Gender Differences Research Articles

“No woman's land?” The gendered patterning of urban street names in Romania

The gendered patterning of urban street names as part of the spatial production of broader male-centric memorial landscapes has been documented in a growing body of scholarship. Scholars from various cognate fields, such as cultural geography, gender and memory studies, and urban sociology, have unraveled the stark gender disparities favoring men inscribed into symbolic landscapes through place names, public monuments, and other memorial artefacts. This article sets out to overcome some of the limitations characterizing this strand of research – namely, the lack of statistical sophistication and the preference for case studies based on singular cities – by developing a multi-level modelling of gendered street nomenclature at the national level. The approach developed in this paper employs the complete collection of urban street names in Romania to assess the empirical adequacy of five hypotheses regarding the gendered structuring of the country's urban namescape. This analysis highlights the factors underpinning the variation of gender disparities in terms of Romania's historical regions, ethnic demographics and local ethnopolitics, city ranking within the national territorial administration and intra-urban stratification of the road network, as well as the effects brought about by postsocialist transformations.

D-10 | Racial and Gender Disparities in patients with Cardiogenic Shock complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

D-10 | Racial and Gender Disparities in patients with Cardiogenic Shock complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction

Under the Shadows of Authority: Unveiling Age and Gender Disparities in Obedience

Why is it that many people obey when they feel coerced? People focus so much on being good followers that they become unaware of the consequences of their actions. Various experiments about “obedience to authority” have been taken place in the past decades. Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist conducted his famous obedience experiments in the early 1960s. His aim was to study the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even when it involved harmful actions against others. The current study aimed to investigate the difference of age and gender differences in relation to obedience to authority. Age factor was not examined in Milgram’s original experiment. The research regarding age differences in obedience is suggestive of demarcation in level of obedience. This work aims to show a new way to understand gender difference in obedience, and wish to open a gate of age differences in obedience study. Are males more likely to obey to authority? Will gender affect obedience ? The research in existence is mixed point of view in relation to males and females related to obedience. Thus with this aim in mind present study was carried out on 150 working employees ( Non-teaching staff); males (n=75) and females (n=75), with the age range of 34-64 (M=40.88 age), (SD=5.37); early middle age (34–44) and late middle age (45- 64) across Punjabi University, Patiala. The aim of the study was to investigate the difference between age, gender and obedience, examining whether obedience vary across different age groups and gender wise. The Organizational Obedience Scale (Capan & Uzuncarsili, 2022) was administered to the working staff with the Cronbach alpha is .79. The questionnaire was translated into native language Punjabi and was certified and validated by the experts (Dept. of Psychology, Punjabi University, Patiala) with the reliability of .78. The obtained data was analysed with the latest version IBM SPSS 29. The data collected was analysed with descriptive analysis, and t- test. There was significant differences in scores of male and female on the basis of obedience. Another findings there was significant difference due to age in obedience. Later middle aged people more obey. By examining the interplay between age, gender, and obedience, this work aims to inform develop interventions that mitigate potential risks associated with destructive obedience.

Gender Disparities in Publication Productivity in the Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences

Gender Disparities in Publication Productivity in the Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences

Gender distribution in publishing in five leading optometry journals.

To explore gender distribution in authorship and citation parameters of articles published in five optometry journals included in the Ophthalmology category of Journal Citation Reports. The Scopus database was used to retrieve all citable articles published in 2011 and 2021 in Optometry and Vision Science, Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Clinical Experimental Optometry, Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, and Eye and Contact Lens. Gender of the first, last and single authors of all articles, and citation parameters of articles published in 2011 up to May 2023 were determined. Gender of the editor-in-chief and members of the editorial board of these journals was investigated (May 2023). Only one journal had a female editor-in-chief and three journals had more males than females in their editorial board. In 2011 and 2021, respectively, 40.1% and 48.0% of articles had female as the first authors ( = 5.77; p = 0.02), and 32.7% and 39.6% had female as the last authors ( = 4.61; p = 0.03). Gender parity was observed in one journal for the first author and none for the last author in 2011, and in three journals for the first author and one for the last author in 2021. Regarding combinations of male (M) and female (F) first and last authorship positions, the authors of articles in 2011 were MM (44.5%), FM (22.8%), FF (17.3%) and MF (15.4%), and MM (34.6%), FM (25.8%), FF (22.1%) and MF (17.5%) in 2021. Differences between 2011 and 2021 were statistically significant ( = 9.80; p = 0.02). The proportion of authorship combinations did not show statistically significant differences among journals in 2011 or in 2021. Neither citation nor self-citation were influenced by gender. Gender disparities persist in optometry journals, with females being under-represented in senior and leadership positions. Increasing the awareness of gender disparity in authorship is a necessary step towards ensuring fairness in science in general, and optometry in particular.

Gender Disparities in Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Quality of Life Among Mexican Men and Women (2011-2019)

Gender Disparities in Parkinson's Disease: Exploring Quality of Life Among Mexican Men and Women (2011-2019)

Gender and Social Contacts: Labour Market Entry Among Refugee and Family Reunion Migrants in Sweden

Increasing rates of refugee and family reunion immigration have led to rising concern about integration in Europe. Previous studies point to the importance of social contacts for migrants’ labour market integration but suggest that they play different roles for men and women. Yet, less attention has been paid to the potential factors shaping gender differences. Using the Swedish Level of Living Survey of foreign-born and their children, this study (1) establishes the gender-specific role of contacts at entry into employment among refugee and family reunion migrants, and (2) analyses how educational attainment and region of origin shape gender differences. Results reveal that social contacts promote entry into employment among migrant men. In contrast, contacts are not related to a shorter time to first job among migrant women. Findings further point towards gender differences in the role of social contacts by educational attainment and region of origin. In particular, migrant men appear to benefit from their contacts largely because social contacts assist low-educated men in securing work. Among women, the role of social contacts does not differ across educational attainment. Instead, educational attainment is directly associated with time to first job, suggesting that women rely more heavily on their formal education. The returns to social contacts are heterogeneous across regions of origin, and especially so among women.

Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Bladder Cancer: A Comparative Analysis of Injectable vs. Intravesical Administration.

Bladder cancer (BC) presents a significant global health burden, characterized by high recurrence rates post-initial treatment. Gender differences in BC prevalence and response to therapy emphasize the importance of personalized treatment strategies. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains a cornerstone of BC therapy, resistance poses a challenge, necessitating alternative strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promise, yet systemic toxicity raises concern. Intravesical administration of ICIs offers a potential solution, with recent studies demonstrating the feasibility and efficacy of intravesical pembrolizumab. Although systemic toxicity remains a concern, its localized administration may mitigate adverse events. Additionally, liposomal delivery of ICIs exhibits promises in enhancing drug penetration and reducing toxicity. Novel imaging modalities compatible with Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) and capable of predicting high-grade bladder cancer can aid the pre-operative shared decision making of patient and surgeon. Future research should focus on refining treatment approaches, optimizing dosing regimens, and leveraging advanced imaging techniques to improve patient outcomes. In conclusion, intravesical immunotherapy presents a promising avenue for BC treatment, offering enhanced therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing systemic toxicity. Continued research efforts are essential to validate these findings and optimize intravesical immunotherapy's role in BC management, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Impact of Gender on Chronic Complications in ParticipantsWith Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of diabetes complications between men and women with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as how gender relates to these complications. In this cross-sectional study, complications of diabetes, including coronary artery disease (CAD), retinopathy, neuropathy and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), were evaluated in 1867 participants with T2D. Additionally, baseline characteristics of the individuals, including anthropometric measurements, metabolic parameters and the use of dyslipidaemia drugs and antihyperglycaemic agents, were assessed. Gender differences in complications were examined using the chi-squared test. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to investigate the relationship between gender and T2D complications, with and without adjusting for the characteristics of the studied population. In the studied population, 62.1% had at least one complication, and complications were 33.5% for DKD, 29.6% for CAD, 22.9% for neuropathy and 19.1% for retinopathy. The prevalence of CAD and neuropathy was higher in men. However, DKD and retinopathy were more prevalent among women. Odds ratios of experiencing any complication, CAD and retinopathy in men compared with women were 1.57 (95% CI: 1.27-2.03), 2.27 (95% CI: 1.72-2.99) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.52-0.98), respectively, after adjusting for demographic factors, anthropometric measures, metabolic parameters and the consumption of dyslipidaemia drugs and antihyperglycaemic agents. The prevalence of diabetes complications was significantly higher in men with diabetes, highlighting the need for better treatment adherence. CAD was associated with the male gender, whereas retinopathy was associated with the female gender. Men and women with diabetes should be monitored closely for CAD and retinopathy, respectively, regardless of their age, diabetes duration, anthropometric measures, laboratory findings and medications.

Exploring the Relationship between Knowledge and Attitudes, Adherence and Confidence on Hand Hygiene Practices Among Thai Nursing Students

Background: Hand hygiene plays a crucial role in infection control in healthcare settings, but there is a concerning gap in compliance rates among healthcare workers globally. Nursing students, who will form a substantial part of the future healthcare workforce, are key to effective hand hygiene practices. A significant educational gap in hand hygiene exists globally, especially in Asia, including Thailand. Research on nursing students’ knowledge, attitude, adherence to, and confidence in hand hygiene is still limited, despite their frequent non-compliance with standard protocols. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlations and associated factors between knowledge, attitudes, adherence to, and confidence in hand hygiene practices among first-year nursing students at a Thai nursing college.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with all 116 first-year nursing students from Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Thailand. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The results show that only 46.6% of students demonstrated good knowledge of hand hygiene, but a higher percentage showed positive attitudes (51.7%) and adherence (55.2%). A majority (76.7%) had good confidence in their hand hygiene practices. Positive correlations were observed between knowledge and attitude, attitude and adherence, and adherence and confidence. Male students generally had better knowledge, while those with lower GPAs tended to have higher confidence in hand hygiene. The findings of this study are in line with previous studies, indicating that knowledge does not always lead to positive attitudes or adherence to hand hygiene. Also, confidence is necessary for effective hand hygiene practices.Conclusions: This study highlights the factors related to hand hygiene practices among Thai nursing students and emphasizes the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive educational strategies. Future research should consider various contextual factors, such as gender differences and academic performance, to enhance hand hygiene practices among nursing students.

A Cross-Sectional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study of Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of Mandibular Premolars in Saudi and Sudanese Subpopulations

A Cross-Sectional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study of Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of Mandibular Premolars in Saudi and Sudanese Subpopulations

Effectiveness of Nutrition Education as Intervention on Complementary Feeding Practices & Growth of Children in Rural Area

Background: The first 2years of a child's, feeding-pattern is an important determinant of childhood-malnutrition. Nutritional education on complementary feeding was provided, and the impact on Minimum-Meal-Diversity [MMD], Minimum-Meal-Frequency [MMF] & the children's growth, was evaluated & compared between the education-intervention group and the control group. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2villages of Vijayapura-district 5Anganwadi from each village was selected for study and compared. Primary-outcome: improvement in MMD, MMF Secondary-outcome: weight for age Z-score [WAZ], weight for age Z-score [HAZ] &mid-arm-circumference. Results: Overall education-intervention-group showed better weight-gain than control-arm significant-difference was observed in WAZi.e1.36 v/s1 (p<0.0017*) & HAZ-3.82 v/s -4 (p<0.00078*) respectively. In Intervention-arm mothers following MMF significantly increased &was statistically significant. There was a significant rise in the percentage of mothers in the intervention group who adopted MMD for their children. (p<0.0001*). Gender differences in mean WAZ scores &HAZ were observed in both groups persistently throughout the study period & were statistically significant. Conclusion: Program interventions need to understand the local practices &needs of mothers & tailor interventions and nutritional education to improve child feeding practices including hygienic practices with regular follow-ups, is vital to prevent the vicious cycle of malnutrition.

Gender differences in patient experience among persons with spinal cord injury: a comparison across 22 countries

Gender differences in patient experience among persons with spinal cord injury: a comparison across 22 countries

Geometric Morphometric Anatomy of the Lacrimal Punctum in Normal Population: Punctum Update (PUP) Study – Paper 5

BackgroundTo investigate the geometric morphological differences of the lacrimal punctum by analyzing its shape in relation to age and sex in a normal population. Methods960 high-magnification slit-lamp images were obtained from 320 puncta of normal asymptomatic Indian individuals across eight decades of life. Using advanced geometric morphometric techniques, including Elliptic Fourier Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, the intricate details of the lacrimal punctum's shape in a diverse population sample were categorized by age and sex. High-resolution images of the lacrimal punctum underwent standardization for scale and orientation, followed by precise landmark identification and coordinate data extraction. ResultsThe geometric morphometry of the lacrimal punctum shows significant changes as one ages. However, the gender differences, in isolation, without consideration of age, remain subtle and are not pronounced. Interestingly, detailed Principal Component scores analysis revealed potential sex- and age-related variations specifically for the left and right lower puncta, which warrant further investigation. These changes could reflect unique aging changes in the proximal lacrimal drainage system. ConclusionThe study is a starting point for geometric morphometric analysis of the lacrimal punctum and provides valuable insights into the punctal changes in size, orientation, and overall morphology across different age groups and between sexes. These findings highlight the significance of considering individual age-wise anatomical variations to better understand the lacrimal punctum.

17β-estradiol promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cells functions and alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by activation of Stat3 and NF-κB signalings

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a group of clinically common autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation, with gender differences in prevalence. Estrogen has been previously shown to exert anti-inflammatory action in IBD development, however, the mechanisms remain obscure. Recent research has revealed that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a protective role in IBD pathogenesis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of estrogen steroid 17β-estradiol (E2) in IBD progression, we established IBD mouse models (DNB-induced) with or without prior ovariectomy (OVX) and E2 implantation. We found that OVX led to worse IBD symptoms and reduced MDSCs frequency, whereas E2 significantly alleviated these effects in vivo. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that E2 promoted the proliferation and immunosuppressive function of MDSCs through phosphorylation of Stat3 and p65. Mechanistically, E2-mediated Stat3/p65 phosphorylation depends on the interaction between HOTAIR, a long non-coding RNA that are well-known in MDSCs proliferation, and Stat3/p65 respectively. In conclusion, our study revealed that E2 promotes the expansion and immunosuppressive function of MDSCs, and thus diminished the occurrence and development of IBD.

The relationship between short-form video use and depression among Chinese adolescents: Examining the mediating roles of need gratification and short-form video addiction

Short-form video apps, such as TikTok, have become popular worldwide. Compared to traditional social media, they have powerful push algorithms and are more entertaining, which might lead to some negative effects. Research has attempted to identify the relationship between short-form video use and depression, but the processes mechanism underly the relationship was few in number. The present study explored the association between short-form video use and depression among Chinese adolescents and analyzed the mediating roles of need gratification and short-form video addiction. The participants included 1302 senior high school students (Mage = 16.03, SD = 0.76, 42.6% boys). And a structure equation model with chain mediating was established using Mplus. The results showed (1) a direct association between short-form video use and adolescent depression, (2) that entertainment need gratification, social-related need gratification, and short-form video addiction acted as chain mediating factors, and (3) no gender difference in the model. The present study’s findings revealed the important mediating role of addictive behavior between normal use behavior and depression and suggested that preventative and interventional plans based on need gratification should be developed to reduce short-form video addiction and improve mental health.

Active sex life for older people in Chile: biological, psychological and social variables influencing engagement

Introduction: Sexual activity in later life is increasingly being researched, but there is a gap in knowledge about the Global South, mainly Latin America. Objective: The objective of this article is to evaluate how biological, psychological and social factors influence active sex life in older Chilean people, using a gender-stratified analysis. Methodology: The study is based on secondary data analysis of the fifth National Survey of Quality of Life in Old Age, carried out in Chile in 2019 with a sample of 2,132 people aged 60 and over. Bivariate analysis was conducted to test the influence of biological, psychological and social variables on having an active sex life. Additionally, multiple hierarchal logistic regressions were carried out using a gender-stratified analysis to explore whether the independent variables predict active sex life. Results: Self-perceived health and chronic illness did not have predictive value regarding active sex life in older Chilean adults. However, partner health was a significant factor in predicting active sex life, particularly for women. People who reported being dissatisfied with life had 55 percent lower chance of having an active sex life than those who reported being very satisfied with life. Attitude towards sexuality, relationship status and education level were other variables that predicted an active sex life for older adults in Chile. Still, there were significant gender differences in the results. Conclusion: Interpersonal, psychological and social factors are more relevant than biological factors (except for age) when predicting sexual activity for older Chileans, and gender differences are central when analysing sexual activity.

Gender differences in design creativity

Gender differences in design creativity

Perceived misdiagnosis of psychiatric conditions in autistic adults

Many autistic people, particularly women, do not receive an autism diagnosis until adulthood, delaying their access to timely support and clinical care. One possible explanation is that autistic traits may initially be misinterpreted as symptoms of other psychiatric conditions, leading some individuals to experience misdiagnosis of other psychiatric conditions prior to their autism diagnosis. However, little is currently known about the frequency and nature of psychiatric misdiagnoses in autistic adults. Using data collected in the first half of 2019 from an ongoing longitudinal register of autistic adults in the Netherlands, this study explored the frequency of perceived psychiatric misdiagnoses before receiving an autism diagnosis. Gender differences were also explored. A sample of 1211 autistic adults (52.6% women, mean age 42.3 years), the majority of whom were Dutch and relatively highly educated, was evaluated. Results showed that 24.6% (n=298) of participants reported at least one previous psychiatric diagnosis that was perceived as a misdiagnosis. Personality disorders were the most frequent perceived misdiagnoses, followed by anxiety disorders, mood disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome/burnout-related disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Autistic women (31.7%) reported perceived misdiagnoses more frequently than men (16.7%). Women were specifically more likely than men to report perceived misdiagnoses of personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Women also reported prior psychiatric diagnoses more often in general (65.8% versus 34.2% in men). Within the group of individuals with a prior diagnosis, perceived misdiagnoses were equally likely for men and women. One in four autistic adults, and one in three autistic women, reported at least one psychiatric diagnosis, obtained prior to being diagnosed with autism, that was perceived as a misdiagnosis. Inaccurate diagnoses are linked to long diagnostic pathways and delayed recognition of autism. These findings highlight the need for improved training of mental health practitioners, in order to improve their awareness of the presentation of autism in adulthood and of the complex relationship between autism and co-occurring conditions. The current study constitutes a first step towards showing that autistic adults, and particularly women, may be at greater risk of experiencing misdiagnoses. Future studies based on larger, more representative samples are required, to replicate current findings and provide more reliable estimates of the overall frequency of misdiagnoses as well as the frequency of misdiagnoses for specific psychiatric conditions. This study was made possible by funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), project number 60-63600-98-834.

Older Adults' Online Activities and Cognition: Investigating the Psychological Mechanisms and Age and Gender Differences

Older Adults' Online Activities and Cognition: Investigating the Psychological Mechanisms and Age and Gender Differences