachers’ perceptions of integrating educational technologies such as GeoGebra in teaching varied according to gender and these disparities were explored. The pre- and post-technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) Likert questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. TPACK was also used as the framework underpinning the study. The researchers purposively sampled 22 mathematics secondary teachers from twelve randomly selected schools in one district. Of the 22 selected teachers, 13 were male and nine were female. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental research design within a quantitative approach and used the descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze and interpret the results. The findings revealed that males ranked their familiarity and experience with several novel technologies higher than did females. There exist gender differences with more male than female teachers showing a greater benefit to most of TPACK components.

Epidemiology and demographic patterns of cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms deaths in Western Europe: a 1990–2019 analysis

ObjectivesCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neoplasms have been considered as public health concerns worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the epidemiological patterns of death burden on CVDs and neoplasms and its attributable risk factors in Western Europe from 1990 to 2019 to discuss the potential causes of the disparities. Study design and methodsWe collected data on CVDs and neoplasm deaths in 24 Western European countries from the Global Burden of Disease Study. We analyzed patterns by age, sex, country, and associated risk factors. The results include percentages of total deaths, age-standardized death rates per 100,000 population, and uncertainty intervals (UIs). Time trends were assessed using annual percent change. ResultsIn 2019, CVDs and neoplasms accounted for 33.54% and 30.15% of Western Europe's total deaths, with age-standardized death rates of 128.05 and 137.51 per 100,000. Over 1990–2019, CVD rates decreased by 54.97%, and neoplasm rates decreased by 19.54%. Top CVD subtypes were ischemic heart disease and stroke; top cancers for neoplasms were lung and colorectal. Highest CVD death burdens were in Finland, Greece, Austria; neoplasm burdens in Monaco, San Marino, Andorra. The major risk factors were metabolic (CVDs) and behavioral (neoplasms). Gender differences revealed higher CVD death burden in males, while neoplasm burden varied by risk factors and age groups. ConclusionIn 2019, CVDs and neoplasms posed significant health risks in Western Europe, with variations in death burdens and risk factors across genders, age groups, and countries. Future interventions should target vulnerable groups to lessen the impact of CVDs and neoplasms in the region.

Appearance Anxiety and Loneliness among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the connection between young adults' feelings of loneliness and appearance anxiety . It also examines whether there is a gender difference in males and females when it comes to appearance anxiety and feeling of loneliness. However, there is an evident lack of relevant data in the Indian context. This is a quantitative study administered in 150 participants. Convenient sampling method was used to collect data. The participants for the current study were 72 males and 78 females of age between 18 to 25. Appearance anxiety was measured using the 10 item scale, the appearance anxiety inventory. Loneliness was measured using UCLA loneliness scale which has 20 items. The findings indicated a connection between young individuals' feelings of loneliness and appearance anxiety. Additionally, it demonstrates that there is no gender difference in loneliness and appearance anxiety in men and women.

Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity Among Young Adults: Predictors of Risky Behavior

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between sensation seeking, impulsivity, and engagement in risky behaviors among young adults. 220 individuals, aged 18 to 25, filled out self-report questionnaires measuring their , sensation seeking (Brief Sensation Seeking Scale), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), and risky behavior engagement (Risk Taking Questionnaire). Correlation analysis and Regression were used to examine the predictive power of impulsivity and sensation seeking for engaging in risky behavior. Mann Whitney U Test was conducted to check the gender differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity. The results show strong positive associations between sensation seeking, impulsivity, and engaging in risky behaviors. Among young adults, sensation seeking and impulsivity are important predictors of engaging in risky behavior. indicating that a higher levels of sensation seeking and impulsivity is associated with a greater chance of young people engaging in risky behaviors. In contrast to females, males were more inclined to seek out sensations. Impulsivity, however, didn't show any apparent gender differences among Young Adults. These findings highlight the importance of understanding how personality factors influence behavior and provide guidance for focused interventions meant to lower risky behaviors in this population.

Relationship between Assertiveness and Self-Esteem among Young Indian Adults

Abstract: This quantitative study explores the relationship between assertiveness and self-esteem among young Indian adults aged 20 to 30 years. The research design employs a correlation approach to examine the statistical association between assertiveness and self-esteem without manipulating variables. The study aims to answer key questions regarding gender differences in assertiveness and self-esteem, the relationship between assertiveness and self-esteem, and the impact of self-esteem on assertiveness. Data from 131 participants (61 males, 70 females) from Assam and Karnataka were collected using Google Forms and social media advertising. The Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to measure assertiveness and self-esteem, respectively. Statistical analyses included independent sample t-tests, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The results indicate no significant difference in assertiveness and self-esteem between males and females. However, a significant negative correlation was found between assertiveness and self-esteem, suggesting that as assertiveness increases, self-esteem tends to decrease, and vice versa. Regression analysis further confirms that self-esteem significantly impacts assertiveness among young adults, with approximately 8.9% of the variability in assertiveness scores explained by differences in self-esteem. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of assertiveness and selfesteem among young Indian adults, highlighting the complex interplay between these psychological constructs and their implications for individual well-being and behavior.

Understanding the Social Interaction and Communication Skills in Autistic Children

Abstract: ASD (autism spectrum disorder) presents with social emotional difficulties for individuals who interpret and successfully communicate social signals. This paper reviews the effect of peer influence on social communication and interaction abilities in the children with autism. The paper reviews the available literature and offers intervention strategies that can better the social interaction status of the children. Research points to the fact that there are gender difference patterns in the social communication skills of ASD children, suggesting therefore the need for gender-sensitivity in their understanding and care. The research supports the need for personalized therapeutic strategies and care services. This allows for progressive social and communication advancements for children with autism spectrum disorder. On the other hand, the study also acknowledges several limitations, so that, proper diagnostic tools along with other approaches such as longitudinal studies should be considered for a better understanding of social interaction in ASD.

의과대학생이 평가한 자신과 동료 학생의 학습윤리의식 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize the prevailing state of medical students' per-ceptions of their own and their classmates' academic ethics. Methods For the purpose of this study, we conducted in an online survey method for all six academic years at a single medical school and a total of 217 response data were analyzed. The data collected were analyzed using de-scriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. Results Medical students rated their own academic ethics at 4.46 and their peers at 3.96. Female students rated themselves higher than male students, but rated their peers lower. This gender difference resulted in a statistically significant gap in scores between self- and peer-ratings. Scores showed an upward trend with increasing grade levels and academic stages. In particular, peer scores showed statistically significant differences by phase, and the gap scores between self- and peer-ratings were also statistically significant across different academic phases. Students in the criterion-referenced rating system rated themselves and their peers higher than students in the norm-referenced rating system, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The results of this study serve as a basic framework for the development of educational strategies aimed at improving and increasing perceptions of academic ethics among medical students.

Intuition and rational thinking on decision making among college students

The aim of this quest was to understand the relationship between Intuition and Rational thinking on Decision making and gender difference among college Students. The current study sought to investigate young adults in the age range of (18-25 years) Intuition and rational thinking on decision making. Correlation research design with Quantitative study was used in this study. In young adults’ population only college students (18-25 years) from Bangalore and Coimbatore, a total of 304 (151 males and 151 females) were the sample for the research. Simple random sampling Technique was used in the present study. The findings showed that there is and association between Intuition and Decision-making. It includes a connection between rational thinking and decision-making. T-test were used for gender. There is a gender difference in rational thinking but no gender difference in Intuition and decision Making. In view of these findings the study recommended educating them in early stages about skill development. Individuals to reflect on their decision-making styles, preferences, strengths, and weaknesses.

The impact of proactive personality and self-esteem on career decision making self-efficacy of university students in Botswana: A mediation analysis

The university period is where students make career related decisions and preparations to transition from the school to professional settings, however, studies show that some students face some degree of career indecisiveness and decision making difficulties. Therefore, this study examined the impact of individual proactive personality and self-esteem on the career decision making self-efficacy (CDMSE) of students. Data was collected from a sample of 120 participants from 5 different universities across Botswana. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale, Career decision self-efficacy Short form (CDSE-SF) and the Proactive Personality (PP) scales were administered to assess the variables under study. The data collected was analyzed using the Pearson’s correlation, regression analysis and Hayes’ mediation model. The results indicate that proactive personality had a significant positive impact on the career decision making self-efficacy levels of students. Secondly, self-esteem had a significant positive correlation and impact with the career decision making self-efficacy of student. Moreover, mediation analysis indicate that proactive personality significantly mediated the relationship between self-esteem and career decision making self-efficacy of university students. Further analysis reveal a significant positive correlation of student’s age with their self-esteem levels but no gender disparities were found. In conclusion, students with higher levels of proactive personality and self-esteem are more likely to have higher levels of career decision making self-efficacy. Further results, implications and limitations are discussed.